UNIVERSITY OF DELHI

MASTER OF SCIENCE in PHYSICS

(Two Years Programme-NEP)
(Effective from Academic Year 2025-26)

Proposed Postgraduate Curricular Framework 2025

(based on NEP 2020)

LEVELS 6 AND 6.5

Programme Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

❖ Understanding the basic concepts of physics, particularly the concepts in classical

mechanics, quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics and electricity and magnetism
to appreciate how diverse phenomena observed in nature follow from a small set of
fundamental laws through logical and mathematical reasoning.
❖ Learn to carry out experiments in basic as well as certain advanced areas of physics
such as nuclear physics, condensed matter physics, nanoscience, lasers, and
electronics.

❖ Understand the basic concepts of certain sub fields such as nuclear and high energy
physics, atomic and molecular physics, solid state physics, and plasma physics, and
astrophysics, general theory of relativity, nonlinear dynamics and complex systems.

❖ Gain hands-on experience to work in applied fields.

❖ Enhancing skills in experimental techniques and computation

❖ Gain a thorough grasp of the subject to be able to teach it at college/school levels.

❖ Viewing physics as a training ground for the mind to develop a critical attitude and a
faculty of logical reasoning that can be applied to diverse fields.

Programme Structure
The [Link]. programme is of two years, divided into four semesters. A student is
required to complete 88 credits (LEVELs 6 and 6.5) for the completion of [Link]. and
the award of degree. The student who exits after one year at level 6 (44 credits) and
acquires required credits shall be awarded with PG diploma. The [Link]. Physics
programme would make the students competent in a natural science subject, viz.,
Physics, and help them in understanding its role in modern day technology. Overall,
the course would enable the students to understand the fundamental concepts and
experimental methods of physics which would help them to innovate/apply/generate
new devices/applications/insights/knowledge. Knowledge gained through the open
electives (GE courses) would be an asset in branching out in fields other than physics.

Semester Semester

Part – I First Year Semester I Semester II

Part – II Second Year Semester III Semester IV

2
 PG curricular structure for 2 year PG Programmes ( 3+2)

Course Credit Scheme for [Link]. Physics

Semester Core Courses Elective Course SBC Total

Credits
No. of Credits Total No. of Credits Total No. of Credits Total
papers (L+T+P) Credits papers (L+T+P) Credits papers (L+T+P) Credits
I 03 9+3+0 12 02 4 8 1 2 2 22
(3DSC) (DSE1)
DSC1 (DSE2/ 4
DSC2 GE1)
DSC3
II 03 9+3+0 12 02 4 8 1 2 2 22
(4DSC) (DSE3)
DSC4 (DSE4/ 4
DSC5 GE2)
DSC6
III 02 8 8 DSE5 4 12 1 2 2 22
DSC7 DSE6
4
DSC8 DSE7
3DSEs
or 4
2DSEs +
1 GE3
IV 02 8 8 DSE8 4 12 1 2 2 22
DSC9 DSE9
4
DSC10 DSE10
3DSEs
or
4
2DSEs +
1 GE4
Total 40 40 8 88
Credits
in [Link].

The mode(s) of internal assessment will vary from course to course. The internal assessment
marks will be based on performance in tests / quizzes / assignments / project work / presentations /
attendance, etc. All laboratory courses will be evaluated based on continuous evaluation and end-
of-semester examination as per the university's rules.

DSC: Department-Specific Core Course

DSE: Department-Specific Elective Course
SBC: Skill-Based Course

3
 [Link]. Programme (Semester-wise)
Semester I

COURSE Page CREDIT DISTRIBUTION

(Core, Elective, Skill Based) Lecture Practical Tutorial Credits
(L) (P) (T)
Number of Core Courses (DSC): 3
(DSC-4101, DSC-4102, DSC-4103)
PH-DSC4101: Classical Mechanics 8 3 0 1 4
(Essential for Nuclear physics, Astrophysics,
GTR & Cosmology, Solid State Physics, Plasma
Physics, Relativistic Dynamics, EMT &
Electrodynamics)
PH-DSC4102: Quantum Mechanics I 10 3 0 1 4
(Essential for Adv. Solid State Physics,
Condensed Matter Physics, Nuclear Physics,
Particle Physics, QFT, Quantum Information)
PH-DSC4103: Electronics (Essential for 12 3 0 1 4
Nuclear Physics, Laser & Spectroscopy, Nano
Science/Physics, Adv. Electronics Theory, Adv.
Solid State Physics, All Labs)
Total credits in Core courses 12
Number of Elective Courses (DSE): 2
(DSE-1, DSE-2/GE1)
DSE-1 (Pool A: Select one DSE Course)

PH-DSE4111: Foundational Laboratory in 14 0 4 0 4

Experimental Physics
(Essential for all adv. labs and corresponding
theory papers, as well as several theory courses)

PH-DSE4112: Experimental Laboratory in

Materials and Optical Physics 16 0 4 0 4
(Essential for all adv. labs and corresponding
theory papers, as well as several theory courses)
DSE-2 (Pool-B: Select one DSE course or GE)

PH-DSE4113: Mathematical Physics 19 3 0 1 4

(Recommended for QM-2, QFT, Particle
Physics, GTR & Cosmology, Fluid dynamics)

PH-DSE4114: Relativistic Dynamics and 21 3 0 1 4

Applications
(Recommended for EMT & Electrodynamics,
GTR & Cosmology, QFT, Particle Physics)
4
PH-DSE4115: Experimental Techniques in 23 3 0 1 4
Nuclear Science

PH-DSE4116: Material Characterization 25 3 0 1 4

Techniques

PH-DSE4117: Techniques in Theoretical 27 3 0 1 4

Physics
(Essential for EMT and Electrodynamics, GTR,
QFT, Particle Physics)
Total credits in Elective courses 8
Number of Skill Based Courses (SBC): 1
PH-SBC4171: Workshop skills 29 0 2 0 2
PH-SBC4172: Python for physicists 30 0 2 0 2
PH-SBC4173: Radiation Safety 31 1 1 0 2
PH-SBC4174: Order of Magnitude Physics 33 1 1 0 2
PH-SBC4175: Strategies for Scientific Dialogue 35 1 1 0 2
in Research
Total credits in SBC courses 2
Total credits in Semester I 22

Semester II

COURSE Page CREDIT DISTRIBUTION

(Core, Elective, Skill Based) Lecture Practical Tutorial Credits
(L) (P) (T)
Number of Core Courses (DSC): 3
(DSC-4201, DSC-4202, DSC-4203)
PH-DSC4201: Quantum Mechanics II 37 3 0 1 4
(Essential for Adv. Solid State Physics,
Condensed Matter Physics, Nuclear Physics,
Particle Physics, QFT, Quantum information)
PH-DSC4202: Electromagnetic theory and 39 3 0 1 4
Electrodynamics
(Essential for Plasma Physics, Particle Physics,
GTR & Cosmology, QFT, Laser & Spectroscopy)
PH-DSC4203: Solid State Physics 41 3 0 1 4
(Essential for Laser & Spectroscopy, Physics at
Nanoscale, Adv. Electronics Theory, Adv. Solid
State Physics, All Labs, Computational Material
Science, Condensed Matter Physics)
Total credits in Core courses 12

5
 Number of Elective Courses (DSE): 2
(DSE3, DSE4/GE2)
DSE-3 (Pool A: Select one DSE Course)

PH-DSE4211: Foundational Laboratory in 43 0 4 0 4

Experimental Physics
(Essential for all adv. labs and corresponding
theory papers, as well as several theory courses)

PH-DSE4212: Experimental Laboratory in 45 0 4 0 4

Materials and Optical Physics
(Essential for all adv. labs and corresponding
theory papers, as well as several theory courses)
DSE-4 (Pool-C: Select one DSE Course or GE)

PH-DSE4213: Material Characterization 48 3 0 1 4

Techniques

PH-DSE4214: Experimental Techniques in 50 3 0 1 4

Nuclear Science

PH-DSE4215: Techniques in Theoretical 52 3 0 1 4

Physics
(Essential for QFT, EMT & Electrodynamics,
GTR & Cosmology, Particle Physics)

PH-DSE4216: Theoretical Techniques in the 54 3 0 1 4

Quantum World
Total credits in Elective courses: 8
Number of Skill Based Courses (SBC): 1
PH-SBC4271: Workshop skills 56 0 2 0 2
PH-SBC4272: Computational Physics 57 0 2 0 2
PH-SBC4273: Amateur Astronomy 58 0 2 0 2
PH-SBC4274: Magnet Design and Simulation 59 1 1 0 2
PH-SBC4275: Data Simulation and Interpretation 62 1 1 0 2
PH-SBC4276: Electronic Circuit and Simulation 64 0 2 0 2
PH-SBC4277: Strategies for Scientific Dialogue 65 1 1 0 2
in Research
Total credits in SBC courses 2
Total credits in Semester II 22

6
 General Electives (GE) courses
[to be offered to students of other departments as well]

COURSE CODE COURSE NAME Page CREDIT DISTRIBUTION

Lecture Practical Tutorial Credits
(L) (P) (T)
PH-GEC0001 Radiation Safety 67 3 0 1 4

PH-GEC0002 Introductory Astronomy 70 3 0 1 4

PH-GEC0003 Complex System & 73 3 0 1 4

Networks

PH-GEC0004 Physics for Biological 75 3 0 1 4

Systems
PH-GEC0005 Physics Education 77 3 0 1 4

GUIDELINES FOR SELECTION OF GENERAL ELECTIVE COURSES (GEC):

SEMESTERS I to IV: Students may opt for four General Elective (GE) courses in lieu of
Department-Specific Elective (DSE) courses — one GE course in each of the four semesters
— adding up to a total of 16 credits.

 Certain GE courses may have prerequisites. Students should keep this in mind while
opting for those.
❖ Allotment of the GE courses will be based on the choices indicated by the student,
performance of the student in the earlier semester(s), and the availability of seats.

7
 Details of Course Content under the [Link]. Physics Programme

MASTER of SCIENCE in PHYSICS

Semester I
Course Code: PH-DSC4101
Course Name: Classical Mechanics

Course Title Credit distribution of the course Pre-requisite for the

Credits
and Type Lecture Tutorial Practical course
Classical Mechanics Bachelor's degree in
4 3 1 0
DSC Physics
Duration: 60 hours (45L+15T)
Course Objectives:
The primary objective is to teach the students Classical Mechanics at a level more advanced
than what they have learnt in their undergrads. This is a course which forms the basis of
most areas of Physics.

Contents:
Unit I (15 hours)
Newton's laws of motion. Symmetries and Conservation laws. Generalized coordinates and
constraints on dynamical systems. Variational calculus. Action principle and Euler-
Lagrange equations. Cyclic coordinates and conserved quantities. Louville’s theorem.
Scaling laws. Potential reconstruction. Hamiltonians and Hamiltonian equations. Phase
space trajectories. Canonical variables and Poisson bracket. Examples.

Unit II (10 hours)

Kepler problem. Perturbation and precessing orbits. The classical scattering problem. Small
oscillations (non-diagonal kinetic and potential terms).

Unit III (8 hours)

Canonical transformations, Generators of infinitesimal canonical transformations.
Hamilton-Jacobi equation. Action and angle variables. Adiabatic invariants.

Unit IV (12 hours)

 Rigid Body dynamics. Euler angles and the symmetrical top.

 System with infinite degrees of freedom. Classical fields: Lagrangian and

Hamiltonian formulations. Equations of motion. Symmetries and invariance
principles. Noether's theorem.

8
Tutorial Component: (15 hours)

 The course includes a tutorial segment that is closely integrated with the theoretical
content covered in all the four units.
 Tutorial activities will primarily involve structured problem-solving exercises,
assigned regularly by the course coordinator(s).
 These problems will require analytical approaches, encouraging students to apply
the physical principles discussed in the lectures.
 Problem sets will be designed to reflect the conceptual depth of the course and will
challenge students to develop a deeper understanding of the subject.
 Students are expected to attempt and solve these problems independently and
present their solutions during the scheduled tutorial sessions.
 Wherever applicable, numerical methods may also be introduced, allowing students
to use both analytical and computational techniques for solving physics problems.
 Regular in-class assessments will be conducted to monitor student progress and
understanding.
 Assignments provided by the course coordinator(s) will be reviewed periodically to
ensure consistent academic engagement.
 Marks for the tutorial component will be awarded in accordance with the
university’s evaluation guidelines.

Course Learning Outcome:

Students will be equipped for advanced and specialized courses. The student learns to deal
with particle mechanics at an advanced level and to learn the foundations of the classical
theory of fields.

Suggested Reading:
1. Mechanics, L.D. Landau and E.M. Lifshitz (3rd Ed., Pergamon, 1976).
2. Classical Mechanics, H. Goldstein (Pearson Education, 2014).
3. Classical Mechanics, N. C. Rana and P. S. Jaog (McGraw-Hill, 1991).

9
 MASTER of SCIENCE in PHYSICS
Semester I
Course Code: PH-DSC4102
Course Name: Quantum Mechanics - I

Course Title Credit distribution of the course Pre-requisite for the

Credits
and Type Lecture Tutorial Practical course
Quantum Mechanics-I Bachelor's degree in
4 3 1 0
DSC Physics
Duration: 60 hours (45L+15T)

Course Objectives:
The primary objective is to teach the students the physical and mathematical basis of
quantum mechanics for non-relativistic systems

Contents:

Unit I (15 hours)

Abstract formulation of Quantum Mechanics: Mathematical properties of linear vector
spaces. Dirac’s bra and ket notation. Hermitian operators, eigenvalues, and eigenvectors.
Orthonormality, completeness, closure. Postulates of quantum mechanics. Matrix
representation of operators. Position and momentum representations – connection with wave
mechanics. Commuting operators. Generalised uncertainty principle. Change of basis and
unitary transformation. Expectation values. Ehrenfest theorem.

Unit II (12 hours)

Quantum Dynamics: Schrodinger picture, Heisenberg picture, Heisenberg equation of
motion, classical limit, solution of the simple harmonic oscillator problem by the operator
method, general view of symmetries and conservation laws. Spatial translation – continuous
and discrete, time translation. parity, time reversal, Density matrices - properties, pure and
mixed density matrices, expectation value of an observable, time-evolution, reduced density
Matrix, Bloch sphere.

Unit III (9 hours)

Angular Momentum as generator of rotation. Commutation relations of angular momentum
operators, eigenvalues, eigenvectors, ladder operators and their matrix representations.
Identical particles: Many-particle systems, exchange degeneracy, symmetric and anti-
symmetric wavefunctions. Pauli exclusion principle

Unit IV (9 hours)
Approximate Methods: time-independent non-degenerate perturbation theory (Rayleigh-
Schrodinger and Brillouin-Wigner), degenerate perturbation theory, variational methods.

10
Tutorial Component: (15 hours)

 The course includes a tutorial segment that is closely integrated with the theoretical
content covered in all the four units.
 Tutorial activities will primarily involve structured problem-solving exercises,
assigned regularly by the course coordinator(s).
 These problems will require analytical approaches, encouraging students to apply
the physical principles discussed in the lectures.
 Problem sets will be designed to reflect the conceptual depth of the course and will
challenge students to develop a deeper understanding of the subject.
 Students are expected to attempt and solve these problems independently and
present their solutions during the scheduled tutorial sessions.
 Wherever applicable, numerical methods may also be introduced, allowing students
to use both analytical and computational techniques for solving physics problems.
 Regular in-class assessments will be conducted to monitor student progress and
understanding.
 Assignments provided by the course coordinator(s) will be reviewed periodically to
ensure consistent academic engagement.
 Marks for the tutorial component will be awarded in accordance with the
university’s evaluation guidelines.

Course Learning Outcome:

Students will learn the mathematical formalism of Hilbert space, Hermitian operators,
eigenvalues, eigenstates, and unitary operators, which form the fundamental basis of
quantum theory. Application to simple harmonic oscillators and hydrogen-like atoms will
teach the students how to elegantly obtain eigenvalues and eigenstates for such systems.
Students will learn to apply first- and second-order non-degenerate and degenerate
perturbation theory. The topic of density matrices, which plays a significant role in quantum
information theory and statistical mechanics, will also help the students considerably.

Suggested Reading:
1. Quantum Mechanics, B. H. Bransden & C. J. Joachain (Pearson Education, 2000).
2. Principles of Quantum Mechanics,R. Shankar (3rd Ed., Springer, 2008)
3. Quantum Mechanics (Vol. I), Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, Bernard and Frank Laloe
(Wiley, 1977).
4. Modern Quantum Mechanics, J.J. Sakurai (Addison-Wesley, 1993).
5. Advanced Quantum Mechanics, F. Schwabl (Springer, 2000).
6. Quantum Mechanics, A.S. Davydov ( 2nd Ed., Pergamon, 1991).
7. Quantum Mechanics, Eugen Merzbacher (3rd Ed., Wiley, 1997).
8. Quantum Mechanics: Concepts and Applications, Nouredine Zettili (Wiley 2nd
edition, 2009).
9. The Principles of Quantum Mechanics, P.A. M. Dirac, (International Series of
Monographs on Physics,1981).
10. Quantum Computation and Quantum Information, Michael A. Nielsen, Isaac L.
Chuang, (Cambridge University Press, 2010).

