GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR ENGG.
DRAWING LAB
1) Students are required to draw sheet in the class (lab)
itself. Students can take back their sheets only after final
evaluation.
2) On being absent in the lab, the sheet will not be
assessed and will be awarded zero (0).
3) Each student should get their sheets checked on the
same day, otherwise it will be considered as late work
and will be evaluated out of 5 marks.
4) Name & Roll No. should be written in Ink i.e. with PEN.
5) Each student should make at least 11 drawing sheets in
the whole semester.
6) 10 marks will be awarded by the faculty concerned on the
basis of performance of the student in quiz and 10 marks
for internal viva-voice.
7) At the end of the semester, best of 10 sheets shall be
considered for final assessment. These 100 marks will
be converted into 20 marks.
8) At the time of external examination, all the sheets shall
be submitted to the faculty concerned as below:
a) All the sheets should be properly arranged in the
serial order.
b)All the sheets should be rolled together in a Plastic
Sheet Holder.
INTRODUCTION
Technical drawing is the language of engineers. It is graphical language which is
universally accepted and used.
Without the knowledge of engineering drawing, an engineer is unable to
communicate his ideas and eventually would not have been able to construct the
various magnificient structures or design intricate machinery.
NEED & SCOPE OF ENGINEERING GRAPHICS:
Engineering drawing offers students an insight into the methods to tackle
engineering problems.
It teaches us the principle of accuracy, exactness & positiveness with regards
to the information necessary for the production of the engineering
components.
It develops the engineering imagination i.e. so essential for creation of
successful design.
Drawing Sheet:
There are different qualities of papers available in the market. Quality of paper to be
used depends upon the nature of drawing. The drawing sheet should be uniform in
thickness, of such a quality that the erasing marks are not visible and the ink should
not spread out. One side of the drawing sheet is rough and other side is smooth.
Smooth side is used for drawing work.
Sizes of Drawing Sheet: Standard sizes of trimmed and untrimmed sheets
according to BIS are given in the table no.1.1:
Lists of drawing instruments:-
The following set of drawing i nstruments and materials are required in th e
preparation of engineering drawing sheet.
1. Drawing board (provid ed) 2. Drawing sheet(A-2 Size)
3. Mini Drafter 4. Instrument box containing compass and
dividers
5. Set squares 6. Drawing pin or clips or cello t ape
(30°-60°, 45°-45°)
7. Protractor 8. Drawing pencils (HB, H, 2H)
9. Eraser, Sharpener, Sc ale, 10. Plastic Sheet Holder.
Circle Master, Dusting
Cloth.
PROJECTION OF POINTS
Projection: If straight lines are drawn from various points on the
contour of an object, to meet a plane of projection, the obj ect is
said to be projected on that plane. The figure formed by joining, in
correct sequence. The points at which these lines meet the plane of
projection, is called projection of the object. The line fro m the
object to the plane of projection is called projectors as shown in
following figure:
Orthographic Projecti on: When projectors are parallel to each
other and also perpendicular to the plane of projection the
projecction is called Orthographic projjection.
The necessary conditio n for orthographic projections is that
the observer should be at in finite distance w.r.t. object.
Planes of Projection: Two planes used for the orthographic
projection are called reference planes or principal plane of
projection. They intersect each other at right angles. They are
known as:-
(i) Vertical Plane (VP)
(ii) Horizontal Plane (HP)
The vertical plane is often called the frontal plane and denoted by
the letters F.P.
Projection on vertical plane (VP) is called front view or elevation.
Projection on the HP is called the top view or the plan.
The line of intersection of vertical plane and Horizontal Plane is
called reference line and is denoted by letter XY.
Profile Plane: A plane perpendicular to HP and VP is called profile
plane. Projection on profile plane is called side view or end view.
Four Quadrants: When the planes of projection are extended
beyond the line of intersection, they form four quadrants or dihedral
angles. They are numbered as first, second, third and fourth
quadrant. The object may be situated on any one of the quadrants.
The position of the object relative to planes is described as above
or below HP in front of or behind the VP.
The planes of projections are assumed to be transparent. The
projections are obtained by drawing projectors from the object to
the planes (VP and HP) by looking from the front or from the above.
The quadrants are shown in figure.
PROJECTION OF SOLIDS
A solid has three dimensions, viz. length, breadth and thickness. To
represent a solid on flat surface having only length and breadth, at
least two orthographic views are necessary. Sometimes, additional
views is projected on Auxiliary planes, if necessary to make the
description of a solid complete.
Solids may be divided into two main groups:-
(i) Polyhedra (ii) Solids of revolutions
Prism:
Pyramid:
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
PROJECTIONS AND PROJECTION LINES (PROJECTORS):
When different straight lines are drawn from various points on the
contour of the object on to the plane of drawing sheet, the figure
obtained on the sheet by joining different points in the correct order
is known as Projection of that object (Refer the Following Figure
8.1). And the lines drawn from various points on thecontour of the
object on to the plane of drawing sheet are called Projectors or
Projection Lines.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION:
The image of the object obtained on the plane of projection when
the
projectors are from the various points on the object, parallel to each
other and perpendicular to the plane of projection, then the image
obtained on the plane of projection is called Orthographic
Projection.
ISOMETRIC PROJECTION
ISOMETRIC VIEW:
The three dimensional view or projection of an object obtained on a
plane of projection in which all the projectors are parallel but
inclined at an angle of 30° to the plane of projection is known as
Isometric View. In this type of projection, the object is placed in
such a way that all the three axes make equal angle with the plane
of projection. It is easier to draw all the edges as compared with
oblique or perspective projections.