YADAVINDRA PUBLIC SCHOOL, S.A.S.
NAGAR (MOHALI)
RESOURCE SHEET - CLASS XII -O
CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER - SOLUTIONS
1. A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more chemically non-reacting substances.A solution
may be classified as solid, liquid or a gaseous solution.
2. Solubility is defined as the amount of solute in a saturated solution per 100g of a solvent.
3. The solubility of a gas in a liquid depends upon
(a) the nature of the gas and the nature of the liquid,
(b) the temperature of the system, and
(c) the pressure of the gas.
4. Henry’s Law states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid at a given temperature in directly proportional
to the partial pressure of the gas Mathematically, P = KHX where P is the partial pressure of the gas; and
X is the mole fraction of the gas in the solution and KH is Henry’s Law constant.
5. The vapour pressure of a liquid is the pressure exerted by its vapour when it is in dynamic equilibrium
with its liquid, in a closed container.
6. Raoult's Law states that the vapour pressure of a solution containing a non-volatile solute is directly
proportional to the mole fraction of the solvent ( xA). The proportionality constant being the vapour
pressure of the pure solvent, i.e., P = P° XA.
7. Ideal solution is a solution which obeys Raoult’s Law at all concentrations and temperatures .
(a) ∆Vsol = 0, i.e., there is no change in volume when an ideal solution is formed.
(b) ∆ Hsol = 0; i.e., heat is neither evolved or absorbed during the formation of an
ideal solution.
8. The solution shows positive deviation from Raoult’s Law if its vapour pressure is higher than that
predicted by Raoult’s [Link] solution shows negative deviation if its vapour pressure is lower than
that predicted by Raoult’s Law.
9. Colligative properties of solutions are those properties which depend only upon the number of solute particles in
the solution and not on their nature. Such properties are as follows :
(a) Relative lowering in vapour pressure (b) Elevation of boiling point
(c) Depression of freezing point (d) Osmotic pressure
Relative lowering in vapour pressure :
10. The elevation in boiling point (∆Tb) is proportional to the molality of the solution :
where ∆Tb is the elevation in boiling point, ‘m’ is the molality and Kb is the Molal
elevation constant .
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11. The depression in freezing point (∆Tf) is proportional to the molality of the solution.
12. Osmosis is the spontaneous flow of solvent molecules from a dilute solution into a concentrated solution
when the two are separated by a perfect semipermeable membrane .
13. Osmotic pressure (π) is the pressure which must be applied to the solution side (more concentrated
solution) to just prevent the passage of pure solvent into it through a semipermeable membrane.
Mathematically, π = CRT= nBRT/V. Where π is the osmotic pressure of the solution, C is the
concentration of solution, nB is the number of moles of solute, V is the volume of the solution in litres,R
is the gas constant, and T is the temperature on the Kelvin scale.
14. Isotonic solutions are those solutions which have the same osmotic pressure. Also they have the same
molar [Link] isotonic solutions, π1 = π2 Also, C1 = C2
15. Van’t Hoff factor, ‘ i’ is used to express the extent of association or dissociation of solutes in solution.
It is the ratio of the normal and observed molar masses of the solute, i.e,
16. In the case of Association of solute molecules , 'i' is less than 1.
In the case of dissociation, the van’t Hoff factor 'i' is more than 1.
In the case of solutes which do not undergo any association or dissociation, ‘i’=1.
17. Inclusion of van’t Hoff factor, ‘i’ modifies the equations for colligative properties as follows:
18. Formula for Degree of dissociation and association from van’t Hoff factor :
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19. Formulae of Various Concentration Terms :
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