1.

INTRODUCTION

Water is one of the most vital resources on Earth-essential not only for
human survival but also for the health of ecosystems and the
sustainability of life. However, with increasing industrialization,
urbanization, and agricultural activities, water quality around the global
is under significant threat. Ensuring access to clean and safe water is no
longer just a public health goal-it has become a critical environmental
challenge.

During my internship, I had the opportunity to delve onto the field of

water quality analysis, a discipline that lies at the intersection of
environmental science, chemistry, public health. This internship
provided firsthand exposure to various physical, chemical, and biological
parameters used to assess the quality of water from different sources,
such as rivers, wells, and treatment plants.

Through hands-on lad work, field visits, and data interpretation, I

learned how subtle changes in water characteristics can indicate larger
ecological or contamination issue. I also gained insight into the standard
set by national and international agency like the BIS (Bureau of Indian
standards) and WHO (World health organization), and how these
guidelines are used to ensure that water remains safe for human
consumption and ecosystems balance.

This report presents a comprehensive account of my internship

experience, highlighting the methodologies used in water quality analysis,
the result obtained, and their implication. It reflects the knowledge
gained, challenges faced, and skills developed during this critical learning
phase.

1
Acceptable and permissible limit for 14 Physio-chemical parameters and
2 Biological parameters that are to be maintained in a drinking water are
as follow:
Test parameter Acceptable limit Permissible limit

Color 5 15

pH 6.5 – 8.5 No relaxation

Turbidity 1 5

Specific conductance - -

Total alkalinity 200 600

Total dissolved solids 500 2000

Total hardness 200 600

Calcium 75 200

Magnesium 30 100

Chloride 250 1000

Fluoride 1 1.5

Sulphate 200 400

Nitrate 45 No relaxation

Iron 1 No relaxation

E. coli Absent Absent

2
[Link]

The main objective of this study was to learn about water quality testing. I
have formulated several learning goals before I started my internship. They
are:
 To assess the physical, chemical & biological characteristics of water

 To compare the observed water quality parameters with the standard

guidelines.

 To identified potential sources of contamination offering water quality

 To study the impact of water quality onhuman health and environment

 To raise awareness among local communities, about important of safe water

and maintain water hygiene

 To suggest recommendation for the quality of water in the area

3
[Link]
3.1. SAMPLE COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION
Collection and preserving water samples correctly is critical to ensure
accurate and reliable result in water quality analysis.

Objectives of sampling.
• To obtained a representative sample of the water body
• To maintain the integrity of the sample from collection to
analysis
• To prevent contamination and changes in the sample composition

Types of water sources

 Surface water (River, lakes)
 Ground water (Wells, Borewells)
 Treated water (From water supply system)
 Waste water (effluents from treatment plants or industries)

Sample collection techniques

1. Grab sampling
 A single sample collected at a specific time and location.
 Suitable for general and analysis (E.g. Ph, turbidity)

2. Composite sampling
 Multiple samples collected our time and mixed.
 Useful for time-avenged data (E.g. nutrients collection)

4
 3. Depth – Integrated sampling
 Collect water from various
 Used in lakes / reservoirs to asses stratification

Labeling and documentation

Each sample should be labeled with:

• Sample location and coordinate.

• Date and time of collection.
• Type of sample.
• Preservation added.
• Name of collection.

QUALITY CONTROL

• Use field duplicate samples

• Calibrate instrument before used
• Avoid contamination by using gloves and rinsing bottle properly

5
Transportation

Transport samples in coolers at 4 C (do not freeze unless specified) delivery to

the lab within holding time.

Micro biology Parameter testing

 The bottle shall be sterilized in autoclave at 121˚C for 20 minutes

 Collect the water samples for microbiological analysis in clean, sterilized,

narrow mouthed neutral glass bottles of 250, 500 or 1000ml.
 If the water likely contain chlorine, add 0.1 ml of 3% sterile sodium
thiosulphate.
 The bottle shall not be opened except at the time of sampling.

 The bottle shall have a round glass stopper having an overlapping rim.
The stopper shall be relaxed by an intervening strip of paper between the
stopper and the neck of the bottle.
 stopper and the neck of the bottle shall be protected by foil or parchment
paper.

Sample volume

Two liters of sample is normally sufficient for most physical and chemical
analysis. However, the quantity may be varied depending upon the type of
analysis, method uses etc.

