Studies in English Language Teaching
ISSN 2372-9740 (Print) ISSN 2329-311X (Online)
Vol. 3, No. 2, 2015
[Link]/ojs/[Link]/selt
Adopting a Learner-Centered Methodology at Sultan Qaboos
University
Salma Al-Humaidi1*
1
Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
*
Salma Al-Humaidi, E-mail: shumaidi@[Link]
Abstract
Sultan Qaboos University implemented a project for adopting a learner-centered methodology in the
preparation program of the teacher-trainees of English at the College of Education. The learning
materials package used in the project was developed as a result of the collaboration of two parities:
Sultan Qaboos University and the American Partnership Initiative represented by Seward Incorporated.
In the package, two independent variables have been manipulated: (1) the principles of the
learner-centered method and the e-learning Moodle platform. The purpose of this study is to investigate
the effectiveness of this project. To this end, two research tools (an achievement test and a student
attitudinal feedback form) were developed, validated and applied to 150 ELT student teachers divided
into four experimental groups and three control groups. The students in the experimental groups cover
the developed package whereas those in the control groups cover the same topics in the package
adopting the traditional method, (i.e. lecturing and face-to-face teaching). Preliminary indicators and
views of the participants (faculty and students) show that the project is effective and successful for
more than one reason: (1) involving students in active learning processes and tasks, (2) minimizing the
use of lectures as the principle mode of instruction, (3) giving students increased ownership of their
learning, (4) fostering team work and cooperative learning, and (5) manipulating technology and
e-learning efficiently. Numerating these benefits, however, does not mean the absence of problems to do
with the quantity of the readings and assignments, use of technology, and the nature of the tasks
accompanying the topics.
Keywords
learner-centered methodology, pre-service teacher education, effectiveness, achievement
1. Learner-Centered Method
The principles of the student centered methodology originated in the school of constructivism, which
opposes the practices associated with the teacher-as-expert approach knowledge (Bransford, Brown, &
Cocking, 1999; Garfield, 1995; Duckworth, 1987; Piaget & Inhelder, 1969; Piaget, 1973; Vygotsky,
1978 as cited in Sablonnière; Taylor & Sadykova, 2009). Piaget’s core idea was that children are active
thinkers, constantly trying to construct a more advanced understanding of their world. He focused on the
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development of logical or systematic concepts through social exchange in which children are actively
and individually constructing their own social knowledge, rather than merely copying. Constructivist
learning theory was considered a basis for the development of student-centered methods (Hannafin, Hill,
& Land, 1997), which were described by Cannon and Newble (2000, pp. 16-17) as “ways of thinking
about teaching and learning that emphasize student responsibility and activity in learning rather than
content or what the teachers are doing”.
Due to the influence of constructivist learning theory, a plethora of new teaching methods arose which
defined learning as an “active process in which learners are active sense makers who seek to build
coherent and organized knowledge” (Mayer, 2004, p. 14, cited in Baeten, Kyndt, Struyven, & Dochy,
2010). Consequently, some teaching methods/approaches that reflect the characteristics of
student-centered learning were developed that indeed emphasized students’ behavioral activity during
learning. Examples of these teaching methods are: active learning, collaborative/cooperative learning,
team-based learning, student-activating teaching methods, problem-based learning, powerful learning
environments, minimal guidance approach, discovery learning, open-ended learning environments,
project-based learning, and case-based learning (Bowel & Eison, 1991; Mayer, 2004 cited in Baeten;
Kyndt, Struyven, & Dochy, 2010). Those methods that emphasize students’ activities are often presented
as the pedagogical opposite of traditional lectures where the teacher provides information that is
passively received by the students (Prince, 2004).
Research shows that there are crucial factors that should be considered while attempting to implement
and evaluate student-centered methods, as these will determine the positive or negative effects of such
methods. Some of these factors are: learners’ perceptions, attitudes and their characteristics, length of
time needed, the appropriate instruments to be used, how student centered methods are to be
implemented, teacher professional capacity, available resources, cultural factors and learner
background (Ahmed & Mahmood, 2010; Sablonniere, Taylor, & Sadykova, 2009; Vavrus, 2009;
Gravoso et al., 2008; Schuh, 2004; O’Sullivan, 2003).
Research has provided evidence of the usefulness of learner-centered methodology on students’ learning.
Geisli (2009) conducted a study to determine the effect of student-centered training methods on student
success. A pre-post test experimental design was used with a control and an experimental group. The tool
for data collection was an achievement test developed by the researcher. The results showed that the
success was significantly higher in the group where student centered methods were applied compared to
the teacher centered group.
