eee eee VE VULUELUELEULEELCULELEULELEOCYVYOY INTRODUCTION Genetics Genetics term was giver W. Bateson, Genstics > Cottictive dtucly op heredity and Yori ati ont Heredity => dtu * anes ey eh Age Characters from parents to Offspring: Voxiations + Difference: that ore seen among the. Menebers op same Species. Inhoni tance — Process which genetic Characters are transf from parscent tp Offspring's For thee development op genetic characters following Conditions one faites = 1. Gene ehoulol be present, 2. Gene shoul be expres. 3 For expression piuitable Condition nequine Express Fe ey — RNA— Protein Cémayme) Substrate—> Product [rege] Genetic Chadract erHISTORY OF RESEARCHES IN GENETICS __ Gregor Johan Mendelt- Father 9 Genetic. W. Bateson ;- Father 0 Modern Genetica. He proposect various teun Like Genetics, Altele, Homozygous, Heterozygous, TH. Morgan :- Father of Experimental genetics. Lene performed experiment on Dxosophilte,. bs ue proposect Various Concepts Like Linkage, Sex Linkage, Crossing over, Criss - Cross inkvordtance. Le He sSuggestect that Or Chromosome. A. Garrod - Father % human genetics ano lL. Biocherucot genetics. He discoverect first tuuman metebolic genetic clisoxder je. Alkaptonusdo . [Black unine oisease] SOME GENETICAL TERMS *Chanxacter :- Any featuxe op an organism, eg: Stem sheignt, Flower Colour. Vaxioble form a Character, eg: Talt/ Dwarf i. Tali won| Ciroit) Grainy, © Heignt (chanater) AA Q2P7930 F277 79 S53 79DFFAFPpPerpAnn ap PI Aaa KRAB BFC ASeee reovuyeousouubyuUusuebueoeUuUugueuvuvuvuvuvuv” * Gene Ctexm Ay Tohannaend:-Menctet usec tou7 “ Element” on. “ Factor?” bs Segment o% DNA that is Petsponsible for Qppeakance OF Chanacters, 4 Seament DNA thot enerolly Synthesizer RNA ata protein, i ‘ Gene :- Unit of inheritance Chemicably gene is i DONA Leal genes axe DNA but alt ONAs exe not gene. gee —> RNA—> Protein» Choracter CHeignt) ~ an _ Colour. (Chanactexd o Alleles :- Alienate forms of a gone tt Cattec allele, Allele oxise clue to mutation. Allele. pe of dame Jocus on Fomolegous Chromocomes, evolution Matation Recessive Dornan \y Ri —>RNA < 7 : 1 Vad ‘ 5 ae Bestéin aera w [ 7 p= aay Homel St icine,Q. wof is a Correct presentation @ allule ? #7 h R E x i 4 ° 5 g° 0% wf Van ori Ans. (4) *Unmodified allele/ wild atrele/onginel eAllele which Js pr. in nature from storting. * Generally unmodified altele -it dominant attele « Modifiedt ottele :- * Formed mutation. * Generally Mmoclifies. aLtele is tecessive altete, unmodified unmodified unmodified Mediffed RNA < ndsa af afen - ai emyre) be lation vt Homelogous Chromaseme. is Hi Tat Chrompsome, Dominant (original) Pr enatype PSPS 9 8 se is es Dn i er ier les et AAAI FDRNA —+ Normal enzyme/ Lees efficient Unmodi tied str alia "kad (s]—_.[F] [Tate oorinant Rua 3 case RNA —> Non- functional enzyme YB matty a : B—- PF] t [Der h> Recenive RNA-> No enzyme at ott Conclusion s- & a Oroouisiec GUlele = Unmodified atte Recessive @and@ Modified allele + Unmodified allete e Homozygous /Pure/ Tieue- o Hetennzygous/ Impure breeding 3- a Presence of two oUisinitor Presence of two sintilae alleles of a gene an ow alleles of a. gene na diploid oryanism, Lip lool organism), & Te Fo: TT, tt T ir T é Ome ees ee EVV VYNVYeEYVUUHUYUUEUEEeEeUUvUuvUuUuuUuVs8. Wot 42 dominostt allele and Receuive alte, § 'f We Cross R=Red and Ale yellow 2 iven $- RR = Red RR' = yellows R'a's yerlow | ommant trait Ri» Dominant abtete R-+> Recetsive abiele Phenotype e Genotype t- The extexnol ‘appeornce fe ituti Thi enttic Conatiteut Qn organism for o poxti— eg itution/ genutic make-up an Cularx Character. Organism for a blsautix Eo Tat/ Duerep Character, Eq TT/Te/ te ‘ 2 TI} Grenotyp 2. 7 oO Tall Duvar}f- Phenotype °Phenocopy %- when two afferent genotype. -place under olifperent environmental Conditions anol olevelob stinular -phenobype. , Bhi ane Collect planocopy oF each Other, Dif} Gentype Diffexent Eavirnmut ree elation trie ee. tt aM a C0 Aftex = Gibbereuin > PLELUD DUP UVUU BU ee treatmunt ~ cinilare | phtntype* Genome: = Total genetic material -porent in & monoploic Chaploid, Ceu a an organism, [Genome] » . [Gene] > ee C N. base + Sugade + Phosphate Segregationy disjunction :- Homologous Chromosomes Linkage BIndependent cdsontment :- Occur, When gous -pruert on non-dromalogua Chromosomes eg: A and G gousIn diploid onpesidom,prerete e F a gene. % ingle cult Eq genes -py. on X and Y Chromosomes 9 duumon male, * Dominant Allele Alicle. Ahat Can -be express both in homozygous and Aetvwzygous Condition, Ep: T allele Dominant ‘in Homozy gous T Tall Heterozygous Te Tat Aeemizy gous «Receszsive Allele Allele that Can express only dn somo zygoud Condition. Ey: tame Dominant Trait Homozygous _,& Dwarf 'y Recessive’ Trait Receive AudeB Linkage :- Ocewe when gens present on Same Chromosomes. 