6
Preservation and storage of sample

Preservation and storage for Physio chemical Parameter Testing

 After collection of the sample, the sample container should be sealed

immediately and preserved at 4˚C in an icebox.
 The samples are to be transported carefully as early as possible to
laboratory.

Preservation and storage for Biological Parameter Testing

 Analyze the sample within 6 hours of sampling, under exceptional

conditions the analysis should be commenced at least within 30 hours.
And should be kept in dark at 2-4˚C.
 Allow the samples to reach ambient temperature prior to testing.

 It is recommended that the sample should be analyzed immediately and

storage shall be avoided.

7
1.1. Water Quality Analysis

The water can be analyzed based on water quality parameters and

standards. These parameters are shown in Table1 & Table 2.

SL. No. Water Quality Parameter

1 Color
2 pH
3 Turbidity
4 Total dissolved solids (TDS)
5 Calcium
6 Chloride
7 Fluoride
8 Iron
10 Magnesium
11 Nitrate
12 Sulphate
13 Total Alkalinity
14 Total Hardness
15 [Link]

Table 1

8
 Acceptable Permissible
Test Parameter Units limit limit
Color Hazen 5 15
pH 6.5-8.5 No relaxation
Turbidity NTU 1 5
Specific conductance - -
Total alkalinity mg/l 200 600
Total dissolved solids mg/l 500 2000
Total hardness mg/l 200 600
Calcium mg/l 75 200
Magnesium mg/l 30 100
Chloride mg/l 250 1000
Fluoride mg/l 1 1.5
Sulphate mg/l 200 400
Nitrate mg/l 45 No relaxation
Iron mg/l 1 No relaxation
E. coli 100ml Absent Absent

Table 2

9
1. Color

 Color is water quality analysis refers to the appearance of water

due to dissolved and suspended material.
 Indicator of organic matter: color water may suggest the presents
of decaying vegetation or industrial pollution.
 Treatment guidance: helps to determine the level of water
treatment needed.

Common cusses of color in water

Natural organics (E.g. tennis from leaves, Peat iron and manganese
compound)

Standard values of color: 0.5, is 0.10, 0.15, 0.20.

Results

SL No Sample code Test parameter Result

1 BGV25MAY0183 COLOR 5

10
2. pH

• Indicates acidity or alkality of water (scale 0-14)

• Ideal drinking water pH: 6.5-8.5. outside this range it may cause skin
irritation, digestive issues
• Regular pH testing helps identify pollution sources and ensure that
water remains safe and effective for its intended use
• It is calculated using pH meter

1. Calibrate the pH meter

2. Prepare the water sample – 50 ML of water sample into beaker

3. Rinse the electrode - rinse electrode with distilled water and

gently blot dry with tissue
4. Measure pH

5. The pH meter consists of probe which is dipped in KCL

solution

11
3. Specific Conductance
 Indicator of ionic concentration: It measures the ability of water
to conduct electricity.
 Water purity assessment: Low conductivity general indicates
pure water, while high suggest contamination by slots, or sewage.
 Used in environmental monitoring of rivers, lakes and ground
water to detect pollution trends.
 Helps ensure compliance with water quality standard for drinking.
 Provides immediate field – based assessment, often used as first-
line indicator before more detailed chemical analysis.

4. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

 Indicator of water purity: It measures the total concentration of
dissolved substances (inorganic salts and small amount of
organic matter) in water.
 Low TDS = pure water, high TDS = potential contamination.
 Excessive TDS indicates present of nitrate / sodium.
 A sudden change Is TDS in rivers, lakes or ground water can
indicates pollution.
 Preheat the China dish after that keep it in the desiccator and cool,
then take wait of it as W1.
 Take water sample in China dish and keep in water bath till it get
evaporate, then take out and keep in our till we see dry solid and
then keep in desiccator to cool take its wait as W2.

A. Calculation

Total dissolved solids (mg/l) = W2 – W1x106. Volume of a sample

taken (50cc)

Where, W1g = pre-weighed dish in grams.

W2g= weight of dish + weight of residue in grams.