Another study that showed a significant difference in student achievement is that of Ahmed and
Mahmood (2010). They investigated the effects of three experimental learning conditions on prospective
teachers’ learning experience and achievement in an Educational Psychology course. These conditions
include a traditional instruction model and two cooperative learning models. The subjects of the study
were thirty-two student teachers enrolled in a Master’s degree program.
The results revealed that there was a statistically significant difference between prospective teachers’
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scores on learning experience measure across the three experimental conditions. The results also revealed
that there was a statistically significant difference in achievement scores favoring both cooperative
learning conditions. It was reported that cooperative learning enhances perspective teachers’ academic
achievement as compared to traditional instruction. It also promoted enriched, enjoyable and interactive
learning experiences. In addition to achievement, this study also provided evidence on the effect of
learner-centered methodology in the form of cooperative learning models on quality learning which is a
focus of the studies described below.
Sivan, Leung, Woon and Kember (2000) examined the effectiveness of active learning through the use of
several learning activities implemented in two undergraduate programs at the Hong Kong Polytechnic
University. The effectiveness of these activities was investigated using questionnaires and interviews to
explore students’ attitudes and approaches to learning. Results showed that the activities used helped
foster the development of independent learning skills and the ability to apply knowledge. They also
affected the quality of student learning by shaping the way they studied and meeting desired learning
outcomes.
Still another study (Gravoso, Pasa, Labra, & Mori, 2008), revealed positive effects of learner-centered
methodologies on the overall quality learning. Video documentaries were used to ask students to explore
problems associated with farmers. The students’ learning outcomes and experiences were compared to a
group of students who studied the same topics in a teacher-centered learning environment. The
student-centered groups’ understanding of the problems was found to be consistently higher than the
control group. The results also showed that the learner-centered environment tended to engage students
in the construction of knowledge, while those in the control group exhibited more knowledge absorption
without much student participation in the formation of that knowledge. It was concluded that technology
can change and improve the quality of learning outcomes if designed to support knowledge construction
in a learner-centered learning environment.
2. Context of the Problem
Traditionally, teaching the courses in the teacher education program depends on lectures, readings,
presentations, doing term papers, etc. Some of the faculty members adopt a task-based method. Others
are teaching about the learner-centered methodology: its techniques, principles, and its applications in
schools. However, it was rarely utilized systematically in classes. The purpose of this study was to
investigate the effectiveness of adopting a learner-centered method to the teacher preparation program
at SQU. The current study sought to answer the following questions: what is the effectiveness of a
learner-centered course on teaching methodology at SQU? More specifically:
1) What are the features of an ELT Methods Course that might reflect the principles and techniques of
the learner-centered methodology?
2) What is the effect of the course on the achievement of the students?
3) What are the students’ perceptions with regard to:
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- Usefulness of the course,
- Interest in the course,
- Usefulness of the Moodle components, and the applicability of the principles of learner-centered
techniques in Omani schools.
3. Participants
Seventy students participated in the current study in which a one-group pre-, post-test design was used.
Thus, the subjects constituted a tactic sample.
Features of the-Learner Centered Course Seward Corporation and the English Unit Faculty cooperated
in making this course a reality. It incorporated (see Table 1) 9 topics including 68 objectives. The
course was mainly learner-centered in that the students are asked to do readings, watch video clips and
take quizzes before coming to class. In the class, the instructors monitored required tasks, guided post
task discussions, and guided students as they reflected on each of these components.
Topics of the Learner-Centered (henceforth: LC) Methods Course included: Task-based teaching,
Learner characteristics, Assessment, Speaking, Writing, Grammar, Skill integration, Humanistic
approaches, and Active learning. The aforementioned objectives, (68 in total) were subsumed by these
topics. The course was based on the following principles:
1) Promoting mutual respect between students and teacher (e.g., using forms of politeness, discussing
rules and procedures with students);
2) Fostering independent thinking (e.g., accepting innovative and creative answers, asking higher order
questions instead of recall ones);
3) Encouraging students to share ideas and opinions through asking open questions;
4) Creating a stimulating classroom environment;
5) Teaching according to students’ abilities;
6) Teaching according to students’ learning styles (i.e. the way students learn);
7) Using a variety of teaching techniques;
8) Engaging students in active learning (e.g., task-based; problem-based activities, group work);
9) Developing and conducting higher order thinking skills (e.g., application, analysis, synthesis, and
evaluation);
10) Providing opportunities for reflection among students (e.g., what is the new thing you learned
today? What is the hardest part/point in the lesson?);
11) Assessing learners according to the lesson objectives;
12) Involving family and community in the educational process;
13) Including parents as partners in their children’s education.
