1

AIM

TO STUDY THE PHENOMENON OF WIRELESS TRANSMISSION OF POWER

Page 1 of 23
 1

REQUIRED MATERIALS

1. Centre-tapped insulated copper wire coil (40 turns, radius 3.5 cm):
Used as the transmitting coil to generate an oscillating magnetic field when current
flows through it. The center tap allows connection to the transistor circuit for
alternating current generation.

Figure 1: Center Tapped copper coil

2. Insulated copper wire coil (40 turns):

Acts as the receiving coil that picks up the magnetic field from the transmitter and
induces an electric current, demonstrating wireless power transfer.

Figure 2: Copper Coil

3. 9V battery:
Provides the DC power supply for the transmitter circuit, driving the transistor and
generating current in the transmitting coil.

Page 1
Figure 3: 9V Battery
 2

4. 22kΩ resistor:
Limits the base current to the transistor, ensuring it operates safely without damage
while maintaining proper oscillation.

Figure 4: 22kΩ Resistor

5. 2N2222A transistor:
Functions as the oscillator or switch, rapidly turning current on and off in the
transmitting coil to create an alternating magnetic field.

Figure 5: 2N2222A Transistor

6. Connecting wires:
Used to connect all circuit components, ensuring proper electrical paths for current
flow.

Figure 6: Connecting wires

Page 2
 3

7. LED bulb:
Placed in the receiver circuit to visually demonstrate power reception — it glows
when sufficient power is transmitted wirelessly.

Figure 7: LED Bulb

Page 3
 4
INTRODUCTION

 Wireless power transfer (WPT), wireless power transmission, wireless energy

transmission (WET), or electromagnetic power transfer is the transmission of
electrical energy without wires as a physical link.
 In a wireless power transmission system, a transmitter device, driven by electric
power from a power source, generates a time-varying electromagnetic field, which
transmits power across space to a receiver device, which extracts power from the field
and supplies it to an electrical load.
 The technology of wireless power transmission can eliminate the use of the wires and
batteries, thus increasing the mobility, convenience, and safety of an electronic device
for all users.
 Wireless power transfer is useful to power electrical devices where interconnecting
wires are inconvenient, hazardous, or are not possible.
 And this kind of charging gives a far lower risk of electrical shock as it would be
galvanically isolated.
 This is an emerging technology, and further, the distance of power transfer can be
improved as the study across the world is still going on.

Figure 8: Wireless power transmission

Page 4
 5
THEORY

 Wireless power transmission works on the principle of Electromagnetic Induction.

 It also involves Mutual Inductance, Lenz’s Law, and can be enhanced by

Resonant Inductive Coupling and Magnetic Coupling.

Electromagnetic Induction Electromagnetic induction is the process where a

conductor placed in a changing magnetic field experiences the production of a voltage
(EMF) across it.
 The process is governed by Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, which states:

 The negative sign represents Lenz’s Law, meaning the induced EMF always
opposes the change that produced it.
 When an alternating current (AC) flows through the primary coil, it creates
a time-varying magnetic field around it.
 This changing magnetic field extends through the surrounding space and links with
the secondary coil, which induces a current in it.
 This induced EMF in the secondary coil is what allows wireless power transfer.

Faraday’s Law
 According to Faraday’s Law, a changing magnetic field induces an electromotive
force (EMF) or voltage in any nearby conductor.
 This induced EMF is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux.

Page 5
 6

 When the secondary coil lies within this changing magnetic field, the magnetic
flux passing through it changes over time.
 As a result, an EMF is induced across the ends of the secondary coil.

 This EMF creates a potential difference that drives a current if the secondary
coil forms a closed circuit.
 The induced current always flows in such a direction that it opposes the original
magnetic change, as per Lenz’s Law.
 Thus, when alternating current in the primary coil generates a changing magnetic
field, energy is transferred wirelessly to the secondary coil.

Figure 9: Faraday’s law

Mutual Inductance
 Mutual inductance is the phenomenon where a change in current in one coil
induces an EMF in a nearby coil.
 The transmitting coil (primary) and receiving coil (secondary) are
magnetically coupled.
 When current changes in the primary coil,
 an EMF is induced in the secondary coil.

Page 6
 7

 The amount of power transferred depends on:

➢ The distance between the coils,

➢ The alignment of their axes, and

➢ The number of turns in each coil.

Figure 10: Mutual Inductance

Lenz’s Law
 States that the direction of the induced current is such that it opposes the change in
the magnetic flux that produced it.
 Ensures energy conservation in the system.

 In this model, the current induced in the secondary coil creates its own magnetic
field opposing that of the primary.

Page 7

Figure 11: Lenz’s Law

 8

Magnetic Coupling
 The coils are magnetically linked through their shared magnetic field.

 Stronger coupling (closer or better-aligned coils) leads to greater induced EMF

and higher efficiency.

Figure 12: Magnetic Coupling

Page 8
 9
DIAGRAM

Figure 13: Circuit Diagram

Page 9
 10
PROCEDURE

1. Create the Primary Coil

 Wind a copper wire into a center-tapped coil of 40 turns.

