BASICS OF ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
MODULE-4
Syllabus
INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Communication System Block Diagram
Input Transducer
Transmitter Example Functions
Transmitter A/D Conversion Example
Important Transmitter Parameters
Channel
Repeaters to improve SNR
Channel Parameters
Receiver and Output Transducer
Transmission
Noise Medium
Radio Communication System
Fiber Optic Communication System
Block Diagram
• The information source provides an electrical signal to the transmitter
• The electrical stage (circuits) drives an optical source. The optical
source output is a light which is intensity modulated by the
information. The optical source converts the electrical signal into an
optical signal
• The source may be either semiconductor laser or Light Emitting Diode
(LED).
• The intensity modulated light signal is coupled to fiber. The fiber
which is made up of a glass acts as a channel between the transmitter
and receiver.
• At the receiver the optical signal is detected by the optical detectors
such as PIN diode and Avalanche photodiode.
• Sometimes photo transistors and photo conductors are used for
converting an optical signal into electrical signal.
• The electrical signal is again processed and given to the transducer to
get the original information.
𝑉𝑐 𝑚𝑉𝑐
𝑚𝑉𝑐
2 4
4
Δf
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RADIO RECEIVERS
SUPERHETERODYNE AM RECEIVER
Antenna
Ganged Tuning
• RF Amplifier and Tuning
Provides gain and thus improves sensitivity
Provides better selectivity (ganged capacitor)
Provides better coupling to antenna
• Mixer
o The circuit is so designed that the output of mixer produces a frequency of 455KHz regardless of the
station to which the receiver is tuned
o This lower frequency is called Intermediate Frequency (IF)
o For instance if 600KHz station is tuned, then the local oscillator will produce a frequency of 1055KHz
o Every time the oscillator frequency is adjusted with a change in input frequency(ganged tuning) so
that the mixer always produces a 455KHz signal at its output. Ganged tuning is the process used to
tune two or more circuits with a single control.
o This signal at 455KHz contains the same modulation as the incoming signal
• IF Amplifier
The IF is amplified by one or more IF amplifier stages and given to
detector
Most of the gain and selectivity is provided by this stage
• Detector
Usually a diode detector such as an envelope detector is used to
detect the message signal
• Audio Amplifier
The demodulated message signal is amplified and given to load
SIGNIFICANCE OF INTERMEDIATE
FREQUENCY(IF)
Conversion to an intermediate(low) frequency is useful for several
reasons
• Improves Selectivity
As frequency increases bandwidth also increases. Hence at high
frequency, filters will not be able to reject adjacent channels but while
using a low IF, filters can be made more selective
• Improves Sensitivity
Low frequency transistors have high gain. Hence it improves sensitivity
SIGNIFICANCE OF INTERMEDIATE
FREQUENCY(IF)
• Simplified Circuit Design
Designing circuits to work across a wide range of frequencies is
complex and less efficient. By converting all the incoming signals to the
same IF, the design of amplifiers, filters and detectors is simplified
• Frequency stability
It is easy to tune the local oscillator when compared to tuning filters,
amplifiers etc to different frequencies. Hence it improves frequency
stability of the network
SUPERHETERODYNE FM RECEIVER
• The IF frequency used here is 10.7 MHz
• Limiter in an FM receiver is an electronic device that removes
amplitude variations in the received signal
• At high frequencies the effect of noise is more. Hence at the
transmitter high frequency signals are boosted using a process called
pre emphasis and the reverse process at the receiver to restore the
original signal is called de emphasis
Thank you….