12
5. Turbidity

 Collect the sample. Take the water sample in a clean container

without shaking or disturbing it.
 Prepare the turbidimeter: turn it on, liberate with standard
solution (like 0, 20, 100, NTU) and ensure its clean.
 Fill the sample vial: pour the water into a clean VIAL, avoiding
bubbles or fingerprints.
 Measure turbidity: insert the vial into the turbidimeter, press the
button, and read the value in NTO.
 Record and repeat: take 2-3 readings, average them, record the
turbidity results.
 High turbidity means the water is cloudy due to suspended
particles like clay, organic matter.

6. Total Alkalinity

 Collect the sample: Take a clean water sample in a container. Avoid

contamination during collection.
 Add indicator: add a few drafts off phenolphthalein to the sample.
If it turns pink, phenolphthalein alkalinity is present.
 Titrate to pH 8.3: If pink, titrate with standard acid until the pink

13
 color disappears. Record volume used.
 Add methyl orange: Now add methyl orange indicator. The sample
turns yellow.
 Titrate to pH 4.5: Continue titration until the color changes from
yellow to orange – red. Record total volume of acid used – this
gives Total alkalinity.

Calculation

= B.R × Normality of H2SO4 × 50 × 1000 Volume of

sample taken

= 4.8 × 0.0194 × 50 × 1000

25

= 186.24

Where,

0.0194 = Normality of H2SO4 1000 = Distilled water

50 = equivalent weight of H2SO4

14
 7. Total Hardness
 Sample Preparation: Collect the water sample in a clean container.
Measure a fixed volume (usually 50 or 100 mL) of the water
sample into a conical flask.
 Buffer Addition: Add a few mL of ammonia-ammonium chloride
buffer (pH ~10) to the sample to maintain the pH, which ensures
accurate complexation of calcium and magnesium ions with EDTA.
 Indicator Addition: Add Eriochrome Black T (EBT) indicator. The
solution turns wine red in the presence of calcium and magnesium
ions.
 Titration: Titrate the sample with standard EDTA solution until
the color changes from wine red to pure blue, indicating that all
hardness-causing ions have been complexed.

Calculation
B.R × Molarity of EDTA × 100.09 × 1000
25

= 5.5 × 0.0104 × 100.09 ×1000

25
= 229.00 mg/l

Where,
0.0104 = Molarity of EDTA 1000
= distilled water.
25 = Volume of sample taken EDTA = Eriochrome black - T

15
 8. Calcium

 Sample Preparation: Measure a fixed volume (e.g., 50 or 100 mL)

of the water sample into a clean conical flask.
 pH Adjustment: Add a pH 12–13 buffer (usually NaOH solution)
to precipitate magnesium and ensure only calcium reacts
during titration.
 indicator Addition: Add murexide indicator (ammonium
purpurate). The solution turns pink in the presence of calcium
ions.
 Titration: Titrate with standard EDTA solution until the color
changes from pink to purple or blue, indicating complete
complexation of calcium.

• Calculation:

B, R × Molarity of EDTA × 40.08 × 1000

25

Where,

Molarity of EDTA = 0.0104

Equivalent weight of NaOH
= 40.08
1000 = distilled water

16
 9. Magnesium

 It is second majorconstituent of hardness and it generally

comprises 15–20 % of total hardness expressed as CaCO3.
 In a solution containing both magnesium and calcium, magnesium
can be determined by subtracting total calcium with total
hardness.

• Calculation

[B.R of Total hardness – B.R of calcium] × 0.0104 ×24.31×

1000 Volume of sample taken (25cc)

(6.5 – 3.9) × 0.0104 ×24.31× 1000

25

Where,

0.0104 = molarity of EDTA

24.31 = molecular weight of magnesium 1000 = distilled water

17
10. Chloride
 Sample Preparation: Take a known volume (usually 50 mL) of the
water sample in a conical flask. Add a few drops of potassium
chromate indicator (K₂CrO₄) to the sample. The solution turns
yellow.
 Titration Setup: Fill a burette with standard silver nitrate (AgNO₃)
solution of known concentration (typically 0.0141 N for chloride
testing).
 Titration Process: Titrate the sample by slowly adding AgNO₃
from the burette while constantly stirring. Silver reacts with
chloride to form white silver chloride (AgCl) precipitate.
 End Point Detection Titrate: The end point is indicated by the
formation of a reddish-brown precipitate of silver chromate
(Ag₂CrO₄), which appears after all chloride ions have reacted.