4. Moodle Components
Moodle was chosen as the principal platform through which to deliver the course. Additionally,
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students interacted via weekly forums and Wikis, watched video clips, did readings and assignments,
and took quizzes at their own pace. Finally, both the mid-term and final exams for this course were
administered and graded via Moodle, as well.
The learning cycle included three stages: Before class, In class, and After class. Following is a brief
description of them with an example of one of the topics (Skill Integration).
1) Before class stage:
This stage included few readings on integrating teaching the 4 language skills, a quiz from 5 to 10
objective questions on the readings via Moodle, a video clip for students to watch and complete forms
based on the principles of student centered methodology (see above), and a forum by assigning a topic
related to the course for free discussion.
2) In class stage:
This stage included a warm-up task: (e.g., Examples of skill separation in language teaching), a
mini-lecture (e.g., reasons for skills separation) and other tasks after the mini lecture (e.g., manipulating
task components for skill integration), and an end of class reflection which encouraged students to
reflect on the topic by answering questions such as think about this question: “What new ideas came to
you today that you want to be sure to implement into your future classroom?”, “Jot down your thoughts
and share them with your Wiki team”. Also, the reflection focuses on self-assessment tasks. Example:
“What was the muddiest point?”
3) After class stage:
At the end of every class the students are provided with the different wiki assignments that include
summary notes of the topic discussed in the session and the different tasks to continue work on and
upload in the Moodle. In addition, students prepare for the next topic (Before class stage).
5. Research Tools
Two research tools–an achievement test and a student feedback form–were developed to measure the
effectiveness of the learner-centered method course in general and this learner-centered cycle in
particular.
1). The achievement test
In order to ensure a high level of content validity, the items of the achievement test were based on the
topics of the course and the objectives included in each topic as summarized in the following table.
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Table 1. Distribution of Test Items in the Topics of Methods 2 Course
Topic Items
1. Task-based teaching 6
2. Learner characteristics 7
3. Assessment 6
4. Speaking 5
5 Writing 6
6. Grammar 5
7. Skill integration 5
8. Humanistic approaches 5
9. Active learning 6
Total number of items 51
6. Validity and Reliability
For establishing the face validity of the test, it was given to 4 faculty members. Who recommended
wording changes in some items and the deletion of certain others. For establishing the reliability, this
modified test was then administered to 15 students who were attending the Methods 2 Course in the
Fall 2009. This, in turn, led to further modifications and/or the deletions of certain test items, thus
strengthening the face validity of the instrument.
Student Feedback Form: The student feedback form is used to assess learner reactions to instruction,
class activities, assignments and materials. The feedback form was administered in order to ascertain
the following:
1) The usefulness of the topics included (10 items),
2) To what extent the activities interested course participants (1 item),
3) The usefulness of the Moodle components, e.g., the readings, video clips, weekly quizzes, discussion
forums, Wikis, and additional reading resources (6 items),
4) Participant reaction to taking the mid-term and final exams via Moodle (1 item),
5) The applicability of the learner-centered principles and techniques in actual teaching (2 items),
6) The extent to which the students have improved their teaching and learning as an overall result of
attending the learner-centered Methods course (1 item),
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7) Students’ suggestions for adding to or dropping topics from the LC-oriented Methods Course (1
open-ended Q),
8) The difficulties/challenges students met throughout the LC-oriented Methods 2 Course (1
open-ended Q),
9) Students’ suggestions for maximizing and improving the quality and effectiveness of the
LC-oriented Methods Course (1 open-ended Q).
The final version of the feedback form, as shown in Appendix I, includes 21 closed-ended and three
open-ended items.
7. Procedure
The Pre-Test:
In the second week of the Fall of 2009, the achievement test was administered to the three sections of
project participants.
The Post-Test:
It was also applied to the same students one week before the end of the semester. Only 42 cases were
valid for the final analysis. The other tool-the student feedback form-was administered only towards the
end of the course. Sixty six feedback forms were returned and analyzed.
8. Data Analysis & Findings
The achievement test
What is the effect of the learner-centered course on students’ achievement?