11
 MASTER of SCIENCE in PHYSICS
Semester I
Course Code: PH-DSC4103
Course Name: Electronics

Course Title Credit distribution of the course Pre-requisite for the

Credits
and Type Lecture Tutorial Practical course
Electronics Bachelor's degree in
4 3 1 0
DSC Physics
Duration: 60 hours (45L+15T)

Course Objectives:
To build up on the basic knowledge of electronics with the introduction of advanced topics
like circuit analysis and applications of semiconductor devices in analog and digital circuits.

Contents:

Unit I (10 hours)

Circuit Analysis: Admittance, impedance, scattering and hybrid matrices for two and three
port networks and their cascade and parallel combinations. Review of Laplace Transforms.
Response functions, location of poles and zeros of response functions of active and passive
systems (Nodal and Modified Nodal Analysis).

Unit II (13 hours)

Physics of Semiconductor Devices: p-n junction, Tunnel Diode, JFET, UJT, 4 layer pnpn
device (SCR), Introduction of Power devices: DIAC, TRIAC, accumulation, depletion and
inversion, MOSFET: I-V, C-V characteristics. Enhancement and depletion mode MOSFET.
Ohmic and Rectifying contacts, Schottky diode, I-V, C-V relations.

Unit III (14 hours)

Analog circuits: Active filters and equalizers with feedback, Phase shift and delay.

Digital Circuits: Introduction to digital IC parameters (switching time, propagation delay,

fan out, fan in etc.). TTL, MOS and CMOS gates, Emitter-coupled logic, MOSFET as
transmission gate. A/D and D/A converters. Basics of micro-processor and micro-controller
(8-bit AVR).

Unit IV (8 hours)
Communication Systems: Amplitude, Angle and Pulse-analog modulation: Generation and
detection. Model of communication system, classification of signals, representation of
signals.

12
Tutorial Component: (15 hours)

 The course includes a tutorial segment that is closely integrated with the theoretical
content covered in all the four units.
 Tutorial activities will primarily involve structured problem-solving exercises,
assigned regularly by the course coordinator(s).
 These problems will require analytical approaches, encouraging students to apply
the physical principles discussed in the lectures.
 Problem sets will be designed to reflect the conceptual depth of the course and will
challenge students to develop a deeper understanding of the subject.
 Students are expected to attempt and solve these problems independently and
present their solutions during the scheduled tutorial sessions.
 Wherever applicable, numerical methods may also be introduced, allowing students
to use both analytical and computational techniques for solving physics problems.
 Regular in-class assessments will be conducted to monitor student progress and
understanding.
 Assignments provided by the course coordinator(s) will be reviewed periodically to
ensure consistent academic engagement.
 Marks for the tutorial component will be awarded in accordance with the
university’s evaluation guidelines.

Course Learning Outcome:

A student of this course is expected to be able to understand the design and functional
performance of electronic circuits using various semiconductor devices. In addition, the
student will understand the functional properties and characteristics of semiconductor
devices in analog & digital circuits using analog and digital signals.

Suggested Reading:
1. Network Analysis and Synthesis, F.F. Kuo (2nd Ed., Wiley, 2010).
2. Network Analysis with Applications, W.D. Stanley (4th Ed., Pearson, 2003).
3. Electronic Devices and Circuits, J. Millman and C. C. Halkias and S. Jit (4 th Ed.,
McGraw-Hill, 2015).
4. Integrated Electronics, J. Millman, C.C. Halkias and C.D. Parikh (2 nd Ed., McGraw-
Hill, 2011).
5. Physics of Semiconductor Devices: J.P. Colinge and C. A. Colinge (Kluwer
Academic Publishers, New York).
6. Physics of Semiconductor Devices: S.M. Sze (2 nd Ed., Wiley Interscience
Publications, John Wiley & Sons).
7. Communication Systems, Simon Haykins (5th Ed., Wiley, 2009).
8. Digital Signal Processing, J.G. Proakis and D.G. Manolakis (4th Ed., Pearson, 2007).
9. Solid State Electronic Devices, B.G. Streetman (7th Ed., Pearson, 2015).
10. Digital Design, M. Mano (5th Ed., Pearson, 2013).
11. Digital Principles and Applications, A.P. Malvino and D.P. Leach (8 th Ed.,
McGrawHill, 2014).

13
 MASTER of SCIENCE in PHYSICS
Semester I
Course Code: PH-DSE4111
Course Name: Foundational Laboratory in Experimental Physics

Course Title Credit distribution of the course

Credits Requisites for the course
and Type Lecture Tutorial Practical
Foundational Pre-requisite: Bachelor’s
Laboratory in degree in Physics,
4 0 0 4
Experimental Physics Co-requisite: DSC papers
DSE in [Link]. Physics Sem-I
Duration: 120 hours (8P/Week)
Course Objectives:
The major objective of this course is to revise the basic concepts of electronics/nuclear
physics through standard set of experiments. In addition, the continuous evaluation process
allows each and every student to not only understand and perform the experiment but also
suitably correlate them with the corresponding theory.

Contents:

Electronics

Unit I: Device Characteristics and Application

1. p-n junction diodes-clipping and clamping circuits.
2. FET – characteristics, biasing and its applications as an amplifier.
3. MOSFET – characteristics, biasing and its applications as an amplifier.
4. UJT – characteristics, and its application as a relaxation oscillator.
5. SCR – Characteristics and its application as a switching device.

Unit II:
 Linear Circuits
1. Resonant circuits.
2. Filters-passive and active, all pass (phase shifters).
3. Power supply-regulation and stabilization.
4. Oscillator design and study.
5. Multi-stage and tuned amplifiers.
6. Multivibrators-astable, monostable and bistable with applications.
7. Design and study of a triangular wave generator.
8. Design and study of sample and hold circuits.

 Digital Circuits and Microprocessors

1. Combinational.
2. Sequential.
3. A/D and D/A converters.
4. Digital Modulation.
5. Microprocessor application.

14
Nuclear Physics

Unit III: Detectors

1. G.M. Counters – characteristics, dead time and counting statistics
2. Spark counter-characteristics and range of x-particles in air
3. Scintillation detector-energy calibration, resolution and determination of gamma ray
energy
4. Solid State detector – surface barrier detector, its characteristics and applications.

Unit IV:
 Applications
1. Gamma ray absorption-half thickness in lead for 60Co gamma-rays.
2. Beta ray absorption – end point energy of beta particles.
3. Lifetime of a short lived radioactive source..
 High Energy Physics
1. Study of pi-mu-e decay in nuclear emulsions.
2. Study of high energy interactions in nuclear emulsions.

Course Learning Outcome:

At the end of this laboratory course, each and every student is expected to understand the
basic concepts of electronics/nuclear physics through experiments, which would immensely
help them in acquiring knowledge to tackle various competitive exam questions.

Suggested Reading:

Electronics
1. Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques, W.D. Cooper and A.D.
Helfrick (2nd Ed., Phi Learning, 2008).
2. Electronic Devices and Circuits, J. Millman, C.C. Halkias and S. Jit (4th Ed.,
McGraw-Hill, 2015).
3. Measurement, Instrumentation and Experimental Design in Physics and Engineering,
M. Sayer and A. Mansingh (Prentice Hall India, 2010).

Nuclear Physics
4. Radiation Detection and Measurement, G. F. Knoll (3rd Ed, John Wiley & Sons, Inc,
2000).
5. Physics & Engineering of Radiation Detection, S.N. Ahmed (Academic Press,
2007).
6. Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments, W.R. Leo (Springer
Verlag, 1987).

15
 MASTER of SCIENCE in PHYSICS
Semester I
Course Code: PH-DSE4112
Course Name: Experimental Laboratory in Materials and Optical
Physics
Course Title Credit distribution of the course
Credits Requisites for the course
and Type Lecture Tutorial Practical
Experimental Pre-requisite: Bachelor’s
Laboratory in Materials degree in Physics,
4 0 0 4
and Optical Physics Co-requisite: DSC papers
DSE in [Link]. Physics Sem-I
Duration: 120 hours (8P/Week)
Course Objective:
The major objective of this course is to revise the basic concepts of electronics/nuclear
physics through standard set of experiments. In addition, the continuous evaluation process
allows each and every student to not only understand and perform the experiment but also
suitably correlate them with the corresponding theory.

Contents:
Solid State Physics
Unit I
Experimental Techniques:
 Production and measurement of low pressures.
 Production and measurement of high pressures.
 Measurement and control of low temperatures.
 Production and characterization of plasma.
 Electron Spin Resonance.
 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.

Unit II
Electrical Transport Properties:
 Measurement of resistivity – Four probe and van der Paw techniques; determination
of band gap.
 Measurement of Hall coefficient – determination of carrier concentration.
 Measurement of magneto resistance.
 Measurement of thermoelectric power.
 Measurement of minority carrier lifetime in semiconductors: Haynes-Shockley
experiment.

Phase Transitions and Crystal Structure:

 Determination of transition temperature in ferrites.
 Determination of transition temperature in ferroelectrics.
 Determination of transition temperature in high Tc superconductors.

16
  Determination of transition temperature in liquid crystalline materials.
 Crystal structure determination by x-ray diffraction powder photograph method.

Waves and Optics

Unit III
 Velocity of sound in air by CRO method.
 Velocity of sound in liquids – Ultrasonic Interferometer method.
 Velocity of sound in solids – pulse echo method.
 Propagation of EM waves in a transmission line – Lecher wire.
 Determination of Planck’s constant.
 Jamin’s interferometer – refractive index of air.
 Study of elliptically polarized light.

Unit IV
Optical Spectroscopy:
 Constant deviation spectrometer-fine structure of Hg spectral lines.
 e/m or hyperfine structure using Febry Perot’s interferometer.
 Band spectrum in liquids.
 Raman scattering using a laser source.
 Luminescence.

Laser Based Experiments:

 Optical interference and diffraction.
 Holography.
 Electro-optic modulation.
 Magneto-optic modulation.
 Acousto-optic modulation.
 Sound modulation of carrier waves.

NOTE:
The list of experiments given above should be considered as suggestive of the standard
and available equipment. The teachers are authorized to add or delete from this list
whenever considered necessary.

Course Learning Outcome:

At the end of this laboratory course, each and every student is expected to understand the
basic concepts of electronics/nuclear physics through experiments, which would immensely
help them in acquiring knowledge to tackle various competitive exam questions.

Suggested Reading:

Solid State Physics

1. Introduction to Solid State Physics: Charles Kittel, 8 th edition (John Wiley and
Sons, inc, 2005).
2. Physics of Semiconductor devices S.M. Sze (Wiley, 2006).

17
Waves and Optics
1. Lasers: Fundamental and Applications, Graduate Text in Physics, 2 nd edition, K.
Thyagarajan and Ajoy Ghatak (Springer, 2002).
2. Polarization of light, Ajoy Ghatak and Arun Kumar (McGraw Hill Education, 2012).
3. Introduction to Fibre Optics, Ajoy Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, (Cambridge
University Press, 2000).
4. Teaching laser physics by experiments, Am. J. Phys., (2011), [Link]
3488984 .

18
 MASTER of SCIENCE in PHYSICS
Semester I
Course Code: PH-DSE4113
Course Name: Mathematical Physics
Course Title Credit distribution of the course Pre-requisite for the
Credits
and Type Lecture Tutorial Practical course
Bachelor's degree in a
Mathematical Physics
4 3 1 0 branch of Science (with
DSE
Physics and Mathematics)
Duration: 60 hours (45L+ 15T)

Course Objectives:
The primary objective is to teach the students basic mathematical methods that will be used
in many of the other courses in the [Link]. Syllabus.

Contents:

Unit I (12 hours)

Linear Vector Space: A brief review of linear vector spaces, Inner product, norm, Schwarz
inequality, Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization, linear operators, eigenvalue and eigenvector,
adjoint operator, Hermitian or self-adjoint operators and their properties, unitary operators,
orthonormal basis–discrete and continuous.

Unit II (10 hours)

Theory of Probability and Statistics: Random Variables, Binomial, Poisson and Normal
Distributions. Central Limit Theorem, Hypothesis Testing and Data Analysis in Statistics.

Unit III (8 hours)

Complex Analysis: Complex Analysis including use of residue theorem. Integral
Transforms, Green's functions.

Unit IV (15 hours)

Discrete Group Theory: Abstract groups: subgroups, classes, cosets, factor groups, normal
subgroups, cyclic, permutation, direct product of groups; Homomorphism & isomorphism.
Representations: reducible and irreducible, unitary representations, Schur's lemma and
orthogonality theorems, characters of representation, direct product of representations.

Tutorial Component: (15 hours)

 The course includes a tutorial segment that is closely integrated with the theoretical
content covered in all the four units.
 Tutorial activities will primarily involve structured problem-solving exercises,
assigned regularly by the course coordinator(s).

19
  These problems will require analytical approaches, encouraging students to apply
the physical principles discussed in the lectures.
 Problem sets will be designed to reflect the conceptual depth of the course and will
challenge students to develop a deeper understanding of the subject.
 Students are expected to attempt and solve these problems independently and
present their solutions during the scheduled tutorial sessions.
 Wherever applicable, numerical methods may also be introduced, allowing students
to use both analytical and computational techniques for solving physics problems.
 Regular in-class assessments will be conducted to monitor student progress and
understanding.
 Assignments provided by the course coordinator(s) will be reviewed periodically to
ensure consistent academic engagement.
 Marks for the tutorial component will be awarded in accordance with the
university’s evaluation guidelines.

Course Learning Outcome:

Students will learn the required Mathematical techniques that may have not been covered in
the [Link]. CBCS program and which will be useful in many other courses in [Link].

Suggested Reading:
1. Mathematical Physics, V. Balakrishnan (Ane Books, 2018).
2. Mathematical Methods for Physicists, G. Arfken (Elsevier, 2012).
3. Advanced Engineering Mathematics, E. Kreyzig (Pearson, 2002).
4. Elements of Group Theory for Physicists, A.W. Joshi (John Wiley, 1997).
5. Groups and Symmetry, M. A. Armstrong (pringer, 1988).
6. Introductory Statistics, S. M. Ross (Academic Press Inc., 2005).
7. Elements of Group Theory for Physicists, A.W. Joshi (New Age International
Private Limited, 2018).

20
 MASTER of SCIENCE in PHYSICS
Semester I
Course Code: PH-DSE4114
Course Name: Relativistic Dynamics and Applications

Course Title Credit distribution of the course Pre-requisite for the

Credits
and Type Lecture Tutorial Practical course
Relativistic Dynamics Bachelor's degree in a
and Applications 4 3 1 0 branch of Science (with
DSE Physics and Mathematics)
Duration: 60 hours (45L+15T)
Course Objectives:
To develop a conceptual and mathematical understanding of the Special theory of Relativity
and relativistic particle dynamics and fields, providing students substantial aptitude and
familiarity with Lorentz transformations, the Lightcone structure of the Minkowski space-
time, vectors and tensors in the Minkowski space-time, both from the theoretical perspective
and in applied contexts, such as in the particle collision and decay problems.

Contents:

Unit I: Foundations of Special Relativity (12 hours)

Fallout of Galilean Relativity: confrontation with Maxwell’s electrodynamics. Postulates of
Special Relativity. Lorentz and Poincaré transformations. Rotations, boosts and the invariant
line element. Lorentz transformations for single and multiple boost(s). Lorentz
transformations as hyperbolic rotations: rapidity. Successive Lorentz boosts and relativistic
velocity addition. Thomas precession. Lorentz and Poincaré groups. Proper and improper
Lorentz transformations. Representations of the infinitesimal Lorentz group.

Unit II: Schematic Illustration of Relativistic Space-times (9 hours)

Minkowski space-time diagrams. Worldlines and coordinates of events. Simultaneity lines,
rapidity angle and the Lightcone. Temporal ordering of events, super-luminal signals and
causality. Space-time intervals – space-like, time-like and null. Proper time and time
dilation. Length contraction. Relativistic Doppler effect. Illustrations of the twin paradox,
train-rain paradox, etc using the Minkowski diagrams.

Unit III: Vectors and Tensors in Special Relativity (9 hours)

Rules of transformation of coordinate differentials and derivatives. Inverse transformations.
Internal transformations: polar and axial vectors. Tensors: definition, categorization,
covariance and contravariance, properties and operations, norm and trace. Properties and
application of the metric tensor and the Minkowski metric. Symmetry, antisymmetry,
symmetrization and antisymmetrization of tensors. Levi-Civita and the generalized
Kronecker delta tensors. Tensor duality. Tensor calculus: gradient; divergence; curl and the
D’Alembertian, the invariant four volume and tensor integration.

21
Unit IV: Relativistic Particle Dynamics, Relativistic Fields and Systems (15 hours)
Four-velocity and four-acceleration. Four-momentum and energy. Mass-energy equivalence
and the energy-momentum conservation. Illustrative examples: Compton effect, particle
collision and decay, two-body interactions and scattering in laboratory and center-of-mass
frames. Proper acceleration and four-force. Least action principle for relativistic particles.
Covariant Lagrangian and Hamiltonian. Energy-momentum tensor. Applicable systems: real
and complex scalar fields, relativistic vector fields and charge/current distributions,
relativistic perfect fluids.