18
Calculation

B.R × 0.0141×35.45×1000

Volume of sample taken (25 cc)

= 1.7 × 0.0141 ×35.45× 1000

25

= 33.98 mg / L

Where,

0.0141N = normality of AgNO3

35.45 = equivalent weight of

chlorine 1000 = distilled water

19
11. Sulphate
 Sulphate exists in nearly all-natural water; the concentration
varies according to the nature of the terrain through which they
flow.
 Take 50ml sample in a beaker.
 Add pinch of barium chloride (BaCl2) & mix well for 30 seconds.
 Take 3/4th of distilled water in glass cuvette and take blank
reading & set it to 0.
 Take solution in glass cuvette and read absorbance
in Nephloturbidity meter.

B. Calculation:

Reading ×calibration factor

12. Iron
 Take 50 ml sample both blank and sample 1 ml
hydroxylamine hydrochloride.
 Add 2 ml HCL heat reduce 50 to 20 ml.
 Cool add ammonium acetate buffer 10 ml and
add 10 ml 1, 10 phenanthroline then make up to
hundred ml with distil water

• Read in 510 nm. Note down the absorbance.

Calculation: Reading × Calculation factor

20
13. Nitrate

 Nitrate is a chemical, found in most fertilizers, manure and liquid

waste discharged from septic tanks. Natural bacteria in soil can
convert Nitrogen into Nitrate.
 Using spectrophotometer read the absorbance at 220nm &
275nm.
 Take 50ml water sample in beaker and add 1ml 1N HCl and take
readings.
 Measurement of UV-absorption at 220nm enables rapid
determination of NO3. Because dissolved organic matter may also
absorb at 220nm and NO3 do not absorb 275nm, a second
measurement made at 275nm may be used to correct the NO3
value. The extent of this empirical correction is related to the
nature and concentration of organic matter and may vary from
water to water.

C. Calculation:

Reading × calculation factor

21
14. Fluoride

 Fluoride is a common element that does not occur in the

elemental state in nature because of its high reactivity. It accounts
for about 0.3g/kg of the earth’s crust and exists in the form of
fluorides in a number of minerals, of which fluorspar, cryolite
and fluorapatite are the most common.
 Using spectrophotometer measure absorbance at 570nm.
 Fluoride is measure by SPANDS method.

 Spand solution [958mg spands in 500ml distilled water] Zirconyl

acid reagent [dissolve 133mg zirconyl + 350ml HCl make up to
500ml with DM water]. Mix both the solution to get mixed spands
solution.
 Take 50ml sample in a beaker add 10ml mixed spands solution
and take the reading in a glass cuvette.

D. Preparation of standard

 Take 50ml of distilled water and add 10ml of acid zirconyl

SPANDS reagent. This considered as blank.
 Pipette out 1ml, 2ml, 3ml, 4ml and 5ml of standard fluoride
solution (10ppm) in 50ml of volumetric flask and make up to the
mark with distilled water. These gives a series of fluoride
standards of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1ppm.

22
• To each of previously prepared fluoride standards add 10ml zirconyl-
SPAND reagent. Then the absorbance is taken at 570nm. Similarly read
absorbance 50ml sample diluted to 50ml with distilled water. Add 10ml
acid zirconyl-SPAND reagent. Subtract absorbance value for each
standard from blank absorbance.

Formula: A0 - Ax Abs A0 – A1

Where: A0 = 1.025

A1= 0.868

Ax= Readings Abs= Absorbance

23
 Instrument operating procedure for Spectrophotometer

Switch on the instrument

The self-check will start automatically

Select the desired wavelength as per the parameter to be analyzed.

Insert the cuvette in the cuvette holder containing blank, series of

standards followed by the sample to be analyzed

Note the absorbance in nm and save the data

After analysis is carried out & switch off the instrument after used

24
 1. Calibration procedure

A. Control of absorbance (for visible region)

Weigh 20.0g of copper sulphate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O) and

dissolve in water, carefully add 10ml sulphuric acid and then
dilute to 1 liter.

Standard copper sulphate in 1% sulphuric acid Dilution: 20g 100ml

Wavelength(nm) Specific absorbance A(1%,1cm)

600 0.068

650 0.224

700 0.527

750 0.817

B. Control of absorbance (for UV region)

• Weigh accurately potassium dichromate (NIST, dried at 130° C) not
less than 57.0mg and not more than 63.0mg and dissolve in sufficient
0.005M Sulphuric acid to get a final concentration of 60mcg/ml.