Table 2. Means and Standard Deviations of the Pre-Post Test
Number Mean Std. Deviation
1. True/false Pre 42 10.19 1.97
True/false/Post 42 10.52 1.88
2. Definitions/ Pre 42 1.78 1.47
Definitions/ Post 42 3.28 2.67
3. MCQs /Pre 42 17.26 2.66
MCQs/Post 42 18.43 3.10
4. Total/Pre 42 29.21 3.31
Total/Post 42 33.24 5.47
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Table 3. The t-Values of the Pre-Post Test
t-value df. Sig.
1. True/false Pre 0.88 41 .384
True/false/Post
2. Definitions/ Pre 5.38 41 .000
Definitions/ Post
3. MCQs /Pre 2.14 41 .039
MCQs/Post
4. Total/Pre 4.25 41 .000
Total/Post
Table 4. Mean and Standard Deviation of Males and Females on the Pre-Post Test
Number Mean Std. Deviation
1. Males/Pre-t 13 30.69 4.13
est
Males/Post- 13 32.62 6.01
test
2, Females/Pr 29 28.55 4.29
e-Test
Females/Po 29 33.51 5.29
st-Test
Table 5. The t-Values between the Pre-Post Test according to Gender
t-value df. Sig.
1. Males/Pre-test Total 1.19 12 .255
Males/Post-test Total
2, Females/Pre-Test Total 4.34 28 .000
Females/Post-Test Total
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9. Results of the Pre/Post-Test
As shown from Tables 2-5, there is a statistically significant difference between the total marks of the
pretest and the post test in favor of the latter. The female students’ performance accounted for most of
this difference, which, while statistically significant, it is, practically, quite small. This result can be
attributed to the following: The pre-test was conducted after two weeks of the actual beginning of the
course and the post test a week before the end of the course. The post test lost around 50 % of the total
marks because, two weeks before the end of the course, the subjects were told that the topics covered
on the mid-term would not be covered on the final. What is most important is that the LC methodology
focuses on the process, not the learning outcome(s). Despite these results, it was concluded that, in
terms of achievement, the learner-centered method is quite effective. The final exam grades reported
below (Table 6) clearly attest to this fact.
Table 6. Students’ Grades in the Final Exam
Grades No. %
As 5 7.7
Bs 44 67.7
Cs 15 23.1
Ds 1 1.5
Fs - -
Total 65 100%
Results of the Student Feedback Form
The respondents were asked to select the topics they feel that they need not cover in Methods 2 course,
suggest topics to be added, and what they think about the moodle component.
1) Topics the respondents agreed should be dropped are:
-Humanistic approaches: The respondents mentioned that they are not used and considered traditional
and difficult to apply in real classrooms.
-Assessment: The respondents thought it is theoretical and covered in other courses and therefore, not
important to be included in Methods 2.
-Learner characteristics: The respondents stated that they are already covered in Methods 1 (a previous
course) and also covered in another psychology course. In addition, it is difficult to apply in real classes
and only relates to LC schools.
2) Suggested topics to be added by the respondents with some reasons:
-Increasing instructional games. They are useful and interesting for young learners,
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-Problems at Omani schools. There are different problems (e.g., the low level of students),
-How to connect with the family? How to deal with parents and educate them about their child?
-Relating what they cover to teaching practice and microteaching because some things learnt are not
applied or cannot be applied,
-More focus on real life tasks.
3)The Moodle components:
Advantages:
-Moodle is good because students can help each other,
-Moodle enhances students’ computer abilities,
-The wikis and forums are beneficial,
-Moodle helps students to be independent,
-Discussion forums help to share ideas,
-Activities are good, especially analyzing tasks,
-Taking notes is a useful skill,
-The organization/set up of the Moodle components is very attractive and colorful,
-Mostly the readings and the course are useful.
Difficulties:
-Too much readings leads to focus on finishing not understanding,
-Useless additional resources. No one reads them,
-Too much work which makes it stressful and distracts from focus,
-The quizzes are useless and students copy from materials or from others without understanding,
-Weekly quizzes are too much,
-Readings done just to do the quiz,
-Wikis take much time to do. They are also difficult to manage among group members,
-The Internet is not available and so it is difficult to do assignments,
-Taking exams via Moodle adds to anxiety.
4) Difficulties/challenges students met throughout the course
The students stated that it is too much work, stressful and too many readings/materials, and difficult to
apply in real class (e.g., group work-applying the tasks).