Tutorial Component: (15 hours)

 The course includes a tutorial segment that is closely integrated with the theoretical
content covered in all the four units.
 Tutorial activities will primarily involve structured problem-solving exercises,
assigned regularly by the course coordinator(s).
 These problems will require analytical approaches, encouraging students to apply
the physical principles discussed in the lectures.
 Problem sets will be designed to reflect the conceptual depth of the course and will
challenge students to develop a deeper understanding of the subject.
 Students are expected to attempt and solve these problems independently and
present their solutions during the scheduled tutorial sessions.
 Wherever applicable, numerical methods may also be introduced, allowing students
to use both analytical and computational techniques for solving physics problems.
 Regular in-class assessments will be conducted to monitor student progress and
understanding.
 Assignments provided by the course coordinator(s) will be reviewed periodically to
ensure consistent academic engagement.
 Marks for the tutorial component will be awarded in accordance with the
university’s evaluation guidelines.

Course Learning Outcome:

By the end of this course, the students can understand and apply special relativity and
Lorentz transformations to physical phenomena using Minkowski spacetime diagrams and
relativistic kinematics, work with tensors, analyze the dynamics pertaining to relativistic
interactions such as Compton scattering and particle decays, develop substantial skill in
using relativistic approaches for specific systems of particles and fields, which would be
useful for many other [Link]. courses.

Suggested Reading:
1. The Classical Theory of Fields (Course of Theoretical Physics Series), L.D. Landau,
E.M. Lifshitz (4th Edition, Volume 2, Butterworth-Heinemann, Elsevier, 1975).
2. Classical Mechanics, Herbert Goldstein, Charles P. Poole, John L. Safko (3rd
Edition, Addison-Wesley, 2002).
3. Introduction to Special Relativity, Robert Resnick (John Wiley & Sons, 1968).
4. Introduction to Special Relativity, Wolfgang Rindler (2nd Edition, Oxford, 1991).
5. Gravitation and Cosmology, Steven Weinberg (John Wiley & Sons, 1972).
22
 MASTER of SCIENCE in PHYSICS
Semester I
Course Code: PH-DSE4115
Course Name: Experimental Techniques in Nuclear Science

Course Title Credit distribution of the course Pre-requisite for the

Credits
and Type Lecture Tutorial Practical course
Experimental Techniques Bachelor's degree in a
in Nuclear Science 4 3 1 0 branch of Science (with
DSE Physics and Mathematics)
Duration: 60 hours (45L+15T)
Course Objectives:
To provide a comprehensive understanding of the principles of radioactivity and nuclear
decay processes required for experiments performed at the laboratory. To familiarize
students with the interaction of nuclear radiation with matter and the mechanisms involved.
To introduce various radiation detectors, counting techniques, and statistical methods used in
nuclear experiments. To equip students with foundational knowledge of signal processing
and applications of nuclear radiation in diverse fields.
Contents:
Unit I: Radioactivity (10 hours)
Introduction to Radioactivity, Decay Law, Units and Production of radioactivity,
Radioactive sources, Growth of Daughter activities, , Branching Ratios, Half-life and mean
life, Nuclear Decay processes, Decay Equation, Decay Schemes, Alpha Decay: alpha decay
energies, qualitative theory of alpha decay and alpha-ray spectra, Beta Decay: Beta
spectrum, Gamma Decay: Energetics and spectrum, Semiempirical Mass Formula, Q-value
of Decay and reactions.
Unit II: Interaction of Radiation with Matter (10 hours)
Interaction of light charged particles with matter, Ionization, Bragg Curve and Bragg Peak,
Range and Energy Relation, Radiation length and straggling, Interaction of Gamma
Radiation with Matter: Attenuation of Gamma rays, Compton Effect, Photoelectric Effect
and Pair Production, Attenuation and absorption Coefficients.
Unit III: Radiation Detectors and Counting Statistics (12 hours)
Classification, Gas-filled Detectors: Ionisation, Proportional and Geiger-Muller Counters;
Concept of Multiplication, Quenching, and Dead Time. Brief introduction of scintillators
and semiconductor detectors, Types of uncertainties in a measurement, Probability and
Cumulative distribution function, variance and standard deviation; Binomial, Poisson and
Gaussian distribution, Error Propagation.
Unit IV: Basics of Signal Processing (13 hours)
Basic electronic circuits for signal processing (GM and Scintillator detectors), Logic
standard, Pulse shaping and digital signal processing for energy, time and position

23
measurement, Digital Oscilloscope. Application of Nuclear Radiation in Medicine, Industry,
Research, Security, Agriculture and Space.

Tutorial Component: (15 hours)

 The course includes a tutorial segment that is closely integrated with the theoretical
content covered in all the four units.
 Tutorial activities will primarily involve structured problem-solving exercises,
assigned regularly by the course coordinator(s).
 These problems will require analytical approaches, encouraging students to apply
the physical principles discussed in the lectures.
 Problem sets will be designed to reflect the conceptual depth of the course and will
challenge students to develop a deeper understanding of the subject.
 Students are expected to attempt and solve these problems independently and
present their solutions during the scheduled tutorial sessions.
 Wherever applicable, numerical methods may also be introduced, allowing students
to use both analytical and computational techniques for solving physics problems.
 Regular in-class assessments will be conducted to monitor student progress and
understanding.
 Assignments provided by the course coordinator(s) will be reviewed periodically to
ensure consistent academic engagement.
 Marks for the tutorial component will be awarded in accordance with the
university’s evaluation guidelines.

Course Learning outcome:

After successful completion of the course, students will be able to: Understand and explain
the physical principles governing radioactive decay and nuclear interactions. Analyze the
behavior of nuclear radiation as it passes through matter and interpret relevant parameters
such as range, attenuation, and energy loss. Select and apply appropriate radiation detection
techniques and interpret experimental data using statistical analysis. Demonstrate an
understanding of signal processing techniques and recognize real-world applications of
nuclear science in medicine, industry, and other sectors.

Suggested Reading:
1. Radiation Detection and Measurement by G. F. Knoll (3 rd Ed. John Wiley &
Sons Inc., 2000).
2. Physics & Engineering of Radiation Detection by S. N. Ahmed (Academic
Press, 2007).
3. Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments by W.R. Leo
(Springer-Verlag, 1987).
4. Nuclear Physics, Principles and Applications by J.S. Lilly (John Wiley & Sons
Inc., 2002).
5. Radiation Detection: Concept, Method and Devices by Douglas S. McGregor
and J. Kenneth Shultis (Taylor and Francis, 2020).

24
 MASTER of SCIENCE in PHYSICS
Semester I
Course Code: PH-ET4116
Course Name: Material Characterization Techniques

Course Title Credit distribution of the course Pre-requisite for the

Credits
and Type Lecture Tutorial Practical course
Bachelor's degree in a
Material Characterization
branch of Science
Techniques 4 3 1 0
(with Physics and
DSE
Mathematics)
Duration: 60 hours (45L+15T)
Course Objectives:
This course intends to provide knowledge on the advanced characterization techniques used
to identify the physical and chemical properties of new materials prepared in laboratories.
This includes, materials, electrical, optical, magnetic, and dielectric properties of materials
and their specific applications. The students will have the experience of different
characterization techniques used in experimental condensed matter physics with the
available theories, operation, and instrumentation.

Contents:
Unit I (8 hours)
Structure analysis: X-ray diffraction (XRD): Basic principle, Fourier analysis of the basis,
structure factor and atomic form factor, indexing and lattice parameter determination,
features of XRD experiment, film negative and Straumannis chamber, powder method, Laue
method, information from peak position, intensity and width of XRD pattern. Crystal size
and microstrain determination by Scherrer, modified Scherrer and Williamson-Hall methods.

Unit II (18 hours)

Imaging Techniques - Optical and electron microscopies, Electron Beam – Specimen
Interaction, Secondary and Backscattered electrons, Interaction cross-section and volume,
Scanning electron microscope (SEM), operational systems of SEM instrumentation and
imaging modes, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope,
selected area electron diffraction, pattern writing using optical and electron beams.

Spectroscopies: Characterization of fluorescence emission, Jablonski diagram, fluorescence

quantum yield and life time, instrumentation for fluorescence spectroscopy, absorption and
photoluminescence spectroscopy, Tauk plot, energy band gap determination, Raman
spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy,
X-ray absorption spectroscopy, Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.

Unit III (14 hours)

Surface Morphology and Topography, scanning probe microscopy, scanning tunneling
microscope (STM), atomic force microscope (AFM), concept and modes of operation of
STM and AFM, conducting AFM.

Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, scattering geometry and kinematic factor, scattering

cross-section, energy loss and stopping cross section, energy straggling, surface impurity on

25
an elemental bulk target, Thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis:
principle and instrumentation, differential scanning calorimetry.
Unit IV (5 hours)
Physical Properties: Electrical measurements: Resistivity, temperature dependence of
resistivity in materials, resistance in bulk and low-dimensional systems, Current voltage
characteristics, estimation of resistivity using four probe Van-der Pauw methods.

Dielectric and magnetic measurements: Frequency dependence on capacitance-voltage

characteristics, estimation of dielectric constant. diamagnetics, paramagnetics,
feromagnetics, B-H loop, operation and analysis of vibrating-sample magnetometry,
ferroelectrics, polarization-electric field loop.

Tutorial Component: (15 hours)

 The course includes a tutorial segment that is closely integrated with the theoretical
content covered in all the four units.
 Tutorial activities will primarily involve structured problem-solving exercises,
assigned regularly by the course coordinator(s).
 These problems will require analytical approaches, encouraging students to apply
the physical principles discussed in the lectures.
 Problem sets will be designed to reflect the conceptual depth of the course and will
challenge students to develop a deeper understanding of the subject.
 Students are expected to attempt and solve these problems independently and
present their solutions during the scheduled tutorial sessions.
 Wherever applicable, numerical methods may also be introduced, allowing students
to use both analytical and computational techniques for solving physics problems.
 Regular in-class assessments will be conducted to monitor student progress and
understanding.
 Assignments provided by the course coordinator(s) will be reviewed periodically to
ensure consistent academic engagement.
 Marks for the tutorial component will be awarded in accordance with the
university’s evaluation guidelines.

Course Learning Outcome:

The students should able to experience the advanced characterization techniques pursued in
the experimental condensed matter physics for studying the physical properties of the
materials in the semiconductor technologies and nanotechnology.

Suggested readings:

1. X–Ray Crystallography, M. J. Buerger, Wiley–Blackwell; 99th edition (1966).

2. Elements of X-ray Diffraction, B. D. Cullity, Addison-Wesley Inc. (1978).
3. Analytical Electron Microscopy for Materials Science, D. Shindo and T. Oikawa,
Springer Verlag, Japan; 2nd edition (2002).
4. Handbook of Spectroscopy edited by Günter Gauglitz, Tuan Vo-Dinh: WILEY-VCH
Verla GmbH & Co (2003).
5. Scanning Probe Microscopy: Atomic Force Microscopy and Scanning Tunneling
Microscopy, Bert Voigtländer, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg (2015).
26
 MASTER of SCIENCE in PHYSICS
Semester I
Course Code: PH-DSE4117
Course Name: Techniques in Theoretical Physics

Course Title Credit distribution of the course Pre-requisite for the

Credits
and Type Lecture Tutorial Practical course
Techniques in Bachelor's degree in a
Theoretical Physics 4 3 1 0 branch of Science (with
DSE Physics and Mathematics)
Duration: 60 hours (45L+15T)

Course Objectives:
The course will introduce to the students’ basic concepts of finite and infinite groups.
Examples from various fields will be considered. Techniques for solving integral equations
will be learnt. Introduction to Green’s functions and its construction will be studied.

Contents:

Unit I (10 hours)

Introduction of finite discrete Group: subgroups, classes, cosets, factor groups, normal
subgroups, direct product of groups; Examples: cyclic, symmetric, matrix groups, regular n-
gon. Mappings: homomorphism, isomorphism, automorphism. Representations: reducible
and irreducible representation, unitary representations, Schur's lemma and orthogonality
theorems, characters of representation, direct product of representations.

Unit II (15 hours)

Continuous Group: Review of the continuous groups: Lie groups, rotation and unitary
groups. Representation of SO(2), SO(3), SU(2), SU(3), Tensors. Applications: point groups,
translation and space groups, representation of point groups; introduction to symmetry
group of the Hamiltonian.

Unit III (10 hours)

Integral Equations: Conversion of ordinary differential equations into integral equations,
Fredholm and Volterra integral equations, separable kernels, Fredholm theory, eigen values
and eigen functions.

Unit IV (10 hours)

Green’s functions, Boundary Value Problems, Boundary conditions: Dirichlet and
Neumann; Self-adjoint operators, Sturm-Liouville theory, Eigenfunction expansions.

Tutorial Component: (15 hours)

 The course includes a tutorial segment that is closely integrated with the theoretical
content covered in all the four units.

27
  Tutorial activities will primarily involve structured problem-solving exercises,
assigned regularly by the course coordinator(s).
 These problems will require analytical approaches, encouraging students to apply
the physical principles discussed in the lectures.
 Problem sets will be designed to reflect the conceptual depth of the course and will
challenge students to develop a deeper understanding of the subject.
 Students are expected to attempt and solve these problems independently and
present their solutions during the scheduled tutorial sessions.
 Wherever applicable, numerical methods may also be introduced, allowing students
to use both analytical and computational techniques for solving physics problems.
 Regular in-class assessments will be conducted to monitor student progress and
understanding.
 Assignments provided by the course coordinator(s) will be reviewed periodically to
ensure consistent academic engagement.
 Marks for the tutorial component will be awarded in accordance with the
university’s evaluation guidelines.

Course Learning Outcome:

The understanding of the classification of finite groups will be achieved. Upon completion
of this course, students should be able to use these concepts in various fields, particularity in
crystallography. Students will be able to learn the analytical techniques for solving integral
equations and construct Green's functions for many important boundary value problems.

Suggested Reading:
1. Elements of Group Theory for Physicists, A.W. Joshi (John Wiley, 1997).
2. Groups and Symmetry,M. A. Armstrong(Springer, 1988).
3. Advanced Method of Mathematical Physics, R. S. Kaushal & D. Parashar (Narosa, 2008).
4. Group Theory and Its Applications to Physical Problems, M. Hamermesh (Dover, 1989).
5. Chemical Applications of Group Theory, F. Albert Cotton (John Wiley, 1988).
6. Mathematical Methods for Physicists,G. Arfken, H. Weber, & F. Harris (Elsevier, 2012).
7. Linear Integral Equations, W. V. Lovitt (Dover, 2005).
8. Introduction to Integral Equations with Applications, A.J. Jerri (Wiley-Interscience,
1999).

28
 MASTER of SCIENCE in PHYSICS
Semester I
Course Code: PH-SBC4171
Course Name: Workshop skills

Course Title Credit distribution of the course Pre-requisite for the

Credits
and Type Lecture Tutorial Practical course
Workshop skills Bachelor's degree in a
2 0 0 2
SBC branch of Science
Duration: 60 hours

Course objective:
To teach the students how to handle machines which can be useful for precise cutting in lab
accessories useful for experiments.

Content:

Hands-on experience:

Unit-I:
 Lathe machine (Plane turning, step turning, taper turning)
 Drill machine

Unit-II:
 Plate cutting
 Hand tools (hacksaw, drilling, tapping, filing)

Course Learning outcome:

The student will be confident and skilled for handling lab useables and small repairs .

(Not more than seven students at a time due to space constraints and safety.)

29
 MASTER of SCIENCE in PHYSICS
Semester I
Course Code: PH-SBC4172
Course Name: Python for Physicists

Course Title Credit distribution of the course Pre-requisite for the

Credits
and Type Lecture Tutorial Practical course
Python for Physicists Bachelor's degree in a
2 0 0 2
SBC branch of Science
Duration: 60 hours

Course Objectives:
This course is intended to be an Introduction to a programming Language (Python) for
physics students. The course would impart training in the structure of Python and basic
applications.

Content:

Unit-I:
 Basic Python (loops, mathematical and logical operations), Arrays, numpy, and
reading and writing to files.
 Matrices, Matrix algebra, eigenvalue , eigenvector.

Unit-II:
 Basic plotting using Gnuplot and Python
 Simple applications: series, summation, root finding

Course Learning Outcome:

A student having taken the course would be expected to be proficient in programming in the
language (Python). In addition, it is also expected that the student would be able to use
Python to solve problems of summing up infinite series, root finding.

Suggested reading:
1. Lab manual for Python for Physicists, Department of Physics and Astrophysics,
University of Delhi, 2025.
2. [Link]
3. Numerical Recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing, William H. Press, Brian
P. Flannery, Saul A. Teukolsky, William T. Vetterling (2nd Ed., Cambridge
University Press, 2002)

30
 MASTER of SCIENCE in PHYSICS
Semester I
Course Code: PH-SBC4173
Course Name: Radiation Safety

Course Title Credit distribution of the course Pre-requisite for the

Credits
and Type Lecture Tutorial Practical course
Radiation Safety Bachelor's degree in a
2 1 0 1
SBC branch of Science
Duration: 45 hours (15T+30P)

Course Objectives:
The primary objective of this course is to provide students with a comprehensive
understanding of radiation fundamentals, interaction mechanisms, detection principles,
dosimetric techniques, and regulatory frameworks associated with radiation safety and
protection. Through theoretical instruction and practical demonstrations, students will gain
both conceptual and operational knowledge required for safe handling, measurement, and
monitoring of ionizing radiation, along with a sound understanding of national guidelines and
protocols for radiation protection and waste management.