Standard potassium dichromate dilution: 60mg 100ml 50ml

• Check the absorbance of the solution at the wavelengths indicated
in table below which gives for each wavelength the exact absorbance
values and the permitted limits of the specific absorbance.

• For the control of absorbance at 430 nm, dissolve 57.0 –63.0 mg

of potassium dichromate (NIST dried at 130° C) in 0.005 M sulphuric acid
anddilute to 100ml with the same acid.

Standard potassium dichromate dilution: 60mg 100ml

25
 Wavelength(n) Specific conductance A Maximum tolerance
(1%, 1cm)
235 124.5 122.9 to 126.2
257 144.0 142.8 to 146.2
313 48.6 47.0 to 50.3

350 106.6 105.6 to 109.0

430 15.9 15.7 t o 16.1

Calculation
A= E° ct A= Absorbance of the
solution c =Concentration of
the solution
t =Thickness of the cell (1cm)
Limit of stray light
The absorbance of a 1.2% w/v solution of potassium chloride in a 1cm
cell should be greater than 2.0 at about 200nm when compared with
water as reference liquid.
Resolution power
Record the spectrum of a 0.02 percent V/V solution of toluene A.R
in hexane. The minimum ratio of absorbance at 269nm is not less than
1.5.
Cells
The absorbance of the cells intended to contain the solution under
examination and the reference liquid when filled with same solvent
should be identical. If this is not the case, an appropriate correction
must be applied. The tolerance on the path length of the cells used is
+/- 0.005cm. The cells must be cleaned and handled with care.

26
 15. Biological parameter:

E. coli: The coliform group includes all the aerobic and facultative
anaerobic gram-negative, non-spore formation rod shaped bacteria which
ferments lactose with gas formation within 48 hours at 37°C.

Procedure Presumptive test

 Sample collection and preparation: Collect sample and prepare them for
analysis.
 Inoculation: Inoculate a series of tubes containing MacConkey broth with
deferent volume of samples like 5 tubes of 10 ml signal strength, 5 tubes of
10 ml double strength and one tube of 50 ml double strength with
Durham’s tube
 Sterilization: an autoclave is used to sterilization it is device that uses high
pressure stem to kill bacteria, virus ETC please the tubes in to the
autoclave (Usually 15-30 minute at 12 C)

 Incubation: incubate the tubes at 35-37 C for 24-48 hrs. Observation:

observed the tubes for signs of permutation such as
 Gas production (Bubbles 0r poem)

 Acid production (Color change)

Presumptive positive: Tubes showing gas or acid production or consider as

positive for coliform.

27
Confirmation of coliform test:

Transfer a loop full of culture from the presumptive positive tube to E coli
broth

• Incubate the e coli broth at 44.5 C for 24 Hrs.

• Observed for gas production and acid production is confirmed the

fecal coliform.
2. Confirmation of E coli:

• Inoculate peptone water with the isolate.

• Incubate at 44.5 C for 24 hrs.

• Add kovac’s re agent.

3. Complete test:

• The cherry red ring, indicating indole production. Here e coli present
and confirmed.

28
Field Test Kits (FTK’s)

The water quality field testing kits are extensively used for testing drinking
water parameters quickly and rapidly. A simple water test enables you to find
the quality of water in terms of its physical, chemical & biological
characteristics. The test kits are fully portable and self-contained and are
designed to determine the safety of drinking water sources on-site, working
in remote locations away from laboratories.

29
`

30
[Link] REAGENTS PARAMETERS PROCEDURES
1 pH paper pH Take piece of pH paper and dip it in the test
tube containing sample, compare it with pH
chart
2 R-3 Total Hardness Take 10 ml of sample in a beaker, add a pinch
R-4 of R-3 reagent and add R-4 reagent drop
wise and count R-4 reagent drops until pink
to sky blue colour.
ppm = drops of R-4 reagent ×10
3 R-5 Chloride Add 3 drops of R-5 reagent to 5 ml of sample
R-6 shake it till it turns to yellow, then slowly add
R-6 reagent and count the drops while adding
till it changes from yellow to brick red.
Ppm= drops of R-6 reagent ×10

4 R-7 Fluoride Take 5 ml of sample and add 10 drops of

R-7 reagent, after 5
minutes compare it with the chart 1.

