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(x − x1)2 + (y − y1)2 = r2 x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
Centre : (x1, y1) Centre : (−g, −f)
(x − α1)(x − α2) + (y − β1)(y − β2) = 0
Radius : r Radius :
where (α1, β1) & (α2, β2) are endpoints of diameter
1. Circle is all about centre and radius
2. Whenever a point is given on circle, use that “Its distance from centre is radius”
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Some Special Circles
1. Circle touching X - axis 2. Circle touching Y - axis
Y
(0, b)
X
(a, 0)
Special Circles are all about
interpreting their centres
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Some Special Circles
3. Circle touching X - axis at origin 4. Circle touching Y - axis at origin
Y Y
X O X
O
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Some Special Circles
5. Circle touching both the axes
Y Y
O X
O X
Y
Y
X
O
X
O
Remember, there are two circles, touching
both axes and passing through a given point.
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Parametric form of the Equation of a Circle
Y
(a) x2 + y2 = r2
⇒ x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ P(θ)
r
(b) (x − x1)2 + (y − y1)2 = r2 θ X
O
⇒ x = x1 + r cosθ , y = y1 + r sin θ
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y = mx + c
AB is the intercept made by circle on the line y = mx + c.
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X
A B
Y
B
A
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Any second degree equation in two variables, that is,
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 will be represented as .
As of now, that we are doing circles, so we have
S ≡ x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c
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1. S ≡ x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c
2. Consider a point (x1, y1). Value of S at (x1, y1) is represented by S1
i.e., S1 = x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c
3. Consider a point (x1, y1).
If in S we replace
then we get T,
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Chords of a Circle
In this topic, we usually write a line in ways and then
make them identical
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(1) Equation of CoC (chord of contact) with respect to P(x1, y1)
Its equation is given by T = 0
P (x1, y1)
S=0
(2) Equation of chord with given midpoint P(x1, y1)
P (x1, y1)
Its equation given by T = S1
S=0
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Method 1
Find distance of point P from centre of circle O.
OP < r ⇒ P lies inside the circle
OP = r ⇒ P lies on the circle
OP > r ⇒ P lies outside the circle
Method 2
S1 < 0 ⇒ P lies inside the circle
S1 = 0 ⇒ P lies on the circle
S1 > 0 ⇒ P lies outside the circle
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Greatest and least distance of a point from a circle,
whether point is inside or outside
Of circle.
|OP - r| = least distance of point P from the circle
|OP + r| = greatest distance of point P from the circle
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Try to observe how we can comment upon the positions of two circles
depending on their radii and the distance between their centres.
r1 r2 r1 r2
(1) C1 C2 (2) C1 C2
(3) C1 C2
C2 (5)
(4) C1 C1 C2
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Try to observe how we can comment upon the positions of two circles
depending on their radii and the distance between their centres.
r1 r2 r1 r2
(1) C1 C2 (2) C1 C2
(3) C1 C2
C2 (5)
(4) C1 C1 C2
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C1 C2
Observe that C2 will cut C1 at two points if
its radius lies between min and max
distance of centre of C2 from C1
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S=0 L=0
(1) S + 𝜆L = 0
(2) S + λS’ = 0, λ ≠ −1
S=0
S’ = 0
S - S’ = 0 gives the equation of the common chord of S = 0 and S’ = 0.
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(3) Family of circles passing through two given points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2)
A (x1, y1) B (x2, y2)
E.g. Any circle through (1, 1) and (2, 2) is of the form
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(3) Family of circles passing through two given points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2)
Consider
Then, S + 𝜆L = 0 gives family of circles
passing through A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2)
Any circle through (1, 1) and (2, 2) is of the form
(x − 1) (x − 2) + (y − 1) (y − 2) + 𝜆(y − x) = 0.
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(4) Family of circles tangent to a given line at a given point
L=0
A (x1, y1)
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(4) Family of circles tangent to a given line at a given point
L=0
A (x1, y1)
Say that the given line and the point are respectively L = 0 and A (x1, y1).
Consider, a circle through A (x1, y1), S : (x − x1)2 + (y − y1)2
Then S + 𝜆L = 0 gives a family of circles touching the line L = 0 at point A (x1, y1).
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r1 r2
C1
C2
d
Two circles intersect each other orthogonally
if r12 + r22 = d2 Or 2 g1 g2 + 2 f1 f2 = c1 + c2