Contents:
Unit I (15 hours)
Basics of Radiation: Origin of radiation, binding energy and Q-value, stable and unstable
isotopes, radioactive decay (alpha, beta, neutron, and electromagnetic transitions), mean life
and half life, Basic idea of different units of activity, radiation quantities; exposure,
absorbed dose, equivalent dose, effective dose, collective equivalent dose, quality factor,
radiation and tissue weighting factors, committed equivalent dose, committed effective,
radiation dose to individuals from natural radioactivity in the environment and man-made
sources
Devices for radiation measurement and survey: Radiation interaction with matter,
kinematics of nuclear reactions, slowing down and moderation of neutrons, Interaction of
ionizing and non-ionising radiation at the cellular level. introduction to types of radiation
detectors; semiconductor, scintillator and gas detectors(Geiger-Muller counters, ionisation
chamber and proportional counters). principles of radiation counting statistics, dead time,
and calibration standards. types of Radiation Dosimeters: thermoluminescence,
radiographic films, calorimetry, semiconductor diodes; Relation between detection and
dosimetry.
Regulatory Framework: classification of radioactive sources (A/D classification), the
system of radiological protection, justification of practice, optimization of protection, and
individual limits, categories of exposures-occupational, public, and medical exposures,
evaluation of external Radiation hazard-effect of distance, time, and shielding, shielding
calculation; internal radiation hazards. Personnel and area monitoring, radiation accidents
and disaster monitoring, Radioactive waste & classification of Radioactive waste, transport
of radioactive sources/waste, responsibilities of licensee regulatory bodies AERB, and the
government.

31
Unit II (30 hours)

Suggested Exercises / Practical Demonstrations

1) Demonstration handling of radiation monitor and survey instruments.

2) Demonstration of Distance, Time, and shielding concept of the ALARA principle.
3) Demonstration of the Search and Secure procedure for handling radioactive sources
4) Measurement of the activity of an unknown radioactive source.
5) Radiation Protection Survey of a Radioisotope Laboratory
6) Contamination Measurement and Decontamination Procedures
7) Calibrate radiation monitors using standard radioactive sources.
8) Classification of Radiation facility using AERB guidelines.
9) Packing classification and Transport Index (TI) for radioactive isotope/waste
transport.

Course Learning Outcome:

A sound understanding of the principles underlying the operation of various radiation
detectors, the calculation of radiation doses and permissible exposure levels for different
categories of users, the effects of radiation, the use of instrumentation in practical scenarios,
proper management of radioactive materials, and strict adherence to safety protocols.

Suggested Reading:
1. Nuclear and Particle Physics, W. E. Burcham and M. Jobes (Pearson Education,
1995)
2. Radiation detection and measurement, G. F. Knoll (4th Ed., Wiley, 2010)
3. Thermoluminescence Dosimetry, Mcknlay, A. F., Bristol, Adam Hilger (Medical
Physics Hand book 5)
4. Fundamental Physics of Radiology, W. J. Meredith and J. B. Massey (John Wright
and Sons, 1989)
5. An Introduction to Radiation Protection, A. Martin and S. A. Harbisor (John Willey
& Sons, 1981)
6. Medical Radiation Physics, W. R. Hendee (Medical Publishers Inc., 1981)
7. Nuclear Physics : Principles and applications, John Lilley (Wiley, 2001)
8. Physics and Engineering of Radiation Detection, Syed Naeem Ahmed (2nd Ed.,
Elsevier, 2014)
9. Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments, W.R. Leo (2 nd Ed.,
Springer, 2013)
10. AERB Safety Guide (Guide No. AERB/RF-RS/SG-1), Security of radioactive
sources in radiation facilities.
11. AERB Safety Standard No. AERB/SS/3 (Rev. 1), Testing and Classification of
sealed Radioactivity Sources.

32
 MASTER of SCIENCE in PHYSICS
Semester I
Course Code: PH-SBC4174
Course Name: Order of Magnitude Physics

Course Title Credit distribution of the course Pre-requisite for the

Credits
and Type Lecture Tutorial Practical course
Order of Magnitude
Bachelor's degree in a
Physics 2 1 0 1
branch of Science
SBC
Duration: 45 hours (15L+30P)
Course Objectives:
Often before doing a detailed theoretical calculation or prior to setting up an experiment to
measure an effect, One needs to have a rough idea as to weather or not our set up or the
calculation is likely to give a meaning result and weather spending efforts time and funds are
worth it. It is in this context that this course is significant. The objective of this course is to
train students to make estimates without having to do a detailed calculation or experiment to
get a rough idea of how the results could look.

Contents (Including Demonstration/Practical):

Unit I (25 hours)
 Estimation of Physical quantities using Dimensional Analysis.
Dimensional analysis in Mechanics: Damping in a pendulum, Free Gravitational collapse of
a dust sphere, Oscillation time period of a star, Time taken for photon to diffuse out of sun,
Dimensional analysis in Fluid Mechanics: Reynolds’, Froude and Strouhaul numbers in
Fluids, Terminal velocity.
 Scaling analysis in Classical Physics
Orbital time period vs Orbital size of planets, Dynamics in a power law potential, Estimating
the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the moon, How high can an animal jump?
Orbital time of planets, Scale height of the Atmosphere.
Unit II (20 hours)
 Application to different areas in Physics.
Electrodynamics, Quantum Physics, Waves, Materials.
 Applications to Integrals and differential equations:
Estimating integrals, steepest descent approximation. Approximate solutions to differential
equations.
Course Learning Outcome:
Students will come away from the course with an appreciation of the characteristic scales
associated to a physical system, and how to use simple approximate models to estimate a

33
variety of quantities of physical interest. They will also learn approximation techniques for
integrals and differential equations.

Suggested Reading:
1. Peter Goldreich, Sanjoy Mahajan and Sterl Phinney - Order of Magnitude Physics.
2. Sanjoy Mahajan - Estimating gas mileage: An example of order-of-magnitude
physics (arXiv:physics/0512209).
3. Steven Doty and Sandra Doty, Dielectric breakdown of air as order of magnitude
physics (Physics teacher Volume 36, Pages 6-9, 1998).

34
 MASTER of SCIENCE in PHYSICS
Semester I
Course Code: PH-SBC4175
Course Name: Strategies for Scientific Dialogue in Research

Course Title Credit distribution of the course Pre-requisite for the

Credits
and Type Lecture Tutorial Practical course
Strategies for Scientific
Bachelor’s degree in a
Dialogue in Research 2 1 0 1
branch of Science
SBC
Duration: 45 hours (15L+30P)

Course Objectives:
The course is designed to develop and strengthen students' ability to communicate scientific
ideas clearly and effectively, both in written and oral formats. It aims to expose students to
cutting-edge research through seminars delivered by faculty members and invited experts.
Emphasis is on cultivating skills in scientific literature review, critical analysis, and
academic discourse. The course also prepares students for academic presentations, thesis
defenses, and professional scientific interactions. Recognizing that many students produce
excellent research but struggle to present it effectively, this course seeks to bridge that
crucial gap.

Course Structure and Activities:

UNIT -I (15 hours)

Lecture Attendance & Research Exposure:

➢ Students must attend a minimum of 10 research lectures organized by the

department. These may include:
1. Presentations by department faculty on their current research.
2. Lectures by invited national or international experts.
➢ Students will submit comprehensive summaries (approx. 400–500 words) of at least
five selected lectures, highlighting key concepts, methods, and findings.

UNIT -II (30 hours)

Seminar Preparation and Delivery:

➢ Students will be assigned a research topic or paper, drawn from current research
themes or courses offered in the [Link]. syllabus.
➢ They will receive study materials, including relevant papers, reviews, or resources
from the faculty.
➢ Each student must prepare a written synopsis (~800–1000 words) on the assigned
topic.

35
 ➢ Students will then present a seminar (15–20 minutes) based on their understanding,
followed by a Q&A session.

The course is structured in the spirit of a Dissertation under the DSE category, but with
lower credit weightage and, accordingly, reduced academic rigor. As such, the number of
hours assigned is indicative rather than prescriptive, intended to reflect the approximate level
of effort expected.

Assessment and Evaluation:

Component
i) Participation in Departmental Lectures
ii) Written Summaries of Attended Lectures
iii) Written Review of Assigned Research Topic
iv) Seminar Presentation (Content, Clarity, Delivery)

The Evaluation will be conducted by:

i) A three-member departmental committee for the overall course.
ii) A two-member subcommittee for seminar presentation evaluation.

Notes for Implementation:

➢ Attendance at department seminars will be tracked.

➢ Students may optionally include key questions or insights from each attended
lecture.
➢ Emphasis will be on communication skills, depth of understanding, organization of
content, and response to questions.
➢ This course encourages peer learning and academic engagement beyond classroom.

Course Learning Outcome:

Upon successful completion of the course, students will be able to: Comprehend and
effectively communicate recent research developments in physics and allied disciplines.
Summarize and synthesize scientific literature with clarity, coherence, and critical insight.
Prepare and deliver well-structured, confident, and audience-appropriate scientific
presentations. Engage thoughtfully in scholarly discussions and respond competently to
academic queries. This course will be particularly beneficial for students planning to
undertake project work or a dissertation in the third and fourth semesters.

36
 MASTER of SCIENCE in PHYSICS
Semester II
Course Code: PH-DSC4201
Course Name: Quantum Mechanics-II

Course Title Credit distribution of the course Pre-requisite for the

Credits
and Type Lecture Tutorial Practical course
Quantum
Bachelor's degree in
Mechanics-II 4 3 1 0
Physics
DSC
Duration: 60 hours (45L+15T)

Course Objectives
The primary objective is to teach the students various approximation methods in quantum
mechanics. The important topic of quantum scattering is also dealt with. Also some aspects
of non-Hermitian systems and Relativistic quantum theory, such as the Dirac equations, are
covered.

Contents:

Unit I (13 hours)

WKB method, hydrogen-like atoms, and spherical harmonics. Spin-half particle:
nonrelativistic (Pauli theory) and relativistic (Dirac equation and plane wave solution),
Addition of angular momenta. Clebsch-Gordan coefficients, Wigner-Eckart theorem,
application of approximate methods.

Unit II (13 hours)

Approximation Methods for time-dependent perturbations: Interaction picture. Time-
dependent perturbation theory. Transition to a continuum of final states – Fermi’s Golden
Rule. Application to constant and harmonic perturbations, sudden and adiabatic
Approximations.

Unit III (12 hours)

Scattering: Wave packet description of scattering. Lippmann-Schwinger Equations, Formal
treatment of scattering by Green’s function method. Born approximation and applications.
Definition and properties of S-Matrix Partial wave analysis. Optical theorem.

Unit IV (7 hours)
Introduction to non-Hermitian systems: energy eigenvalues, eigenvectors and their spectral
properties, exceptional points, PT symmetric systems.

37
Tutorial Component: (15 hours)

 The course includes a tutorial segment that is closely integrated with the theoretical
content covered in all the four units.
 Tutorial activities will primarily involve structured problem-solving exercises,
assigned regularly by the course coordinator(s).
 These problems will require analytical approaches, encouraging students to apply
the physical principles discussed in the lectures.
 Problem sets will be designed to reflect the conceptual depth of the course and will
challenge students to develop a deeper understanding of the subject.
 Students are expected to attempt and solve these problems independently and
present their solutions during the scheduled tutorial sessions.
 Wherever applicable, numerical methods may also be introduced, allowing students
to use both analytical and computational techniques for solving physics problems.
 Regular in-class assessments will be conducted to monitor student progress and
understanding.
 Assignments provided by the course coordinator(s) will be reviewed periodically to
ensure consistent academic engagement.
 Marks for the tutorial component will be awarded in accordance with the
university’s evaluation guidelines.

Course Learning Outcome:

Students will learn how to use perturbation theory to obtain corrections to energy eigenstates
and eigenvalues when an external electric or magnetic field is applied to a system. Scattering
theory will teach them how to use projectiles to infer details about the target quantum
system. Exposer to Dirac’s equation and non-hermitian systems.

Suggested Reading:
1. Quantum Mechanics, L.I. Schiff, McGraw-Hill, 2017.
2. Principles of Quantum Mechanics, R. Shankar, Springer, 2011.
3. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, D.J. Griffiths, Cambridge, 2018.
4. A Modern Approach to Quantum Mechanics, J.S. Townsend, Viva Books.
5. E. Merzbacher, Quantum Mechanics, John Wiley and Sons.
6. F. Schwabl, Advanced Quantum Mechanics, Springer.
7. A. Das, Hours on Quantum Mechanics, Hindustan Book Agency.
8. M. Le Bellac, Quantum Physics, Cambridge University Press.
9. J. J. Sakurai, Modern Quantum Mechanics, Pearson.
10. S. Flügge, Practical Quantum Mechanics, Springer.
11. K. Gottfried and T.-M. Yan, Quantum Mechanics: Fundamentals, Springer.
12. R.P. Feynman, Feynman Hours on Physics (Vol. III), Addison-Wesley.
13. C. Cohen-Tannoudji, B. Diu and F. Laloe, Quantum Mechanics (Vols. I & II), Wiley.
14. A. Messiah, Quantum Mechanics (Vols. I and II), Dover.
15. P.A.M. Dirac, The Principles of Quantum Mechanics (International Series of
Monographs on Physics).

38
 MASTER of SCIENCE in PHYSICS
Semester II
Course Code: PH-DSC4202
Course Name: Electromagnetic Theory & Electrodynamics

Course Title Credit distribution of the course Pre-requisite for the

Credits
and Type Lecture Tutorial Practical course
Electromagnetic Theory
Bachelor's degree in
& Electrodynamics 4 3 1 0
Physics
DSC
Duration: 60 hours (45L+15T)
Course Objectives:
To develop a conceptual and mathematical basis for classical electromagnetism and its
relativistic formulation. The course reviews and builds on the students’ knowledge of
Special Relativity using Minkowski space-time diagrams and tensor analysis. With the
covariant formulation of electrodynamics, this course provides a detailed account of
obtaining the electromagnetic four-potential using Green’s functions, the transformation of
the electromagnetic field, the motion of relativistic charges in electric and magnetic fields,
as well as radiation from moving point charges and localized time-harmonic distributions.

Contents:
Unit I: Basic concepts, relativity and covariant electrodynamics (20 hours)

Brief review of basic electromagnetic (EM) theory. Maxwell’s equations and motivation for
Special Relativity (SR). Concepts of SR: postulates, Lorentz and Poincaré transformations,
the invariant line element, worldlines and coordinates of events, Minkowski space-time
diagrams, simultaneity, rapidity, space-time intervals, causal structure of spacetime and the
Lightcone. Vectors and tensors in Minkowski space-time. Tensor rank and type, symmetry
and antisymmetry, duality, differentiation and differential operators. Mass-energy relation,
four-momentum and its conservation. Covariant Lorentz force equation. EM field tensor and
the conserved four-current. Covariance of the Maxwell’s equations. EM scalar invariants
and the transformation laws. EM four-potential. Gauge invariance of the EM field. Gauge
conditions: Coulomb and Lorentz gauges. EM wave equation. Retarded and advanced
solutions for the EM four-potential using Green’s functions.

Unit II: Relativistic charged particle dynamics (5 hours)

Electric and magnetic fields due to a uniformly moving charge. Motion of charged particles
in a uniform static magnetic field, static electric field, and crossed electric and magnetic
fields. Particle drifts (velocity and curvature) in non-uniform static magnetic fields.

Unit III: Electromagnetic Radiation (15 hours)

Radiation from a moving point charge: Lienard-Wiechert potentials and fields, Larmor
power formula and its relativistic generalization – the Lienard result, charged particle
accelerators, angular distribution of radiation from accelerated charged particles. Radiation
from localized time-harmonic charges, currents and their distributions: specification of EM
vector potential in the Lorentz gauge, near and far zone fields, multipole expansion,
39
Poynting theorem for a time-harmonic source current. Electric dipole, magnetic dipole and
electric quadrupole radiation. Centre-fed linear dipole antenna.

Unit IV: Lagrangian Formulation of Electrodynamics (5 hours)

Lagrangian for a relativistic charged particle in an EM field, for the free EM field and for
interacting charged particles and fields. Energy-momentum tensor and conservation laws.

Tutorial Component: (15 hours)

 The course includes a tutorial segment that is closely integrated with the theoretical
content covered in all the four units.
 Tutorial activities will primarily involve structured problem-solving exercises,
assigned regularly by the course coordinator(s).
 These problems will require analytical approaches, encouraging students to apply
the physical principles discussed in the lectures.
 Problem sets will be designed to reflect the conceptual depth of the course and will
challenge students to develop a deeper understanding of the subject.
 Students are expected to attempt and solve these problems independently and
present their solutions during the scheduled tutorial sessions.
 Wherever applicable, numerical methods may also be introduced, allowing students
to use both analytical and computational techniques for solving physics problems.
 Regular in-class assessments will be conducted to monitor student progress and
understanding.
 Assignments provided by the course coordinator(s) will be reviewed periodically to
ensure consistent academic engagement.
 Marks for the tutorial component will be awarded in accordance with the
university’s evaluation guidelines.