5 R-8 Iron Take 5 ml of sample and add 5 drops of

R-8 reagent, after 10
minutes compare it with the chart 2.

6 R-14 Nitrate Take 5 ml of sample and add a pinch of R-

R-15 14 reagent then add 10
drops of R-15 reagent to it, after 5 minutes
compare it with chart 3.
7 SR-FTK/ Resi Take 5 ml of sample in a tube and add 2
RC01 dual pinch of SR-FTK/RC01
Chl powder and compare it with chart X.
orid
e
8 Chart Turbidity Compare the sample with card 4.

31
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1. COLOUR

[Link] Sample type values

1 Bore well <5

2 Bore well <5

3 Filter <5

4 Filter <5

5 Surface water <5

• The values are less than 5 and there is no visible colour

impurities.

• Hence all the above samples are consumable.

2. pH VALUE (6.5 – 8.5)

[Link] Sample type Values

1 Bore well 7.46
2 Bore well 7.32
3 Filter 8.05
4 Filter 8.06
5 Surface water 7.78

 Have the beneficial minerals such as calcium magnesium sodium

are added filter water are more alkaline in nature.

32
3. SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE

[Link] Sample type Values

1 Bore well 1.302
2 Bore well 1.383
3 Filter 0.139

4 Filter 0.108

5 Surface water 0.227

• As the inorganic dissolved solids are less in filter water the

conductivity is lower compare to surface and bore well.

4. TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS

[Link] Sample type Values

1 Bore well 768
2 Bore well 816
3 Filter 82
4 Filter 64
5 Surface water 134

• When water flows underground in a natural spring, it absorbs

minerals, such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium, from rocks.
On other, effects of human activity can also produce total dissolved
solids in water.

33
5. TURBIDITY

[Link] Sample type Values

1 Bore well 0.05
2 Bore well 0.05
3 Filter 0.05
4 Filter 0.05
5 Surface water 0.1

• Turbidity gives the water a shady appearance or appears as dirty

sediment. Undissolved materials, e.g. sand, mud.

• Turbidity is caused by particles of soil, organic matter suspended in

water, as the surface water is more exposed it has more turbidity.

• Above 5 samples are clear and have low turbidity hence they are
safe.

6. TOTAL ALKALINITY

[Link] Sample type Values

1 Bore well 304
2 Bore well 312
3 Filter 104
4 Filter 60
5 Surface water 160

• Surface and groundwater sources in areas with limestone

formations are especially likely to have high alkalinity due to the
dissolution of bicarbonates and carbonates.

34
7. TOTAL HARDNESS

[Link] Sample type Values

1 Bore well 400.36
2 Bore well 552.49
3 Filter 100.09
4 Filter 80.07
5 Surface water 140.12

• Generally, ground water is rich in mineral containing so it is harder.

• Water hardness in most groundwater is naturally occurring from
weathering of limestone, sedimentary rock and calcium bearing
minerals.

8. CALCIUM

[Link] Sample type Values

1 Bore well 67.31
2 Bore well 89.75
3 Filter 14.42
4 Filter 12.82
5 Surface water 19.23

• Bore well water contain high level of minerals so the value of calcium
is higher.

35
9. MAGNESIUM

[Link] Sample type Values

1 Bore well 56.42
2 Bore well 79.97
3 Filter 15.56
4 Filter 11.67
5 Surface water 22.37

• Hard water refers to water that contains high levels of dissolved

minerals, particularly calcium and magnesium ions.

• These minerals are naturally present in earth crust and can

dissolved into groundwater as it passes through rocks and soil.

10. CHLORIDE

[Link] Sample type Values

1 Bore well 239.92
2 Bore well 297.90
3 Filter 31.99
4 Filter 33.98
5 Surface water 41.98

• High levels of sodium and chloride typically mean that water may
be contaminated with road salt, fertilizer or leaking septic system.

• Presence of chloride in groundwater can result from a number of

sources including the weathering of soils, salt bearing geological
formations etc.

36
11. SULPHATE

[Link] Sample type Values

1 Bore well 91.8
2 Bore well 142.5
3 Filter 2.6
4 Filter 1.8
5 Surface water 4.6

• Sources of sulphate in groundwaterinclude mineral

dissolution atmospheric dissolution and otheranthropogenic sources.