 Count 20 turns, create a loop or tap in the wire (this is the center tap), then
continue another 20 turns.

 Now we have 3 leads – start of coil, center tap, and end of coil.

2. Build the Oscillator Circuit and Power Connection

 Transistor has 3 pins – emitter, collector, and base.

 Connect emitter to negative terminal of battery.

 Connect collector to start of coil.

 Connect base to the end of the coil biased through the resistor.

 Connect the center tap to the positive terminal of the battery.

3. Create the Secondary Coil

 Wind a copper wire into a coil of 40 turns.

 Connect the two ends of the secondary coil to the LED.

Page 10
 11
WORKING

 When current is allowed to flow, small current starts flowing into the base of the
transistor (through the resistor), because the base-emitter junction is forward-biased.
 That small base current turns on the transistor, allowing a much larger current to flow
from collector to emitter.
 As this collector current flows through one half of the coil, it creates a changing
magnetic field.
 Because the coil is center-tapped, the other half of the coil experiences inductive
coupling from the magnetic field.
 This changing magnetic field induces a voltage in the other half of the coil, which
affects the base voltage.
 This feedback loop causes the transistor to switch on and off very rapidly ,creating an
oscillating current in the coil.
 The high-frequency alternating current in the primary coil produces a rapidly
changing magnetic field. This magnetic field extends into the nearby space.
 The secondary coil, placed close to the primary (but not connected), is exposed to this
changing magnetic field.
 Faraday’s Law says a changing magnetic field induces a voltage in a nearby coil. So
the secondary coil picks up the oscillating magnetic field and converts it into AC
voltage.
 This voltage drives current through the LED — lighting it up.

Page 11
 12
RESULT

 When the circuit is correctly built and powered on, the result is that the LED
connected to the secondary coil lights up
 even though there are no wires connecting it to the battery or the primary coil circuit.

 This demonstrates wireless transmission of power using magnetic induction. The

energy is transmitted through the air via a changing magnetic field produced by the
oscillating primary coil.
 When the distance between the coils is increased, the strength of the magnetic field
reaching the secondary coil becomes weaker. Less voltage is induced in the secondary
coil. As a result, the LED becomes dimmer or may stop glowing altogether.
 We can also experiment further by changing the distance between the coils or
introducing conductors and non-conductors between the coils to know how they
behave and if the LED glows or not.
 Experiment 1: Bringing a metal plate between the two coils

Result: When the distance between the coils is decreased, the magnetic field strength
at the secondary coil increases. More magnetic flux is captured by the secondary coil.
The LED glows brighter due to stronger induced voltage and current. Energy transfer
becomes more efficient.

 Experiment 2: Bringing metal plate and a piece of paper between the two coils

Result: When a metal plate is introduced between the coils, the LED doesn’t glow,
while in case of a piece of paper, the LED continues glowing.

Page 12
 13
CONCLUSION

 This experiment demonstrates that wireless transmission of electrical energy is

possible using magnetic induction. The LED lights up without a physical connection,
proving that energy is transferred through space by a changing magnetic field
generated by the primary coil.
Effect of Materials Between Coils

 A metal plate blocks the magnetic field, stopping the LED from glowing.

 This shows that metal disrupts magnetic induction, either by absorbing or redirecting
the field.
 A paper sheet has no effect, and the LED continues to glow because non-
metallic materials like paper do not interfere with magnetic fields.
 Magnetic fields can pass through non-magnetic materials like air and paper but
are blocked or distorted by conductive materials like metal.
Dependence on Distance

 As the distance between the coils increases, energy transfer decreases.

 The LED dims or turns off because the magnetic field weakens with distance and
less energy is induced in the secondary coil.
 As the coils are brought closer, the LED glows brighter because the magnetic field
is stronger, more magnetic flux is captured, and the induced current increases.
 Wireless power transfer using magnetic induction is most effective when the coils
are close together.
 The strength of the magnetic field, and thus energy transfer, drops rapidly
with distance.

Page 13
 14

Overall
 The experiment confirms that wireless power transmission through magnetic
induction works, but its efficiency depends on distance, coil placement, and the
environment between the coils.
 It’s a practical method of transferring power over short distances without
physical connections.

Page 14
 15
SOURCE OF ERROR

 Incorrect reading due to human error or incorrect setup

 Error in multimeter reading, Inexpensive or basic multimeters may not be accurate at

low voltages or currents
 Too much distance between the coils. Magnetic field drops rapidly with distance keep
the coils 1-3 cm apart
 Coils are not placed directly in line to each other (co-axial). Keep coils face-to-
face, parallel, and as close as safely possible.
 Using Direct Current (DC), which does not produce any magnetic field

 Few turns in wire, overly thick or thin wire or uneven coiling

 Connecting the LED backward with long polarity

 Overloading the receiver: Trying to power LED bulb which need more current
than induced current
 Metal objects in the surrounding or magnetic noise (unwanted magnetic field)

Page 15
 16
APPLICATION

Wireless Transmission of Electricity and Its Applications

Wireless transmission of electricity is an emerging technology that aims to transfer electrical

energy without the use of physical wires or connectors. Although the concept has existed for
many years, modern scientific and engineering advancements have brought it closer to practical,
real-world use. By eliminating physical cables, this technology has the potential to transform
how consumer devices, vehicles, medical systems, and industrial environments are powered.
The following are some of the most promising applications of wireless power transmission
across various fields.