Course Learning Outcome:

Students having taken this course are expected to have a fair degree of familiarity with
tensors and the tensorial formulation of electrodynamics. In addition, they are expected to be
able to solve problems on motion of charged particles in various field formations as well as
find the radiation patterns from different time-varying charge and current densities.
Suggested Reading:
1. Classical Electrodynamics, John David Jackson (3rd ed.,Wiley, 1998).
2. The Classical Theory of Fields (Course of Theoretical Physics Series, volume 2),
L.D. Landau and E.M. Lifshitz (4th ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, Elsevier, 1975).
3. Introduction to Electrodynamics, David J. Griffiths (3 rd ed., Benjamin Cummings,
1999).
4. Principles of Electrodynamics, Melvin Schwartz (Dover Publications, 1987).
5. Classical Electrodynamics, J. Schwinger, L.L. Deraad Jr., K.A. Milton, W-Y. Tsai
and J. Norton (Westview Press, 1998).
6. Modern Problems in Classical Electrodynamics, Charles A. Brau (Oxford, 2003).
7. Electrodynamics of Continuous Media (Course of Theoretical Physics Series,
volume 8), L.D. Landau, L.P. Pitaevskii and E.M. Lifshitz (2 nd ed., Butterworth-
Heinemann, Elsevier, 1984).

40
 MASTER of SCIENCE in PHYSICS
Semester II
Course Code: PH-DSC4203
Course Name: Solid State Physics

Course Title Credit distribution of the course Pre-requisite for the

Credits
and Type Lecture Tutorial Practical course
Solid State Physics Bachelor's degree in
4 3 1 0
DSC Physics
Duration: 60 hours (45L+15T)
Course Objectives:
This course intends to provide knowledge of conceptual solid-state physics. In addition, this
course aims to provide a general introduction to theoretical and experimental topics in solid
state physics.

Contents:
Unit I (16 hours)
Metals: Drude theory, DC conductivity, magneto-resistance, thermal conductivity,
thermoelectric effects, Fermi-Dirac distribution, thermal properties of an electron gas,
WiedemannFranz law, critique of free-electron model.

Crystal Lattices: Diffraction of electromagnetic waves by crystals: X-rays, Electrons and

Neutrons, Symmetry operations and classification of Bravais lattices, common crystal
structures, reciprocal lattice, Brillouin zone, X-ray diffraction, Bragg's law, Von Laue's
formulation, diffraction from non-crystalline systems. Geometrical factors of SC, FCC,
BCC and diamond lattices; Basis of quasi crystals.

Unit II (8 hours)
Crystal Binding: Bond classifications – types of crystal binding, covalent, molecular and
ionic crystals, London theory of van der Waals, hydrogen bonding, cohesive and Madelung
energy.

Defects and Diffusion in Solids: Point defects: Frenkel defects, Schottky defects, examples
of colour centres, line defects and dislocations.

Unit III (12 hours)

Lattice Dynamics: Failure of the static lattice model, adiabatic and harmonic approximation,
vibrations of linear monoatomic lattice, one-dimensional lattice with basis, models of three-
dimensional lattices, quantization of lattice vibrations, Einstein and Debye theories of
specific heat, phonon density of states, neutron scattering.

Band theory of Solids: Periodic potential and Bloch's theorem, weak potential
approximation, density of states in different dimensions, energy gaps, Fermi surface and
Brillouin zones. Origin of energy bands and band gaps, effective mass, tight-binding
approximation and calculation of simple band-structures. Motion of electrons in lattices,
Wave packets of Bloch electrons, semi-classical equations of motion, motion in static
electric and magnetic fields, theory of holes, cyclotron resonance.

41
Unit IV (9 hours)
Semiconductors: General properties and band structure, carrier statistics, impurities,
intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, drift and diffusion currents, mobility, Hall effect.

Superconductors: Phenomenology, review of basic properties, thermodynamics of

superconductors, London's equation and Meissner effect, Type-I and Type-II
superconductors, BCS theory of superconductors.

Tutorial Component: (15 hours)

 The course includes a tutorial segment that is closely integrated with the theoretical
content covered in all the four units.
 Tutorial activities will primarily involve structured problem-solving exercises,
assigned regularly by the course coordinator(s).
 These problems will require analytical approaches, encouraging students to apply
the physical principles discussed in the lectures.
 Problem sets will be designed to reflect the conceptual depth of the course and will
challenge students to develop a deeper understanding of the subject.
 Students are expected to attempt and solve these problems independently and
present their solutions during the scheduled tutorial sessions.
 Wherever applicable, numerical methods may also be introduced, allowing students
to use both analytical and computational techniques for solving physics problems.
 Regular in-class assessments will be conducted to monitor student progress and
understanding.
 Assignments provided by the course coordinator(s) will be reviewed periodically to
ensure consistent academic engagement.
 Marks for the tutorial component will be awarded in accordance with the
university’s evaluation guidelines.

Course Learning Outcome:

The students should be able to elucidate the important features of solid state physics by
covering crystal lattices and binding, lattice dynamics, band theory of solids and
semiconductors.

Suggested Reading:
1. Introduction to Solid State Physics, C. Kittel (8th Ed., Wiley, 2012).
2. Solid State Physics, N. W. Ashcroft and N. D. Mermin (Ist Ed., Cengage Learning,
2003).
3. Principles of the Theory of Solids, J. M. Ziman (2nd Ed., Cambridge University Press,
1972).
4. Solid State Physics, A. J. Dekker (1st Ed., Macmillan India, 2000).
5. Solid State Physics, G. Burns (1st Ed., Academic Press, 1985).
6. Condensed Matter Physics, M. P. Marder (Wiley, 2010).

42
 MASTER of SCIENCE in PHYSICS
Semester II
Course Code: PH-DSE4211
Course Name: Foundational Laboratory in
Experimental Physics

Course Title Credit distribution of the course Pre-requisites for the

Credits
and Type Lecture Tutorial Practical course
Foundational Laboratory Bachelor's degree in
in Experimental Physics 4 0 0 4 Physics and DSC papers
DSE of [Link]. Physics Sem-I
Duration: 120 hours (8P/Week)
Course Objectives:
The major objective of this course is to revise the basic concepts of electronics/nuclear
physics through standard set of experiments. In addition, the continuous evaluation process
allows each and every student to not only understand and perform the experiment but also
suitably correlate them with the corresponding theory.

Contents:

Electronics

Unit I:
Device Characteristics and Application
1. p-n junction diodes-clipping and clamping circuits.
2. FET – characteristics, biasing and its applications as an amplifier.
3. MOSFET – characteristics, biasing and its applications as an amplifier.
4. UJT – characteristics, and its application as a relaxation oscillator.
5. SCR – Characteristics and its application as a switching device.

Unit II:
 Linear Circuits
1. Resonant circuits.
2. Filters-passive and active, all pass (phase shifters).
3. Power supply-regulation and stabilization.
4. Oscillator design and study.
5. Multi-stage and tuned amplifiers.
6. Multivibrators-astable, monostable and bistable with applications.
7. Design and study of a triangular wave generator.
8. Design and study of sample and hold circuits.

 Digital Circuits and Microprocessors

1. Combinational.
2. Sequential.
3. A/D and D/A converters.
4. Digital Modulation.
5. Microprocessor application.

43
Nuclear Physics

Unit III:
Detectors
1. G.M. Counters – characteristics, dead time and counting statistics
2. Spark counter-characteristics and range of x-particles in air
3. Scintillation detector-energy calibration, resolution and determination of gamma ray
energy
4. Solid State detector – surface barrier detector, its characteristics and applications.

Unit IV:
 Applications
1. Gamma ray absorption-half thickness in lead for 60Co gamma-rays.
2. Beta ray absorption – end point energy of beta particles.
3. Lifetime of a short lived radioactive source..

 High Energy Physics

1. Study of pi-mu-e decay in nuclear emulsions.
2. Study of high energy interactions in nuclear emulsions.

Course Learning Outcome:

At the end of this laboratory course, each and every student is expected to understand the
basic concepts of electronics/nuclear physics through experiments, which would immensely
help them in acquiring knowledge to tackle various competitive exam questions.

Suggested Reading:

Electronics
1. Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques, W.D. Cooper and A.D.
Helfrick (2nd Ed., Phi Learning, 2008).
2. Electronic Devices and Circuits, J. Millman and C.C. Halkias and S. Jit (4th Ed.,
McGraw-Hill, 2015).
3. Measurement, Instrumentation and Experimental Design in Physics and Engineering,
M. Sayer and A. Mansingh (Prentice Hall India, 2010).

Nuclear Physics
4. Radiation Detection and Measurement, G.F. Knoll (3rd Ed, John Wiley & Sons, Inc,
2000).
5. Physics & Engineering of Radiation Detection, S.N. Ahmed (Academic Press, 2007).
6. Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments, W.R. Leo (Springer
Verlag, 1987).

44
 MASTER of SCIENCE in PHYSICS
Semester II
Course Code: PH-DSE4212
Course Name: Experimental Laboratory in Materials and Optical
Physics
Course Title Credit distribution of the course Pre-requisites for the
Credits
and Type Lecture Tutorial Practical course
Experimental Laboratory in Bachelor's degree in
Materials and Optical Physics 4 0 0 4 Physics and DSC papers
DSE of [Link]. Physics Sem-I
Duration: 120 hours (8P/Week)
Course Objective:
The major objective of this course is to revise the basic concepts of electronics/nuclear
physics through standard set of experiments. In addition, the continuous evaluation process
allows each and every student to not only understand and perform the experiment but also
suitably correlate them with the corresponding theory.

Contents:
Solid State Physics
Unit I: Experimental Techniques:
 Production and measurement of low pressures.
 Production and measurement of high pressures.
 Measurement and control of low temperatures.
 Production and characterization of plasma.
 Electron Spin Resonance.
 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.

Unit II:
Electrical Transport Properties:
 Measurement of resistivity – Four probe and van der Paw techniques; determination
of band gap.
 Measurement of Hall coefficient – determination of carrier concentration.
 Measurement of magneto resistance.
 Measurement of thermoelectric power.
 Measurement of minority carrier lifetime in semiconductors: Haynes-Shockley
experiment.

Phase Transitions and Crystal Structure:

 Determination of transition temperature in ferrites.
 Determination of transition temperature in ferroelectrics.
 Determination of transition temperature in high Tc superconductors.
 Determination of transition temperature in liquid crystalline materials.
 Crystal structure determination by x-ray diffraction powder photograph method.

45
Waves and Optics
Unit III
 Velocity of sound in air by CRO method.
 Velocity of sound in liquids – Ultrasonic Interferometer method.
 Velocity of sound in solids – pulse echo method.
 Propagation of EM waves in a transmission line – Lecher wire.
 Determination of Planck’s constant.
 Jamin’s interferometer – refractive index of air.
 Study of elliptically polarized light.

Unit IV
Optical Spectroscopy:
 Constant deviation spectrometer-fine structure of Hg spectral lines.
 e/m or hyperfine structure using Febry Perot’s interferometer.
 Band spectrum in liquids.
 Raman scattering using a laser source.
 Luminescence.

Laser Based Experiments:

 Optical interference and diffraction.
 Holography.
 Electro-optic modulation.
 Magneto-optic modulation.
 Acousto-optic modulation.
 Sound modulation of carrier waves.

NOTE:
The list of experiments given above should be considered as suggestive of the standard
and available equipment. The teachers are authorized to add or delete from this list
whenever considered necessary.

Course Learning Outcome:

At the end of this laboratory course, each and every student is expected to understand the
basic concepts of electronics/nuclear physics through experiments, which would immensely
help them in acquiring knowledge to tackle various competitive exam questions.

Suggested Reading:
Solid State Physics
1. Introduction to Solid State Physics: Charles Kittel, 8 th ed. (John Wiley & Sons
Inc., 2005).
2. Physics of Semiconductor devices S.M. Sze (Wiley, 2006).

Waves and Optics

1. Lasers: Fundamental and Applications, Graduate Text in Physics, 2 nd edition, K.
Thyagarajan and Ajoy Ghatak (Springer, 2002).

46
2. Polarization of light, Ajoy Ghatak and Arun Kumar (McGraw Hill Education,
2012).
3. Introduction to Fibre Optics, Ajoy Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, (Cambridge
University Press, 2000).
4. Teaching laser physics by experiments, Am. J. Phys., (2011), [Link]
3488984 .

47
 MASTER of SCIENCE in PHYSICS
Semester II
Course Code: PH-DSE4213
Course Name: Material Characterization Techniques

Course Title Credit distribution of the course Pre-requisite for the

Credits
and Type Lecture Tutorial Practical course
Material Characterization Bachelor's degree in a
Techniques 4 3 1 0 branch of Science (with
DSE Physics and Mathematics)
Duration: 60 hours (45L+15T)
Course Objectives:
This course intends to provide knowledge on the advanced characterization techniques used
to identify the physical and chemical properties of new materials prepared in laboratories.
This includes, materials, electrical, optical, magnetic, and dielectric properties of materials
and their specific applications. The students will have the experience of different
characterization techniques used in experimental condensed matter physics with the available
theories, operation, and instrumentation.

Contents:
Unit I (8 hours)
Structure analysis: X-ray diffraction (XRD): Basic principle, Fourier analysis of the basis,
structure factor and atomic form factor, indexing and lattice parameter determination,
features of XRD experiment, film negative and Straumannis chamber, powder method, Laue
method, information from peak position, intensity and width of XRD pattern. Crystal size
and microstrain determination by Scherrer, modified Scherrer and Williamson-Hall methods.

Unit II (18 hours)

Imaging Techniques - Optical and electron microscopies, Electron Beam – Specimen
Interaction, Secondary and Backscattered electrons, Interaction cross-section and volume,
Scanning electron microscope (SEM), operational systems of SEM instrumentation and
imaging modes, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope,
selected area electron diffraction, pattern writing using optical and electron beams.

Spectroscopies: Characterization of fluorescence emission, Jablonski diagram, fluorescence

quantum yield and life time, instrumentation for fluorescence spectroscopy, absorption and
photoluminescence spectroscopy, Tauk plot, energy band gap determination, Raman
spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy,
X-ray absorption spectroscopy, Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.

Unit III (14 hours)

Surface Morphology and Topography, scanning probe microscopy, scanning tunneling
microscope (STM), atomic force microscope (AFM), concept and modes of operation of
STM and AFM, conducting AFM.

Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, scattering geometry and kinematic factor, scattering

cross-section, energy loss and stopping cross section, energy straggling, surface impurity on
an elemental bulk target, Thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis:
principle and instrumentation, differential scanning calorimetry.
48
Unit IV (5 hours)
Physical Properties: Electrical measurements: Resistivity, temperature dependence of
resistivity in materials, resistance in bulk and low-dimensional systems, Current voltage
characteristics, estimation of resistivity using four probe Van-der Pauw methods.

Dielectric and magnetic measurements: Frequency dependence on capacitance-voltage

characteristics, estimation of dielectric constant. diamagnetics, paramagnetics,
feromagnetics, B-H loop, operation and analysis of vibrating-sample magnetometry,
ferroelectrics, polarization-electric field loop.

Tutorial Component: (15 hours)

 The course includes a tutorial segment that is closely integrated with the theoretical
content covered in all the four units.
 Tutorial activities will primarily involve structured problem-solving exercises,
assigned regularly by the course coordinator(s).
 These problems will require analytical approaches, encouraging students to apply the
physical principles discussed in the lectures.
 Problem sets will be designed to reflect the conceptual depth of the course and will
challenge students to develop a deeper understanding of the subject.
 Students are expected to attempt and solve these problems independently and present
their solutions during the scheduled tutorial sessions.
 Wherever applicable, numerical methods may also be introduced, allowing students
to use both analytical and computational techniques for solving physics problems.
 Regular in-class assessments will be conducted to monitor student progress and
understanding.
 Assignments provided by the course coordinator(s) will be reviewed periodically to
ensure consistent academic engagement.
 Marks for the tutorial component will be awarded in accordance with the
university’s evaluation guidelines.

Course Learning Outcome:

The students should able to experience the advanced characterization techniques pursued in
the experimental condensed matter physics for studying the physical properties of the
materials in the semiconductor technologies and nanotechnology.

Suggested reading:
1) X–Ray Crystallography, M. J. Buerger, Wiley–Blackwell; 99th edition (1966).
2) Elements of X-ray Diffraction, B. D. Cullity, Addison-Wesley Inc. (1978).
3) Analytical Electron Microscopy for Materials Science, D. Shindo and T. Oikawa,
Springer Verlag, Japan; 2nd edition (2002).
4) Handbook of Spectroscopy edited by Günter Gauglitz, Tuan Vo-Dinh: WILEY-VCH
Verla GmbH & Co (2003).
5) Scanning Probe Microscopy: Atomic Force Microscopy and Scanning Tunneling
Microscopy, Bert Voigtländer, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg (2015).