• When sulfate is less than 0.5 mg/L, algal growth will not occur.

12. IRON
[Link] Sample type Values
1 Bore well 0.175
2 Bore well 0.183
3 Filter 0.016
4 Filter 0.016
5 Surface water 0.103

• Anaerobic groundwater may contain ironat concentrations up to

several milligrams per litre without discoloration or turbidity in the
water.

• Above 5 samples are below acceptable limit (1) hence they are safer
to use.

37
11. NITRATE

[Link] Sample type Values

1 Bore well 28.27
2 Bore well 20.70
3 Filter 1.83
4 Filter 0.59
5 Surface water 4.26

• Private drinking watersources like wells, dugouts, and

springs can sometimes nitrate/nitrite contain unsafe
levels of

• Nitrate accumulates in agricultural watersheds where farmers

spread inorganic fertilizers and animal manures on cropland.

12. FLOURIDE
[Link] Sample type Values
1 Bore well 0.411
2 Bore well 0.438
3 Filter 0.0
4 Filter 0.0
5 Surface water 0.045

a. Filter water does not contain fluoride as these filters use a

semipermeable membrane to remove many contaminants.
b. These above 5 samples gives the value below acceptable limit (1mg/l)
hence they are safer to use.

38
 2. CONCLUSION

Concluding this extensive exploration of internship tenure at Water

Testing Laboratory, it’s evident that the experience has been
remarkably effective. Each day unfolded us a new learning opportunity.
We deeply appreciate the guidance and encouragement extended by
our mentors and peers, who have played crucial role. This journey has
not only honed our practical skills but also enriched our knowledge on
water quality.

As the internship draws a conclusion, we find ourselves contemplating

the invaluable lessons learnt, the opportunity to immerse ourselves in
the practical application of analytical chemistry has been fulfilled. We
extend our deepest appreciation to all our mentors, colleagues and the
supporting team whose collective experience has rendered this
experience. We are excited to carry forward the knowledge and skills
into our academic pursuit and beyond.

39
 TESTING METHODS OF PARAMETERS

These are methods used to estimate the following parameters

SAMPLES
SL. PARAMETER TEST METHOD
TAKEN FOR
NO
ANALYSIS
1 pH Electrometric method 50ml
2 Specific conductance Conductivity meter method 50ml
3 Total dissolved solids Gravimetric method 50ml
4 Turbidity Nephlo turbidimetric method 25ml

5 Alkalinity Titrimetric method 25ml

6 Total hardness EDTA titrimetric method 25ml

7 Calcium EDTA titrimetric method 25ml

8 Magnesium Calculation method -

9 Chloride Argentometric titration 25ml

method
10 Iron Spectrophotometric method 50ml

11 Fluoride Spectrophotometric method 50ml

12 Nitrate UV Spectrophotometric 50ml

screening method
13 Sulphate Nephlo turbidimetric method 50ml

40
 HEALTH CONSEQUENCE

Health effects due to consumption of water in which concentration of

certain parameters is exceeding permissible limits.

SL. PARAMETER HEALTH EFFECTS

NO
1 Fluoride Fluorosis: clinical dental fluorosis,
Chronic skeletal fluorosis.

2 Nitrate Methemoglobinemia (blue baby syndrome)

3 Sulphate Dehydration, diarrhea

4 Coliform Gastro intestinal upset, fever, abdominal

organisms cramp.

5 Iron Gastro – intestinal irritation & bleeding,

permanent liver damage.

6 Hardness Growth retardation, Skin and hair issues.

7 Calcium Weak bones, kidney stones & rectal cancer.

8 Magnesium Vomiting, muscles spasms, Cerebro vascular.

9 Chloride Hyper chloremia.

10 Alkalinity Dry skin, irritation of eyes throat and ears.

11 Low pH Acidity

41
VISUAL HIGHLIGHTS

42
AUTOCLAVE INCUBATOR

LAMINAR AIR FLOW

43
44
 REFERENCES

1. [Link] ducti
on_to_Water_Quality_Analysis.
2. [Link]

_of_ Potable_Water_Quality_in_Karnataka.

3. ICMR 1975. Manual of Standards of Quality of Drinking Water Supplies.

Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.
4. [Link]

5. [Link]

6. [Link]

7. Manual for water quality analysis provided by analyst.

45