1. Consumer Electronics

One of the most successful early applications of wireless power is in consumer electronics.
Devices such as smartphones, earbuds, smartwatches, and tablets already support wireless
charging through inductive or resonant coupling. Users can simply place their devices on
charging pads without handling cables or connectors. This reduces wear on charging ports and
offers a cleaner, more convenient charging experience. As research progresses, future systems
may allow long-range or room-scale wireless charging, enabling devices to charge
automatically whenever they are within a designated area.

2. Electric Vehicles (EVs)

Wireless charging has the potential to revolutionize the electric vehicle industry by eliminating
the need for plug-in chargers. EVs equipped with receiving coils can charge by parking over
specialized charging pads embedded in parking lots, garages, or even road surfaces. This
contactless method allows drivers to charge their vehicles simply by parking, which greatly
increases convenience. A more advanced concept is dynamic wireless charging, where EVs

Page 16
 17
charge continuously while moving on specially designed roads. This could significantly extend
driving ranges and reduce dependence on large onboard batteries.

3. Medical Devices

In the medical field, wireless power transmission offers significant advantages for implantable
devices such as pacemakers, neurostimulators, and insulin pumps. Traditional implants rely on
batteries that eventually require surgical replacement. Wireless charging eliminates the need for
repeated surgical procedures, reducing both risk and cost. Patients can power their implants
externally through non-invasive charging methods, improving comfort, safety, and device
reliability. This advancement opens the door for more sophisticated long-term medical implants
in the future.

4. Industrial Automation

Factories, warehouses, and automated production environments often depend on systems that
require continuous motion. Wired power connections can restrict movement, cause mechanical
stress, and introduce safety hazards. Wireless power systems enable robots, automated guided
vehicles, and sensors to operate freely without being limited by cable lengths. This increases
flexibility in industrial layouts, lowers maintenance costs, and enhances worker safety. Wireless
power also supports the growing trend of smart manufacturing and the use of interconnected
industrial devices.

5. Remote and Harsh Environments

Wireless transmission of electricity is especially useful in areas where traditional wiring is

difficult, dangerous, or impossible to install. Examples include underwater systems, desert
regions, high-altitude research stations, volcanic zones, and radioactive environments. Wireless
Page 17
 18
power allows equipment and sensors in such areas to operate for long periods without frequent
maintenance or battery replacement. This can support scientific research, environmental
monitoring, disaster management, and military operations in challenging locations.

6. Space Technology

Future space missions and extraterrestrial settlements may rely heavily on wireless power. One
major application is space-based solar power systems, where satellites or space stations collect
solar energy and beam it back to Earth using microwave or laser transmission. This method
could provide massive amounts of clean energy unaffected by weather or daylight cycles.
Additionally, spacecraft and lunar or Martian bases could use wireless power to operate
equipment, recharge rovers, and distribute energy across large distances without relying on
physical cables.

7. Consumer Appliances and Smart Furniture

Wireless charging technology is increasingly being integrated into household items such as
tables, lamps, sofas, and kitchen appliances. Furniture equipped with built-in charging pads
allows users to charge multiple devices simply by placing them on the surface. This reduces
clutter caused by cables and offers a seamless charging experience in modern smart homes

Page 18
 19
PRECAUTIONS

 Avoid Mains Electricity (230V/120V) as it is dangerous and unnecessary for

demonstration purposes. Stick to a DC power source like a 9V battery or a regulated 5V–
12V power supply
 Use a resistor or current-limited supply if needed to protect components.

 High currents through small coils can heat up. Run the system for short intervals
and touch the coil only when it's powered off. Insulate ends properly
 High currents through small coils can heat up. Run the system for short intervals
and touch the coil only when it's powered off.
 Keep the coils close (~1–5 cm), but not touching. Efficiency drops sharply with distance.

 Test the model on a wooden, plastic, or cardboard surface to avoid interference or

short circuits.
 increase coil turns (50–100 turns) for stronger inductive fields

 Align the coils coaxially (facing directly) for maximum transfer.

 Place a resistor in series with the LED to protect it from overcurrent.

 Transmitter and receiver coils should be similar in size and turns.

Page 19
 20
BIBLIOGRAPHY

➢ [Link]
➢ [Link]
➢ [Link]
➢ [Link]
➢ [Link]
➢ [Link]

Page 20
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SR NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.

1 AIM -

2 REQUIRED 1
MATERIALS
3 INTRODUCTION 4

4 PRINCIPLE 5

5 DIAGRAM 9

6 PROCEDURE 10

7 WORKING 11

8 RESULT 12

9 CONCLUSION 13

10 SOURCE OF ERROR 15

11 APPLICATIONS 16

12 PRECAUTIONS 19

13 BIBLIOGRAPHY 20