49
 MASTER of SCIENCE in PHYSICS
Semester II
Course Code: PH-DSE4214
Course Name: Experimental Techniques in Nuclear Science

Course Title Credit distribution of the course Pre-requisite for the

Credits
and Type Lecture Tutorial Practical course
Experimental Techniques Bachelor's degree in a
in Nuclear Science 4 3 1 0 branch of Science (with
DSE Physics and Mathematics)
Duration: 60 hours (45L+15T)
Course Objectives:
To provide a comprehensive understanding of the principles of radioactivity and nuclear
decay processes required for experiments performed at the laboratory. To familiarize
students with the interaction of nuclear radiation with matter and the mechanisms involved.
To introduce various radiation detectors, counting techniques, and statistical methods used in
nuclear experiments. To equip students with foundational knowledge of signal processing
and applications of nuclear radiation in diverse fields.
Contents:
Unit I: Radioactivity: (10 hours)
Introduction to Radioactivity, Decay Law, Units and Production of radioactivity,
Radioactive sources, Growth of Daughter activities, , Branching Ratios, Half-life and mean
life, Nuclear Decay processes, Decay Equation, Decay Schemes, Alpha Decay: alpha decay
energies, qualitative theory of alpha decay and alpha-ray spectra, Beta Decay: Beta spectrum,
Gamma Decay: Energetics and spectrum, Semiempirical Mass Formula, Q-value of Decay
and reactions.
Unit II: Interaction of Radiation with Matter (10 hours)
Interaction of light charged particles with matter, Ionization, Bragg Curve and Bragg Peak,
Range and Energy Relation, Radiation length and straggling, Interaction of Gamma
Radiation with Matter: Attenuation of Gamma rays, Compton Effect, Photoelectric Effect
and Pair Production, Attenuation and absorption Coefficients.
Unit III: Radiation Detectors and Counting Statistics (12 hours)
Classification, Gas-filled Detectors: Ionisation, Proportional and Geiger-Muller Counters;
Concept of Multiplication, Quenching, and Dead Time. Brief introduction of scintillators and
semiconductor detectors, Types of uncertainties in a measurement, Probability and
Cumulative distribution function, variance and standard deviation; Binomial, Poisson and
Gaussian distribution, Error Propagation.
Unit IV: Basics of Signal Processing (13 hours)
Basic electronic circuits for signal processing (GM and Scintillator detectors), Logic
standard, Pulse shaping and digital signal processing for energy, time and position

50
measurement, Digital Oscilloscope. Application of Nuclear Radiation in Medicine, Industry,
Research, Security, Agriculture and Space.

Tutorial Component: (15 hours)

 The course includes a tutorial segment that is closely integrated with the theoretical
content covered in all the four units.
 Tutorial activities will primarily involve structured problem-solving exercises,
assigned regularly by the course coordinator(s).
 These problems will require analytical approaches, encouraging students to apply the
physical principles discussed in the lectures.
 Problem sets will be designed to reflect the conceptual depth of the course and will
challenge students to develop a deeper understanding of the subject.
 Students are expected to attempt and solve these problems independently and present
their solutions during the scheduled tutorial sessions.
 Wherever applicable, numerical methods may also be introduced, allowing students
to use both analytical and computational techniques for solving physics problems.
 Regular in-class assessments will be conducted to monitor student progress and
understanding.
 Assignments provided by the course coordinator(s) will be reviewed periodically to
ensure consistent academic engagement.
 Marks for the tutorial component will be awarded in accordance with the
university’s evaluation guidelines.

Course Learning outcome:

After successful completion of the course, students will be able to: Understand and explain
the physical principles governing radioactive decay and nuclear interactions. Analyze the
behavior of nuclear radiation as it passes through matter and interpret relevant parameters
such as range, attenuation, and energy loss. Select and apply appropriate radiation detection
techniques and interpret experimental data using statistical analysis. Demonstrate an
understanding of signal processing techniques and recognize real-world applications of
nuclear science in medicine, industry, and other sectors.

Suggested Reading:
6. Radiation Detection and Measurement by G. F. Knoll (3 rd Ed. John Wiley &
Sons Inc., 2000).
7. Physics & Engineering of Radiation Detection by S. N. Ahmed (Academic
Press, 2007).
8. Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments by W.R. Leo
(Springer-Verlag, 1987).
9. Nuclear Physics, Principles and Applications by J.S. Lilly (John Wiley & Sons
Inc., 2002).
10. Radiation Detection: Concept, Method and Devices by Douglas S. McGregor
and J. Kenneth Shultis (Taylor and Francis, 2020).

51
 MASTER of SCIENCE in PHYSICS
Semester II
Course Code: PH-DSE4115
Course Name: Techniques in Theoretical Physics

Course Title Credit distribution of the course Pre-requisite for the

Credits
and Type Lecture Tutorial Practical course
Techniques in Bachelor's degree in a
Theoretical Physics 4 3 1 0 branch of Science (with
DSE Physics and Mathematics)
Duration: 60 hours (45L+15T)

Course Objectives:
The course will introduce to the students’ basic concepts of finite and infinite groups.
Examples from various fields will be considered. Techniques for solving integral equations
will be learnt. Introduction to Green functions and its construction will be studied.
Contents:

Unit I (10 hours)

Introduction of finite discrete Group: subgroups, classes, cosets, factor groups, normal
subgroups, direct product of groups; Examples: cyclic, symmetric, matrix groups, regular n-
gon. Mappings: homomorphism, isomorphism, automorphism. Representations: reducible
and irreducible representation, unitary representations, Schur's lemma and orthogonality
theorems, characters of representation, direct product of representations.

Unit II (15 hours)

Continuous Group: Review of the continuous groups: Lie groups, rotation and unitary
groups. Representation of SO(2), SO(3), SU(2), SU(3), Tensors. Applications: point groups,
translation and space groups, representation of point groups; introduction to symmetry group
of the Hamiltonian.

Unit III (10 hours)

Integral Equations: Conversion of ordinary differential equations into integral equations,
Fredholm and Volterra integral equations, separable kernels, Fredholm theory, eigen values
and eigen functions.

Unit IV (10 hours)

Green’s functions, Boundary Value Problems, Boundary conditions: Dirichlet and
Neumann; Self-adjoint operators, Sturm-Liouville theory, Eigenfunction expansions.

Tutorial Component: (15 hours)

 The course includes a tutorial segment that is closely integrated with the theoretical
content covered in all the four units.
 Tutorial activities will primarily involve structured problem-solving exercises,
assigned regularly by the course coordinator(s).

52
  These problems will require analytical approaches, encouraging students to apply the
physical principles discussed in the lectures.
 Problem sets will be designed to reflect the conceptual depth of the course and will
challenge students to develop a deeper understanding of the subject.
 Students are expected to attempt and solve these problems independently and present
their solutions during the scheduled tutorial sessions.
 Wherever applicable, numerical methods may also be introduced, allowing students
to use both analytical and computational techniques for solving physics problems.
 Regular in-class assessments will be conducted to monitor student progress and
understanding.
 Assignments provided by the course coordinator(s) will be reviewed periodically to
ensure consistent academic engagement.
 Marks for the tutorial component will be awarded in accordance with the
university’s evaluation guidelines.

Course Learning Outcome:

The understanding of the classification of finite groups will be achieved. Upon completion
of this course, students should be able to use these concepts in various fields, particularity in
crystallography. Students will be able to learn the different analytical techniques for solving
integral equations and construct Green's functions for many important boundary value
problems.

Suggested Reading:
1. Elements of Group Theory for Physicists, A.W. Joshi (John Wiley, 1997).
2. Groups and Symmetry,M. A. Armstrong (Springer, 1988).
3. Advanced Method of Mathematical Physics, R.S. Kaushal & D. Parashar (Narosa, 2008).
4. Group Theory and Its Applications to Physical Problems, M. Hamermesh (Dover, 1989).
5. Chemical Applications of Group Theory, F. Albert Cotton (John Wiley, 1988).
6. Mathematical Methods for Physicists, G. Arfken, H. Weber, & F. Harris (Elsevier, 2012).
7. Linear Integral Equations, W.V. Lovitt (Dover, 2005).
8. Introduction to Integral Equations with Applications, A.J. Jerri (Wiley-Interscience,1999).

53
 MASTER of SCIENCE in PHYSICS
Semester II
Course Code: PH-DSE4216
Course Name: Theoretical Techniques in the Quantum World

Course Title Credit distribution of the course

Credits Requisites for the course
and Type Lecture Tutorial Practical
Pre-requisites: Bachelor's degree in a
Theoretical
branch of Science (with Physics and
Techniques in
Mathematics), and Quantum
the Quantum 4 3 1 0
Mechanics-I in [Link]. Physics Sem-I.
World
Co-requisite: Quantum Mechanics-II
DSE
in [Link]. Physics Sem-II
Duration: 60 hours (45L+15T)

Course Objectives:
To introduce students to a simple and elegant class of quantum mechanical systems with
supersymmetry, and to explore what it can teach us about the geometry of low-dimensional
surfaces.

Contents:

Unit I: Supersymmetry in Quantum Mechanics (11 hours)

Supersymmetry in zero dimensions. Supersymmetry algebra in quantum mechanics and its
implications for the spectrum of quantum mechanical systems. Spontaneous breaking of
supersymmetry. The Witten index. Supersymmetric actions.

Unit II: Path Integrals (11 hours)

Path integrals in quantum mechanics. The partition function and the Witten index as a path
integral. Instantons, tunneling, and the dilute gas approximation. Zero modes and
determinants.

Unit III: Morse Theory (11 hours)

Singular homology and homology groups. Differential forms and de Rham cohomology.
Betti numbers. de Rham’s theorem. Hodge operators. Harmonic forms.

Unit IV: Supersymmetry and Morse Theory (12 hours)

Sigma models. Supersymmetry and Morse theory. Connection to the topology of low-
dimensional surfaces.

Tutorial Component: (15 hours)

 The course includes a tutorial segment that is closely integrated with the theoretical
content covered in all the four units.
 Tutorial activities will primarily involve structured problem-solving exercises,
assigned regularly by the course coordinator(s).

54
  These problems will require analytical approaches, encouraging students to apply the
physical principles discussed in the lectures.
 Problem sets will be designed to reflect the conceptual depth of the course and will
challenge students to develop a deeper understanding of the subject.
 Students are expected to attempt and solve these problems independently and present
their solutions during the scheduled tutorial sessions.
 Wherever applicable, numerical methods may also be introduced, allowing students
to use both analytical and computational techniques for solving physics problems.
 Regular in-class assessments will be conducted to monitor student progress and
understanding.
 Assignments provided by the course coordinator(s) will be reviewed periodically to
ensure consistent academic engagement.
 Marks for the tutorial component will be awarded in accordance with the
university’s evaluation guidelines.

Course Learning Outcome:

Students will learn about supersymmetry in its simplest setting: ordinary quantum
mechanics. They will also learn about its relation to Morse theory and the topology of low-
dimensional surfaces, a beautiful example of the synergy between physics and mathematics.
Students keen on specialising in theoretical high-energy physics and string theory will find
this course particularly useful.

Suggested Reading:
1) Geometry, Topology and Physics, Mikio Nakahara, Taylor & Francis (CRC Press),
2nd Edition, 2003.
2) Mirror Symmetry, Kentaro Hori et. al., American Mathematical Society, Clay
Mathematics Monographs, Volume 1, 2003.

55
 MASTER of SCIENCE in PHYSICS
Semester II
Course Code: PH-SBC4271
Course Name: Workshop skills

Course Title Credit distribution of the course Pre-requisite for the

Credits
and Type Lecture Tutorial Practical course
Workshop skills Bachelor's degree in a
2 0 0 2
SBC branch of Science
Duration: 60 hours

Course objective:
To teach the students how to handle machines which can be useful for precise cutting in lab
accessories useful for experiments.

Content:

Hands-on experience:

Unit-I:
 Lathe machine (Plane turning, step turning, taper turning)
 Drill machine

Unit-II:
 Plate cutting
 Hand tools (hacksaw, drilling, tapping, filing)

Learning outcome:
The student will be confident and skilled for handling lab useables and small repairs .

(Not more than seven students at a time due to space constraints and safety.)

56
 MASTER of SCIENCE in PHYSICS
Semester II
Course Code: PH-SBC4272
Course Name: Computational Physics
Course Title Credit distribution of the course Pre-requisite for the
and Type Credits
Lecture Tutorial Practical course

Computational Physics Bachelor's degree in a

2 0 0 2
SBC branch of Science
Duration: 60 hours

Course Objectives:
This is an introductory course where students will learn the various numerical methods to
solve physics problems through a programming language (Python).

Content:

Unit-I:
 Numerical Integration: Simpson’s rule, Trapezoidal and Gauss Quadrature methods
 Random numbers, Monte Carlo Integration

Unit-II:
 Differential equations: Euler method, Runge-Kutta method
 Application to Physics problems: Schrodinger Equation using iterative method

Course Learning Outcome:

A student having taken the course would be expected to be proficient in numerical methods
using a programming language (Python). In addition, it is also expected that the student
would be able to use the same to solve problems involving Integration and Differential
equations.

Suggested reading:
1. Lab manual for Computational Physics, Department of Physics and Astrophysics,
University of Delhi 2025.
2. [Link]
3. Monte Carlo Simulation in Statistical Physics: An Introduction, Binder, Kurt, Heermann,
Dieter (5th Ed., Springer, 2010)
4. Numerical Analysis, Richard L. Burden, J. Douglas Faires, Annette M. Burden (10th Ed.,
Cengage Learning, 2016)

57
 MASTER of SCIENCE in PHYSICS
Semester II
Course Code: PH-SBC4273
Course Name: Amateur Astronomy

Course Title Credit distribution of the course Pre-requisite for the

and Type Credits
Lecture Tutorial Practical course

Amateur Astronomy Bachelor's degree in a

2 0 0 2
SBC branch of Science
Duration: 60 hours.

Course objectives:
The students taking this course can make cost effective telescopes to enjoy their
astronomy skills.

Content:

Unit-I: Designing of an optical telescope.

Unit-II:
 Projection of sun and counting the sun spots
 Identification of celestial objects.

Course Learning Outcome:

The students will participate actively in designing telescopes and conducting
measurements for celestial objects.

58
 MASTER of SCIENCE in PHYSICS
Semester II
Course Code: PH-SBC4274
Course Name: Magnet design and simulation

Course Title Credit distribution of the course Pre-requisite for the

and Type Credits
Lecture Tutorial Practical course
Magnet design and
Bachelor's degree in a
simulation 2 1 0 1
branch of Science
SBC
Duration: 45 hours (15L+30P)

Course Objectives:

To impart foundational knowledge on the principles and engineering design of magnetic

systems used in accelerators, beamlines, and scientific instrumentation. To classify and
analyze the operation of various types of magnets (dipole, quadrupole, sextupole, etc.). To
equip students with simulation and analytical skills necessary for magnet design. To
understand the thermal, structural, and magnetic field considerations during the design of
static and dynamic magnetic systems.

Course Contents:

Unit I
 Introduction to Magnet Design: Magnetic field and flux density basics, B-H
curves, permeability, hysteresis, Classification: dipole, quadrupole, sextupole,
solenoid.
 Magnetic Materials and Core Selection: Soft and hard magnetic materials,
Laminated cores, yoke design, material properties (µr, saturation), Magnetization
curves and losses.
 Dipole Magnet Design: Principle of uniform magnetic field generation, Pole face
shaping, air gap design,Analytical expression for magnetic field and flux in C-
type and H-type cores.
 Quadrupole Magnet Design: Field gradient, pole tip profile, Rotational
symmetry and mechanical tolerances, Equations of motion for charged particles
in quadrupole fields. Sextupole and Higher Order Multipoles: Field expansion,
nonlinear field components, Correction of chromatic aberrations using sextupoles,
Applications in beam focusing and correction.
 Magnetic Circuit and Reluctance: Ampere’s Law and magnetic equivalent
circuits, Calculation of magneto-motive force (MMF), reluctance, flux,
Application to closed and open magnetic paths.
 Coil and Conductor Design: Current density, number of turns, cross-section,
Insulation, cooling channels, bus bars, Power supplies and magnet energization.

Unit II
 Thermal and Structural Considerations: Joule heating, eddy currents, thermal
management, Mechanical stresses, Lorentz forces, Cooling methods: water, oil,
cryogenic.
59
  Fringe Fields and Field Mapping: Edge field effects, shielding, Field mapping
using Hall probes and rotating coils, Magnetic center alignment.
 Field Quality and Tolerances: Harmonic analysis, Measurement techniques,
Effect of geometric errors.
 Pulsed Magnets and Eddy Currents, Pulsed dipoles and kickers, Skin effect,
rise time, and decay time, Eddy current suppression and laminated cores.
 Superconducting Magnet Design (Introductory): Benefits of superconductors
in magnet design, Cryostat and quench protection basics, Applications in large
accelerators.
 Overview of Indian and Global Magnet Projects: Magnet design at RRCAT,
VECC, IUAC, CERN, BNL, and KEK, Industry-academia collaborations,
Indigenous magnet manufacturing and QA practices.