5) Suggestions by respondents for improving the quality of the Methods 2 Course:
-Make it reasonable in terms of the amount of readings. Focus should be on quality,
-A careful process of material selection is needed,
-Need to match what is studied to application,
-Focus more on Harmer textbook. It is useful and clear, focus on the non-internet articles,
-Minimize work on wikis and Moodle in general,
-Some tasks are not beneficial and need to be modified,
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-Develop forum discussions and videos. Example, forums should involve interaction/discussion among
students, not only answering the posted questions. Also, provide some questions for the videos and
encourage analysis,
-Reduce work on Moodle, no need for reflection questions, forum discussions and videos; one or two
activities are enough,
-No need for quizzes and exams online,
-Assessment should be task-based as the course is, and not objective questions,
-Wikis should be more interesting and involve application and thinking.
10. Conclusion & Recommendations
The current study shows some evidence that support the use of learner centered methodology which is
similar to various previous studies (Sivan et al., 2000; Ahmaed & Mahmood, 2010; Geisli, 2009; and
Gravoso et al., 2008) that revealed positive effects of student centered methods on students’
achievement and quality of learning. Despite the students’ dissatisfaction about certain aspects of the
course and in the light of the findings reported above, it can be concluded that the LC methodology
project was effective for several reasons, as it 1) involved students in active learning processes and
tasks, 2) minimized dependence on traditional lectures, 3) gave students more responsibility for their
learning, 4) fostered team work and cooperative learning, and 5) manipulated technology and
e-learning efficiently. Accordingly, it is recommended that the learner-centered Methodology be
applied to the other courses of the teacher education program at SQU.
11. Sustainability & Follow-Up
The faculty participants in this project have got much experience to do with the LC Methodology.
However, they also concede the fact that there is still much to learn about LC methods. Currently, they
are practicing more of what they have been preaching in this learner centered methodology. They have
extended their experience to the other courses of the teacher education program, e.g. Methods 1,
Educational Curriculum, Teaching Practice 1 & 2, and a number of other Master’s-level courses. In
order to empower teaching and Learning, they further recognize that all stakeholders must take
practical action in the following: 1) cultivating the LC culture in the pre-service and in-service teacher
education program, 2) convincing SQU faculty and Ministry of Education teachers of the importance of
the LC methodology, and 3) developing supplementary LC methodolgy tasks and activities for actual
use in classrooms. In future, course textbooks and assessment procedures and instruments should be
adapted to better reflect the LC methodology-oriented.
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Appendix I
Student Feedback Form for collecting data from students about the Methods 2 course
Dear students
The following are the various components and teaching procedures incorporated in Methods 2 course.
Please, read the items and circle the responses you most agree with. (Please, don’t write your name)
I. On this scale, please rate the
usefulness of the following topics Very useful Mostly useful Somewhat useful Totally useless
you covered in Methods 2.
1. Task-based learning 4 3 2 1
2. Learner characteristics 4 3 2 1
3. Assessment 4 3 2 1
4. Speaking Part 1 & Part 2 4 3 2 1
5. Writing Part 1& 2 4 3 2 1
6. Grammar Part 1 & Part 2 4 3 2 1
7. Integrating skills 4 3 2 1
8. Humanistic approaches 4 3 2 1
9. Suggest adding or deleting the topics you feel that you need/need not to cover in Methods 2. Please,
mention the reason(s) for that.
a. ……………………………………………………………………………………………
b. ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
c. ……………………………………………………………………………………………
Reasons:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………
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10. Overall, how interesting did you find the
Very Totally
tasks and activities you conduced in class Interesting Boring
interesting boring
while covering the topics above?
II. What do you think about the Very Mostly useful Somewhat useful Totally useless
Moodle components? useful
1 The readings for class 4 3 2 1
preparation every week
1 Watching the video clips and 4 3 2 1
completing assignments
1 Doing the weekly quizzes 4 3 2 1
1 Moodle tasks after class follow 4 3 2 1
up, e.g. the Discussion Forums
1 Moodle tasks after class follow 4 3 2 1
up, e.g. the reflection Wikis
1 The additional resources 4 3 2 1
17. Comments:
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
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18. What do you think about
Somewhat
taking the mid and final exams Very relevant Relevant Irrelevant
relevant
via the Moodle?
19. To what extent can you apply
the principles and techniques To a large To some To a little
Not at all
you learned in Methods 2 to extent extent extent
Microteaching?
20. To what extent can you apply
the principles and techniques To a large To some To a little
Not at all
you learned in Methods 2 to extent extent extent
teaching practice classrooms?
21. Overall, have you met any difficulties/challenges throughout this course? Please, specify.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………
22. What are your suggestions for improving the quality of the Methods 2 course?
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Thanks for cooperation.
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