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Comprehensive Guide to Operating Systems

An Operating System (OS) is essential system software that acts as an interface between users and computer hardware, managing resources and providing services to applications. It has various types, including Batch, Multiprogramming, Time Sharing, Real-Time, Distributed, and Embedded OS, each serving different purposes. Key functions of an OS include process management, memory management, file management, device management, and ensuring security and protection.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
10 views9 pages

Comprehensive Guide to Operating Systems

An Operating System (OS) is essential system software that acts as an interface between users and computer hardware, managing resources and providing services to applications. It has various types, including Batch, Multiprogramming, Time Sharing, Real-Time, Distributed, and Embedded OS, each serving different purposes. Key functions of an OS include process management, memory management, file management, device management, and ensuring security and protection.

Uploaded by

RAHUL THAKUR
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

OPERATING SYSTEM (OS) – DETAILED STUDY MATERIAL

What is an Operating System?

Definition

An Operating System (OS) is system software that:

• Acts as an interface between user and computer hardware

• Manages hardware resources

• Provides services to application programs

OS Interaction Diagram

User

Application Programs

Operating System

Computer Hardware

Without OS → Computer is useless

Objectives / Functions of Operating System

Main Objectives

Objective Explanation

Convenience Makes computer easy to use

Efficiency Uses hardware resources efficiently

Resource Management Manages CPU, memory, I/O

Security Protects data & programs

Major Functions of Operating System


Core Functions Chart

Function Description

Process Management Handles execution of processes

Memory Management Allocates & deallocates memory

File Management Organizes files & directories

Device Management Controls I/O devices

Security & Protection Prevents unauthorized access

Job Scheduling Decides execution order

Types of Operating Systems

Classification Chart

Type Description Example

Batch OS Jobs executed in batches Early IBM OS

Multiprogramming OS Multiple programs in memory UNIX

Time Sharing OS CPU time shared Linux

Real Time OS Time critical tasks RTOS

Distributed OS Multiple computers connected Network OS

Embedded OS Built into devices Washing machine OS

Batch Operating System

Features

• Jobs collected and processed in batches

• No user interaction

• Long turnaround time

Diagram

Job Queue → CPU → Output


Disadvantage: CPU idle time is high

Multiprogramming Operating System

Concept

• Multiple jobs kept in memory

• CPU switches between jobs

Working Diagram

Job1 Job2 Job3

↓ ↓ ↓

CPU (Switching)

Advantage: Better CPU utilization

Time Sharing Operating System

Key Idea

• Each process gets small CPU time (Time Quantum)

Example Chart

Process CPU Time

P1 10 ms

P2 10 ms

P3 10 ms

Used in: Multi-user systems

Real Time Operating System (RTOS)

Definition

OS where response time is critical

Types of RTOS

Type Description
Type Description

Hard RTOS Deadline must be met

Soft RTOS Delay acceptable

Examples: Air traffic control, medical systems

Process Management

Process

A process is a program in execution

Process States Diagram

New → Ready → Running → Waiting → Terminated

Process States Table

State Meaning

New Process created

Ready Waiting for CPU

Running Executing

Waiting Waiting for I/O

Terminated Finished

CPU Scheduling

CPU Scheduler

Decides which process gets CPU

Scheduling Algorithms

Algorithm Feature

FCFS First Come First Serve

SJF Shortest Job First

Priority Priority based


Algorithm Feature

Round Robin Time Quantum based

Most used in MCQs: Round Robin

Memory Management

Role

• Allocates memory to processes

• Deallocates after use

Memory Types

Type Description

Primary Memory RAM

Secondary Memory Hard disk

Memory Management Techniques

Techniques Chart

Technique Description

Paging Divides memory into pages

Segmentation Divides into segments

Virtual Memory Uses disk as memory

Virtual Memory

Definition

Technique that uses secondary memory as extension of RAM

Diagram

Process → Virtual Memory → RAM + Disk

Advantage: Run large programs


File Management System

Responsibilities

• Create, delete, read, write files

• Directory structure management

File Attributes

Attribute Meaning

Name File name

Type File type

Size File size

Location Disk location

Protection Access rights

Directory Structures

Types

Structure Description

Single Level One directory

Two Level Separate directories

Tree Hierarchical

Graph Advanced structure

Most common: Tree structure

Device Management

Role

• Controls I/O devices

• Uses device drivers

Device Management Flow


Process → OS → Device Driver → Device

Deadlock

Definition

Situation where processes wait indefinitely

Deadlock Conditions (VERY IMPORTANT)

Condition Explanation

Mutual Exclusion Resource cannot be shared

Hold & Wait Holding one resource

No Preemption Cannot force release

Circular Wait Circular dependency

All four must occur

Security & Protection

OS Security Provides

• Authentication

• Authorization

• Data protection

Security Methods

Method Purpose

Password User authentication

Encryption Data protection

Access Control Resource access

System Calls

Definition

Interface between user program & OS


Types of System Calls

Type Example

Process Control Create process

File Management Read/write

Device Management Read device

Communication Message passing

Kernel

Kernel

Core part of OS

Kernel Functions

Function Description

Process Management CPU control

Memory Management Memory allocation

Device Control Hardware access

Kernel stays in memory

EXAM-ORIENTED QUICK FACTS

• OS is system software

• CPU scheduling is done by OS

• Deadlock has 4 conditions

• Round Robin uses time quantum

• Kernel is heart of OS

• Virtual memory uses secondary memory

SAMPLE MCQs (Based on Above Content)


Q1. Which software acts as interface between user and hardware?
A) Compiler
B) Application software
C) Operating System
D) BIOS

Q2. Which scheduling algorithm uses time quantum?


A) FCFS
B) SJF
C) Priority
D) Round Robin

Q3. How many conditions are necessary for deadlock?


A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Q4. Kernel is:


A) Hardware
B) Application software
C) Core of OS
D) Utility

Q5. Virtual memory uses:


A) RAM only
B) Cache
C) Disk memory
D) ROM

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