Skill Development Lab & Simulation:

 Tools & Platforms: FEMM (Finite Element Method Magnetics) – Free 2D
simulation,
 Opera/TOSCA – Commercial (if available),
 COMSOL Multiphysics – 2D/3D magnetostatics module, Python/Matlab for
analytical calculations.

Lab Activities:

Lab Exercise Tool Description

Create geometry, assign boundary
1 Introduction to FEMM FEMM
conditions
Compute field lines and flux density in
2 2D Dipole Simulation FEMM
dipole geometry
Analytical Calculation of
3 Python/Manual Compare with FEMM result
Dipole Field
Quadrupole Field Compute field gradient, plot field
4 FEMM
Simulation contours
5 Pole Tip Shaping FEMM Investigate effects of different profiles
Magnetic Circuit
6 Python/Excel Calculate MMF and reluctance
Calculation
Sextupole Design
7 FEMM Design and visualize higher-order field
Simulation
Eddy Current Loss FEMM/
8 Pulsed magnet simulation
Estimation COMSOL
3D Magnet Design Field distribution visualization (if
9 COMSOL
Overview available)
Comparison of Magnetic
10 FEMM Simulate using different B-H curves
Materials
Power loss and cooling requirement
11 Cooling Analysis Manual/Excel
estimation
Simulation of Field
12 FEMM Simulate rotating coil/Hall probe path
Mapping

Course Learning Outcome:

Upon successful completion of this course, students will be able to: Describe the design
principles and physical function of static magnets used in beam control and steering.
Compute magnetic field distributions, gradients, and forces analytically for simple
60
geometries. Use electromagnetic simulation software (e.g., FEMM, Opera, COMSOL)
for modeling 2D/3D magnet systems. Analyze key design constraints including
saturation, eddy current losses, and cooling requirements.

Suggested Reading:

1. Design of Permanent Magnet Multipole Devices, Klaus Halbach & Richard F.

Holsinger, (Volume:10553, Technical Report, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory,
LBL, 1976).
2. Field Computation for Accelerator Magnets, Stefan Russenschuck (3rd Edition,
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2018).
3. Iron Dominated Electromagnets, Jack T. Tanabe (2nd Edition, World Scientific
Publishing, 2005).
4. Magnet Design: Theory and Practice, W. T. Norris, (on behalf of the IEE) (1st
Edition, Peter Peregrinus Ltd., 1983).
5. FEMM Documentation and Online Tutorials, David Meeker (Distributed via
FEMM Software Website, Version 4.2 or latest, 2015).

61
 MASTER of SCIENCE in PHYSICS
Semester II
Course Code: PH-SBC4275
Course Name: Data Interpretation and Simulation
Course Title Credit distribution of the course Pre-requisite for the
Credits
and Type Lecture Tutorial Practical course
Data Interpretation
Bachelor's degree in a
and Simulation 2 1 0 1
branch of Science
SBC
Duration: 45 hours (15L+30P)
Course Objectives:
To develop the ability to interpret, analyze, and present scientific data using modern
computational tools. To provide hands-on experience with ROOT (CERN), Origin, and
Python for data analysis and visualization. To introduce basic simulation techniques for
modeling physical phenomena and experimental processes. To enhance skills required for
scientific reporting and reproducible research in experimental/theoretical physics.
Contents:
Unit I: Data Handling and analysis with Python (8 hours)
● Types of data: experimental, simulated, observational

● Basic statistics: mean, median, standard deviation, error bars

● Introduction to GNUPlot: plotting, curve fitting, peak analysis

● Data import/export, managing datasets, graphical presentation

● Basics of Python: variables, loops, functions

● NumPy, Pandas, and Matplotlib for data handling and visualization

● Linear regression, curve fitting using SciPy

● Plotting histograms, scatter plots, error bars, etc.

Unit II: Introduction to ROOT (CERN) and Simulation Techniques (7 hours)

● Overview of ROOT and its architecture

● Working with histograms, trees, and graphs

● Data fitting, statistical tools, multi-plotting

● ROOT scripting (C++ and PyROOT) basics

● Concept of numerical simulation

● Monte Carlo method basics

● Simulation of physical processes (radioactive decay, random walk, detector

response)
● Visualization of simulation output
62
Laboratory Work (30 hours)
Hands-on assignments based on:
● GNUPlot: Curve fitting, interpolation, error analysis

● Python: Reading and visualizing experimental data, statistical analysis

● ROOT: Creating histograms, performing fits, simulating data

● Mini project involving data analysis and basic simulation of a physical phenomenon
(e.g., particle interaction, decay process, or signal response)

Course Learning Outcome:

Upon successful completion of this course, students will be able to: Interpret and statistically
analyze experimental and simulated data using scientific software. Visualize and fit data
using tools such as Python, GNUPlot, and ROOT. Simulate basic physical systems and
analyze outcomes in comparison to real datasets. Generate scientific plots and reports
suitable for publications or thesis work.

Suggested Reading:
1. Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Sciences, Bevington and
Robinson.
2. Think Stats: Exploratory Data Analysis in Python, Allen B. Downey.
3. ROOT User’s Guide – CERN Documentation ([Link]
4. Mark Newman's Computational Physics.
5. Python Documentation – [Link]

63
 MASTER of SCIENCE in PHYSICS
Semester II
Course Code: PH-SBC4276
Course Name: Electronic circuit and simulation
Course Title Credit distribution of the course Pre-requisite for the
Credits
and Code Lecture Tutorial Practical course
Electronic circuit
Bachelor's degree in a
and simulation 2 0 0 2
branch of Science
SBC
Duration: 60 hours.

Course objective:
The students will get the opportunity to build and test different electronic circuits using
softwares.

Content:

Unit-I: Labview training.

Unit-II: Pspice training.

Course Learning Outcome:

The students will be able to engineer different electronic circuits for real world utilization.

64
 MASTER of SCIENCE in PHYSICS
Semester II
Course Code: PH-SBC4277
Course Name: Strategies for Scientific Dialogue in Research

Course Title Credit distribution of the course Pre-requisite for the

Credits
and Type Lecture Tutorial Practical course
Strategies for Scientific
Bachelor’s degree in a
Dialogue in Research 2 1 0 1
branch of Science
SBC
Duration: 45 hours (15L+30P)

Course Objectives:
The course is designed to develop and strengthen students' ability to communicate scientific
ideas clearly and effectively, both in written and oral formats. It aims to expose students to
cutting-edge research through seminars delivered by faculty members and invited experts.
Emphasis is on cultivating skills in scientific literature review, critical analysis, and academic
discourse. The course also prepares students for academic presentations, thesis defenses, and
professional scientific interactions. Recognizing that many students produce excellent
research but struggle to present it effectively, this course seeks to bridge that crucial gap.

Course Structure and Activities:

UNIT -I (15 hours)

Lecture Attendance & Research Exposure:

➢ Students must attend a minimum of 10 research lectures organized by the

department. These may include:
1. Presentations by department faculty on their current research.
2. Lectures by invited national or international experts.
➢ Students will submit comprehensive summaries (approx. 400–500 words) of at least
five selected lectures, highlighting key concepts, methods, and findings.

UNIT -II (30 hours)

Seminar Preparation and Delivery:

➢ Students will be assigned a research topic or paper, drawn from current research
themes or courses offered in the [Link]. syllabus.
➢ They will receive study materials, including relevant papers, reviews, or resources
from the faculty.
➢ Each student must prepare a written synopsis (~800–1000 words) on the assigned
topic.

65
 ➢ Students will then present a seminar (15–20 minutes) based on their understanding,
followed by a Q&A session.

The course is structured in the spirit of a Dissertation under the DSE category, but with lower
credit weightage and, accordingly, reduced academic rigor. As such, the number of hours
assigned is indicative rather than prescriptive, intended to reflect the approximate level of
effort expected.

Assessment and Evaluation:

Components
a) Participation in Departmental Lectures.
b) Written Summaries of Attended Lectures.
c) Written Review of Assigned Research Topic.
d) Seminar Presentation (Content, Clarity, Delivery).

Evaluation will be conducted by

a) A three-member departmental committee for the overall course.
b) A two-member subcommittee for seminar presentation evaluation.

Notes for Implementation:

➢ Attendance at department seminars will be tracked.

➢ Students may optionally include key questions or insights from each attended lecture.
➢ Emphasis will be on communication skills, depth of understanding, organization of
content, and response to questions.
➢ This course encourages peer learning and academic engagement beyond classroom.

Course Learning Outcome:

Upon successful completion of the course, students will be able to: Comprehend and
effectively communicate recent research developments in physics and allied disciplines.
Summarize and synthesize scientific literature with clarity, coherence, and critical insight.
Prepare and deliver well-structured, confident, and audience-appropriate scientific
presentations. Engage thoughtfully in scholarly discussions and respond competently to
academic queries. This course will be particularly beneficial for students planning to
undertake project work or a dissertation in the third and fourth semesters.

66
 Details of Content of General Elective (GE) courses
(to be offered to students of other departments as well in the form of Open electives)

MASTER of SCIENCE in PHYSICS

Semester I/II/III/IV
Course Code: PH-GEC0001
Course Name: Radiation Safety

Course Title Credit distribution of the course

Credits Pre-requisite for the course
and Type Lecture Tutorial Practical
Radiation Safety Bachelor’s degree in any
4 3 1 0
GEC discipline
Duration: 60 hours (45L+15T)

Course Objectives:
This course is aimed to introduce the student to practical aspects of nuclear radiation with an
understanding of basic quantities and doses, the role of fundamental processes involved in
the interaction of X- rays, gamma-rays, charged particles and neutrons with matter, the
principles underlying the operation of nuclear detection/dosimetry instruments, areas of
applications, awareness of the need and methods for safety protocols for radioactive material
and environmental safety.

Contents:
Unit I (8 hours)
Basics of Radiation: Origin of radiation, binding energy and Q-value, stable and unstable
isotopes, radioactive decay (alpha, beta, neutron and electromagnetic transitions), mean life
and half life, nuclear reactions, concept of cross sections and attenuation co-efficients,
Neutron flus, kinematics of nuclear reactions. Slowing down and moderation. Basic idea of
different units of activity, radiation quantities: exposure, absorbed dose, equivalent dose,
effective dose, collective equivalent dose, quality factor, radiation and tissue weighting
factors, KERMA, Annual Limit of Intake (ALI) and Derived Air Concentration (DAC).

Unit II (15 hours)

Devices for radiation measurement and survey: Radiation interaction with matter.
Introduction to types of radiation detectors: semiconductor, scintillator and gas detectors
(Geiger-Muller counters, ionisation chamber and proportional counters) Principles of
radiation counting statistics, dead time and calibration standards. Types of Radiation
Dosimeters: thermoluminescence, radiographic films, calorimetry, semiconductor diodes;
Relation between detection and dosimetry; exposure measurements with free air
[Link] ofionising and non-ionising radiation at the cellular level. Application of
Nuclear techniques: Medical science (e.g., MRI, PET, Projection Imaging Gamma Camera,
Radiation therapy), Art & Archaeology, Art, Crime detection, Oil & Mining, Water
assessment, Industrial usage: Tracing, Gauging, Material modification, Sterilization, Food
preservation.
67
Unit III (12 hours)
Radiation Protection Standards: Classification of radioactive sources, Radiation dose to
individuals from natural radioactivity in the environment and man-made sources, Basic
concept of radiation protection standards: historical background, International Commission
of Radiological Protection and its recommendations, the system of radiological protection,
justification of practice, optimization of protection and individual limits, radiation and tissue
weighting factors, committed equivalent dose, committed effective dose, concept of
collective dose, potential exposures, dose and dose constraints, system of protection for
invention-categories of exposures-Occupational, Public and Medical exposures, Permissible
levels for neutron flux, factors governing internal exposure-Radionuclide concentration in air
and water –ALI, DAC and contamination levels, effects of inhaled radionuclides on
biological systems, impact on humans and society.
Unit IV (10 hours)
Regulations, Monitoring, & Radioactive Waste Management: Evaluation of external
radiation hazard-effect of distance, tome and shielding, shielding calculation, personnel and
area monitoring-internal radiation hazards, radio toxicity of different radio nuclides and the
classification of laboratories, control of contamination-bioassay and air monitoring, chemical
protection, Radiation accidents and disaster monitoring, Sources & classification of
Radioactive waste, permissible limits for disposal of waste, general method of disposal,
storage management of radioactive waste in facilities. Responsibilities of operator,
regulatory bodies, and government.
Tutorial Component: (15 hours)

 The course includes a tutorial segment that is closely integrated with the theoretical
content covered in all the four units.
 Tutorial activities will primarily involve structured problem-solving exercises,
assigned regularly by the course coordinator(s).
 These problems will require analytical approaches, encouraging students to apply the
physical principles discussed in the lectures.
 Problem sets will be designed to reflect the conceptual depth of the course and will
challenge students to develop a deeper understanding of the subject.
 Students are expected to attempt and solve these problems independently and present
their solutions during the scheduled tutorial sessions.
 Wherever applicable, numerical methods may also be introduced, allowing students
to use both analytical and computational techniques for solving physics problems.
 Regular in-class assessments will be conducted to monitor student progress and
understanding.
 Assignments provided by the course coordinator(s) will be reviewed periodically to
ensure consistent academic engagement.
 Marks for the tutorial component will be awarded in accordance with the
university’s evaluation guidelines.

Course Learning Outcome:

A knowledge of the principle of operation of various radiation detectors, understanding of
radiation dose calculation and permissible doses for different levels of users, and radiation
68
effects, an understanding of instrumentation in practical situations, awareness about the
management of radioactive material, and adherence to safety protocols,

Suggested Reading:
1. Nuclear and Particle Physics, W. E. Burcham and M. Jobes (Pearson Education,
1995)
2. Radiation detection and measurement, G. F. Knoll (4th Ed., Wiley, 2010)
3. Thermoluninescense Dosimetry, Mcknlay, A. F., Bristol, Adam Hilger (Medical
Physics Hand book 5)
4. Fundamental Physics of Radiology, W. J. Meredith and J. B. Massey (John Wright
and Sons, 1989)
5. An Introduction to Radiation Protection, A. Martin and S. A. Harbisor (John Willey
& Sons, 1981)
6. Medical Radiation Physics, W. R. Hendee (Medical Publishers Inc., 1981)
7. Nuclear Physics : Principles and applications, John Lilley (Wiley, 2001)
8. Physics and Engineering of Radiation Detection, Syed Naeem Ahmed (2 nd Ed.,
Elsevier, 2014)
9. Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments, W.R. Leo (2 nd Ed.,
Springer, 2013)
10. IAEA Publications : (a) General safety requirements Part 1, No. GSR Part 1 (2010),
Part 3 No. GSR Part 3 (Interium) (2010); (b)Safety Standards Series No. RS-G-1.5
(2002), Rs-G-1.9 (2005), Safety Series No. 120 (1996); (c) Safety Guide GS-G-2.1
(2007).
11. AERB Safety Guide (Guide No. AERB/RF-RS/SG-1), Security of radioactive sources
in radiation facilities.
12. AERB Safety Standard No. AERB/SS/3 (Rev. 1), Testing and Classification of sealed
Radioactivity Sources.

69
 MASTER of SCIENCE in PHYSICS
Semester I/II/III/IV
Course Code: PH-GEC0002
Course Name: Introductory Astronomy

Course Title Credit distribution of the course Pre-requisite for the

Credits
and Type Lecture Tutorial Practical course
Introductory Astronomy Bachelor’s degree in
4 3 1 0
GEC any discipline

Duration: 60 hours (45L+15T)

Course Objectives:
Since this course is an open elective, with students from diverse background opting for it, the
primary objective is to impart a basic knowledge about the oldest branch of physical science
in a conceptual mode, relying less on mathematics and more on physical understanding.
Since exciting developments have been taking place in astronomy of 20 th and 21st centuries,
with India playing crucial roles, the aim is to enable students to have a flavour of both
historical and modern aspects so that they acquire a perspective of their place in the universe.

Contents:

Unit I (7 hours)
Antiquity of astronomy: Planets and stars in Egyptian and Babylonian civilizations; Possible
reference to stars and planets in Indus Valley Civilization; stars and constellations in Rig
Veda as well as in other vedic literature; reference to Halley's comet in a Babylonian clay
tablet; Far Eastern astronomy - comets and Crab supernova; Reference to cosmic objects in
mythologies, Classic literature and science fictions.

Early astronomical measurements: Measurement of Earth's radius by Eratosthenes; Lunar

and solar motion studies by Hipparchus - equinoxes and solstices, lunar and solar eclipses;
Aryabhatta I and his seminal contributions to astronomy - relative motion, spinning Earth,
eclipses, etc.; Varahamihira, Brahmagupta and other siddhantic astronomers of India;
symbiotic relation between mathematics and astronomy; evidence of the precession of
equinox from vedic literature; Jai Singh and his Jantar Mantar.

Unit II (12 hours)

Solar system: geocentric model - Ptolemy, Tycho Brahe and Samanta Chandrasekhar;
retrograde motion of Mars and theory of epicycles; Copernicus and the heliocentric model;
Kepler's laws of planetary motions - a formulation based on a set of mathematical laws for
the first time in physical sciences; Galileo's pioneering work - length and time measurements,
telescope, lunar craters, moons of Jupiter, rings of Saturn, corroboration of Copernican
model, Pisa tower and equivalence principle.

Laws of gravitation: motion of the Moon around the Earth, falling bodies, Newton's genius;
Halley's comet and laws of gravity; importance of gravity as a force in astronomy; Physics
of the Sun; Thermonuclear reactions; discovery of Neptune and Pluto; asteroid belt, meteors
and comets; Tidal forces and the oceanic tides; precession of equinox and change of seasons;
dating Rig veda using the precession of equinox; Distances - parallax method; standard
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candles - Cepheid variables and Henrietta Leavitt, Type Ia Supernovae; Spectroscopy -
atomic spectra, emission and absorption lines, their widths and Doppler shifts.

Unit III (18 hours)

Stellar population and Hertzsprung-Russell diagram; Meghnad Saha, ionized element, Saha
equation and birth of astrophysics; Wilson-Bappu effect and stellar distances; Stellar
structure and evolution- evolution of low mass stars and high mass stars; white dwarfs -
Fowler, Chandrasekhar and Eddington; Chandrasekhar's mass limit; Baade and Zwicky -
supernova and neutron stars; supernova explosion; pulsars.

Milky Way and other galaxies: Shapley-Curtis debate; measurement of Doppler shift in
emission lines by Humason, Slipher and Hubble; Cepheid variable and distances of galaxies;
Classification of galaxies - spirals, ellipticals, irregulars, dwarfs, lenticulars, etc.; Hubble's
law and birth of cosmology as a scientific discipline; Big bang and steady state models;
Hoyle-Narlikar cosmology; Radio source counts, evolution of radio-sources and setback to
steady-state theory; angular resolution, radio interferometry and large baselines; detection of
apparent superluminal motion; radio telescopes in India - Govind Swarup and collaborators.

Unit IV (8 hours)
The Universe: Penzias, Wilson and the cosmic microwave background; corroboration of
thermal history in big bang cosmology as predicted by Gamow and his collaborators; Big
bang model, singularity and Raychaudhuri equation; clusters of galaxies; Zwicky and the
dark matter; observed large scale structure; Vera Rubin and the evidence of dark matter from
galactic rotation curves; Type Ia supernovae and accelerating universe; the puzzle of dark
energy; new astronomy - X-ray and gamma ray astronomy, gravitational waves, neutrino
astronomy, 30 metre telescope and the square kilometre array; discovery of exoplanets.

Tutorial Component: (15 hours)

 The course includes a tutorial segment that is closely integrated with the theoretical
content covered in all the four units.
 Tutorial activities will primarily involve structured problem-solving exercises,
assigned regularly by the course coordinator(s).
 These problems will require analytical approaches, encouraging students to apply the
physical principles discussed in the lectures.
 Problem sets will be designed to reflect the conceptual depth of the course and will
challenge students to develop a deeper understanding of the subject.
 Students are expected to attempt and solve these problems independently and present
their solutions during the scheduled tutorial sessions.
 Wherever applicable, numerical methods may also be introduced, allowing students
to use both analytical and computational techniques for solving physics problems.
 Regular in-class assessments will be conducted to monitor student progress and
understanding.
 Assignments provided by the course coordinator(s) will be reviewed periodically to
ensure consistent academic engagement.
 Marks for the tutorial component will be awarded in accordance with the
university’s evaluation guidelines.

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Course Learning Outcome:
A historical perspective of the development of Astronomy. Conceptual understanding of
basic principles involved. A flavour of current developments in this field and India’s role in
them. Appreciation of laws of nature that are discovered on Earth but which explain
successfully distant cosmic objects and the universe as a whole

Suggested Reading:
1. The Physical Universe, Frank Shu (University Science Books, 1982)
2. Cosmology: The Science of the Universe, Edward Harrison (Cambridge University
Press, 2000)
3. From Black Clouds to Black Holes, J. V. Narlikar (World Scientific, 1985)
4. Archeoastronomy - Introduction to the Science of Stars and Stones, Giulio Magli
(Springer, 2016)

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 MASTER of SCIENCE in PHYSICS
Semester I
Course Code: PH-GEC0003
Course Name: Complex System & Networks

Course Title Credit distribution of the course

Credits Pre-requisites for the course
and Type Lecture Tutorial Practical
Complex System Bachelor’s degree in a branch of
& Networks 4 3 1 0 Science, and Mathematics as a
GEC subject in Classes XI, XII
Duration: 60 hours (45L+15T)

Objectives:
This course deals with the interdisciplinary subject of complex systems, that include, among
others, living organisms, ecosystems and human societies. The course emphasizes a unifying
theme – complex networks – that cuts across all these systems. It develops the mathematical
tools of graph theory and dynamical systems to provide insight into the structure, dynamics
and evolution of a variety of complex systems in the physical sciences, life sciences, social
sciences and engineering.

Contents:
Unit I (7 hours)
Overview: Examples of complex systems: organisms, brains, ecosystems, societies, the
internet. Components of these systems: molecules, cells, species, agents, computers.
Collective phenomena exhibited by these systems. Contrast with other collective
phenomena in physics such as phase transitions. Adaptive nature of these systems.

Unit II (10 hours)

Graph theory and the network structure of complex systems: Complex networks of
interaction as a unifying theme underlying complex systems. Undirected, directed and
bipartite graphs, hypergraphs. Adjacency matrix of a graph. Graph theoretic measures of
network structure. Random graph ensembles, small-world, scale-free, hierarchical and
autocatalytic graphs. Network motifs. Nature of graphs that arise in various complex systems

Unit III (14 hours)

Dynamics of complex systems: Dynamics on a fixed network. Examples of continuous and
discrete dynamical systems to be taken from various complex systems such as chemical
networks, metabolic networks, ecological food webs, genetic regulatory circuits, neural
networks, social and economic networks, epidemiological networks. Fixed point and limit
cycle attractors of these systems. The influence of network structure on dynamics.

Unit IV (14 hours)

Evolution of complex systems: How networks change over time. Preferential attachment
model of scale free networks. The origin of life puzzle. Model of autocatalytic network

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evolution and self-organization of a complex network. Community assembly models in
ecology. Evolution of biological and social networks. Crashes and recoveries in complex
systems. Robustness and fragility of complex systems.

Tutorial Component: (15 hours)

 The course includes a tutorial segment that is closely integrated with the theoretical
content covered in all the four units.
 Tutorial activities will primarily involve structured problem-solving exercises,
assigned regularly by the course coordinator(s).
 These problems will require analytical approaches, encouraging students to apply the
physical principles discussed in the lectures.
 Problem sets will be designed to reflect the conceptual depth of the course and will
challenge students to develop a deeper understanding of the subject.
 Students are expected to attempt and solve these problems independently and present
their solutions during the scheduled tutorial sessions.
 Wherever applicable, numerical methods may also be introduced, allowing students
to use both analytical and computational techniques for solving physics problems.
 Regular in-class assessments will be conducted to monitor student progress and
understanding.
 Assignments provided by the course coordinator(s) will be reviewed periodically to
ensure consistent academic engagement.
 Marks for the tutorial component will be awarded in accordance with the
university’s evaluation guidelines.

Course Learning Outcome:

Being able to appreciate that complex networks of interacting components underlie many
complex systems studied under different disciplines. Learning the similarities and differences
between complex systems from the perspective of network [Link] certain
mathematical methods of graph theory and dynamical [Link] able to apply these
methods to characterize the structure of various complex systems and to model certain
phenomena exhibited by them.

Suggested Reading:
1. Networks: An Introduction, M. E. J. Newman (Oxford University Press, 2010).
2. Origins of Order, Stuart Kauffman (Oxford University Press, 1993).
3. Handbook of Graphs and Networks: From the Genome to the Internet, S. Bornholdt
and H.-[Link] (Wiley-VCH, 2003).
4. Dynamics of Complex Systems, Yaneer Bar Yam (Perseus Books, 1997)

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 MASTER of SCIENCE in PHYSICS
Semester I/II/III/IV
Course Code: PH-GEC0004
Course Name: Physics of Biological Systems

Course Title Credit distribution of the course

Credits Pre-requisites for the course
and Type Lecture Tutorial Practical
Physics of Bachelor’s degree in any
Biological Systems 4 3 1 0 branch of Science, and Biology
GEC as a subject in Classes XI, XII
Duration: 60 hours (45L+15T)
Course Objectives
This open elective course will introduce students to selected biological phenomena from the
point of view of physics, emphasizing quantitative regularities. It will enable students from
non-biology backgrounds to gain an overview of living systems, and those from biology
backgrounds to perform mathematical modelling of certain biological processes.

Contents:

Unit I (10 hours)

Length and time scales in biology: Types, sizes and roles of biomolecules - metabolites,
proteins, RNA, and DNA. Ranges of cell sizes and interdivision time scales,. Ranges of
organism sizes and lifetimes, Scaling laws in biology, Complexity of living systems,
Timeline of life on Earth, Time scales in biological evolution. Experimental techniques.

Unit II (14 hours)

Cellular dynamics: Dynamical systems, coupled ordinary differential equations, Phenomena
and models of intracellular chemical dynamics. Reaction-diffusion systems, Ecological
interactions: Predator-prey model.
The brain: Dynamics of a single neuron, Neural networks, Learning, Memories as attractors
of neural network dynamics.

Unit III (9 hours)

Information in living systems: Probability, entropy and information, Applications of
Information theory in genetics. Brownian motion of colloids.

Unit IV (12 hours)

Random walk in d=1,2,3 and Self-avoidance, classification and conformations of polymers
and related Scaling, structures of DNA, simulation methods and related experiments.

Tutorial Component: (15 hours)

 The course includes a tutorial segment that is closely integrated with the theoretical
content covered in all the four units.
 Tutorial activities will primarily involve structured problem-solving exercises,
assigned regularly by the course coordinator(s).
75
  These problems will require analytical approaches, encouraging students to apply the
physical principles discussed in the lectures.
 Problem sets will be designed to reflect the conceptual depth of the course and will
challenge students to develop a deeper understanding of the subject.
 Students are expected to attempt and solve these problems independently and present
their solutions during the scheduled tutorial sessions.
 Wherever applicable, numerical methods may also be introduced, allowing students
to use both analytical and computational techniques for solving physics problems.
 Regular in-class assessments will be conducted to monitor student progress and
understanding.
 Assignments provided by the course coordinator(s) will be reviewed periodically to
ensure consistent academic engagement.
 Marks for the tutorial component will be awarded in accordance with the
university’s evaluation guidelines.

Course Learning Outcome:

Gain knowledge of structures and processes in living systems at multiple length and time
scales, including at the level of molecules, cells, multi-cellular organisms and ecosystems.
Appreciate that life is a consequence of physical processes at the molecular level. Learn
certain mathematical methods of dynamical systems, probability and information theory.
Also, to learn a few techniques for numerical simulations of proteins or biopolymers. Be able
to apply these methods to model certain biological phenomena

Suggested Reading:
1. Physics in Molecular Biology, Kim Sneppen and Giovanni Zocchi (CUP 2005).
2. Biological Physics: Energy, Information, Life, Philip Nelson (W.H. Freeman & Co,
NY, 2004).
3. Biophysics: Searching for Principles, William Bialek (Princeton University Press,
2012).
4. Physical Biology of the Cell (2nd Edition), Rob Phillips et al (Garland Science, Taylor
& Francis Group, 2013).
5. An Introduction to Systems Biology, Uri Alon (Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2013).
6. Mathematical Biology: I. An Introduction, J.D. Murray (3rd Ed., Springer, 2004).

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 MASTER of SCIENCE in PHYSICS
Semester I/II/III/IV
Course Code: PH-GEC0005
Course Name: Physics Education

Course Title Credit distribution of the course

Credits Pre-requisites for the course
and Type Lecture Tutorial Practical
Bachelor’s degree in any
Physics Education
4 3 1 0 discipline, and Physics as a
GEC
subject in Classes XI, XII
Duration: 60 hours (45L+15T)
Course Objectives:
This course will develop pedagogic knowledge for teaching-learning of physics informed by
global best praxis. It will delineate procedural and content knowledge for meaningful
laboratory work; and design of appropriate technology enhanced active learning
environments.

Contents:
Unit I (5 hours)
Foundations of Teaching-Learning of Physics: Goals of physics teaching. Beliefs and
Epistemological Expectations and how they impact teaching-learning of physics. Theoretical
models of student learning. Structure of knowledge. Difference between novice learners and
experts. Theories of cognition. Constructivist and social theories of learning. Guided Enquiry
and Active Learning. Engendering cognitive change.

Unit II (12 hours)

Effective Teaching-Learning Strategies: Models of Classroom. Traditional instructor centred
environment vs Active engagement student centred environment. Physics Education
Research (PER): What works and what does not work. Designing Lecture based effective
instruction methods: Concept Tests; Peer Instruction; Interactive Lecture demonstrations;
Just in Time Teaching; Interactive Tutorials; Cooperative Problem Solving. Modeling.
Problem Solving. Enhancing learning through peer, group and collaborative work. Cognitive
Apprenticeship. Research-based curricula: Developing hands-on activities. Developing
Interactive worksheets/Tutorials.

Unit III (12 hours)

Evaluating Conceptual Learning: Formative and Summative evaluation. Designing
examinations. Types of questions: MCQ, Representation-translation questions, ranking tasks,
context-based reasoning problems, estimation problems, qualitative questions, essay
questions. Domain knowledge content surveys and concept probes (Mechanics, Electricity
and Magnetism, Vectors, Quantum Mechanics etc).

Unit IV (16 hours)

Learning in the Lab: Students understanding of nature of scientific investigation and its
influence on lab work. Student’s perception of concepts of statistics, errors of observation,
reliability and validity of observations; graphical representation of data and impact on

77
performance. Developing Procedural and Conceptual Knowledge (PACK) in the Laboratory.
Learning to design open-ended experiments and verify hypotheses. Assessment of
performance.

Technology Enhanced Learning Environments: Appropriate use of technology. Developing

Demonstration experiments and hands-on activities for conceptual learning. Sensor based
Data Acquisition Laboratories. Integrating Simulations, Visualization, Video, Modeling for
conceptual learning. Designing Technology Enhanced Active Learning. Future of classroom.

Tutorial Component: (15 hours)

 The course includes a tutorial segment that is closely integrated with the theoretical
content covered in all the four units.
 Tutorial activities will primarily involve structured problem-solving exercises,
assigned regularly by the course coordinator(s).
 These problems will require analytical approaches, encouraging students to apply the
physical principles discussed in the lectures.
 Problem sets will be designed to reflect the conceptual depth of the course and will
challenge students to develop a deeper understanding of the subject.
 Students are expected to attempt and solve these problems independently and present
their solutions during the scheduled tutorial sessions.
 Wherever applicable, numerical methods may also be introduced, allowing students
to use both analytical and computational techniques for solving physics problems.
 Regular in-class assessments will be conducted to monitor student progress and
understanding.
 Assignments provided by the course coordinator(s) will be reviewed periodically to
ensure consistent academic engagement.
 Marks for the tutorial component will be awarded in accordance with the
university’s evaluation guidelines.

Course Learning Outcome:

Understanding theoretical framework of how students learn; familiarity with range of
effective strategies for teaching-learning; evaluating and enhancing student’s conceptual
understanding of physics and problem solving abilities; developing effective learning in the
lab and open-ended investigations; designing technology enhanced active learning
environments;. Designing effective assessment and evaluation tools for student learning;
developing innovative teaching-learning resources and curricula.

Suggested Reading:
1. Teaching Introductory Physics, Arnold Arons (John Wiley and Sons Inc., 1997).
2. Teaching Physics with the Physics Suite, Edward F. Redish (John Wiley and
Sons Inc., 2003).
3. Teaching and Learning in the Science Laboratory, Dimitris Psillos and Hans
Niedderer (Editors) (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002).
4. Understanding Basic Mechanics, Frederick Reif (John Wiley and Sons Inc.,
1995).
5. Peer Instruction, Eric Mazur (Prentice Hall, 1997).

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6. Physics by Inquiry. Vol. I and II., Lillian C. Mc Dermott (John Wiley and Sons
Inc., 1996).
7. Workshop Physics. The Physics Suite. Priscilla, W. Laws (John Wiley and Sons
Inc., 2004)
8. Real Time Physics Active Learning Laboratories. The Physics Suite, David R.
Sokoloff, Ronld K. Thornton, Priscilla W. Laws (John Wiley and Sons Inc.,
2004)
9. Activity Based Tutorials. The Physics Suite, Michael C. Wittmann, Richard N.
Steinberg, Edward F. Redish and the University of Maryland Physics Education
Research Group (John Wiley and Sons Inc., 2004)
10. Tutorials in Introductory Physics, Lillian C. Mc Dermott, Peter S. Shaffer and
the Physics Education Research Group (John Wiley and Sons Inc., 2003)
11. Modelling in Physics and Physics Education, Proceedings of the GIREP
Conference 2006. Ed van den Berg, Ton Ellermeijer and Onne Slooten. GIREP
2006.
12. Five Easy Lessons: Strategies for Successful Physics Teaching, Randall D.
Knight.

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