4: A and D genes ™ Segnegation/ clisjunction :- Seporation op hamologus Chromosomes cluxing meiosis A Called Segre pacion. * Non- oisjunction i- Any mistake olusing chepoxotion of Chromosomes As Called Non- hisjunction. Tt > Segregation be Segregation tx —> Linkage TR= Linkowg & TE > Inctperont avtortment te —> Incleperdet assortmentNote TEXTE = Selfing/ inbreeding Plawt 4 Plont 2 e Hy brick Vigour/ Heterosis § ~ Supercionity op Aybriot offspring over both of its ponent, — This is clue to tt Poxent me bb aaBB Dominant Trait > se Joo AaBb CHybrid Vigour.) Dominant Trait —* 2 *Inbyeeding depression 3- — Lost of Hybriot Vigour. clue to inbreeding / sb elf- _ pollination da Collect dnbreeding- aipteanion Coypri jo Hybrid Vigowe) Dominant Trait > 2 veal Dominant Trait — ae "ey Chance) os lines Wile is Lc Mi SSeee eV PUyvEbLUbLELULLELEULUELELELULELEOY. GAMETE FORMATION a 2n nN (hamete) ®) a D Moms ; aD + @iteeaa OG Type of gamete = 2" N= no, 7 heterozygous 9 dd Method & Fork tine method Homo Zy gous Se Heterozygous :- <= *E, lem 1 AA 2A - ee ee war =Q2" oe Types oj gamete =2" Lyatea art et ® = ag rs) Ni be ab <2 —_—@4 2 €4 4: AABBOD eq5: Aa Bb a nea Later nee B=AB= 1 a Aged < ae? a < cont 2pee 7) "AARR net 4 —— Lateo i —A—R=AR D=agp-y “Saad <4 9. A plant with qenotype RRDd ce produce gameres. Fined oud probability oF gametes which Contain ROE enoky pe. 7 . ? “4 E=RDE=h R 0<, =RDe=k a SE “Homozygous =i 1 RR=—R “Heterozygous = te Recs QA plant with genotype ReTt Gg FF -produce. gunetes. Find out -probabils oR gametes Which Contain following qunotype = (1) RTGF ReTt ag FF @). régf O) RTYF (D rTaF BREET Ae F27993 73 ip rie Ws ee yw, A777 7 2“Hugo de Viies scepublishect Mendel's seesiult!s -in JOC © Flonn in 1904, Ccecadate “ Coul Conrens Converted Luo postulates Mendel tte. tW0 Aas R Arenedity /Adencteliam :~ % z > Law of ssegnegation c ') Law of independent atsortmont: c TED} _dominanée & c i & ° ' = REASONS FOR UNRECOGNITION OF MENDEL'S Wore se Mendel -publishect his work on inhanieance % = Choractens in 1865 -but for several sreasons, tb = Jeemained. unrecognized tit 1900 :- e 1 Communication war not easy 50 his Work wrod Cc NOt widely -publicized. c * ~ “2, Menclet explained that factors ane stable. ana sl olischete unit [oid not blend] whieh war not 6 Accepted tay ts Contemporaries biologists o r 3. Mendet's approach. op using Mathematics waa oe dotally new at Ahat Aime. 4. He Could not provide any -physical proof 4px Me. exisee."* op factors and what Ahuy one made QR. APAMAIAADI/.%Q [Link] ik Comrect presevation o gamete which 41 formect sn diploid ovgasam 2 MA b ue Rr @)Aa Bb Hh Ee x WTA bHEr Ga bb HH er PUNNET SQUARE/ CHECKER BOA edeveloped. by British geneticist, Reginald C. Punnet. et vis a graphical representation to Caleutote the probatiid, op Ll porsible genotypes op offspring £0 @ genette Cross. eUs an Punnet Square the male gametes Le Aronizontotly ane female. gametes Le Gouieatty. 2 42729732242 AAA A A nN HM ke let 9 ke ke ce es AAAAA-OF7 ~~ - Fs wre wwe wewe wees weve ET eT ewrueeewswewerere,y ~ é ats fake ‘Gam eter Gametes AB aB 08 * Gregor Johann Menotel (1822-18802 7 He was torr on duly 22, 1822 at Silesian vidlage, Heinzendon} state in Austria. —Menolel worked un Auguitinian Monottony Os mov at Bunn City A trio, —+ Mendel preformed brictiz ation experiments orn Jorden per plant (Pisum ebativum) for F years (1856-1863). — Werk diarted i- 1856 * J? a Work Completed :- 1863 ” Work, published i- 1865 * Without *t€ cognition op his word, he ied in 1884. dur to a. tefl ew clsease [Bright's disease] — After 16 yrs op Menctel’s death, in 1890 dua -postulat Were Recliscoverect 3 schentise i i = ya. ay Cwortcing incleben. 1. Coxt Cormrcens (Crexmany) —> Maize plants 2. Hugo de Varies (Holland) —> Evening Primenoce plants 3. Exich Von Tkchermaje (Austria)—» ditt flowering pla),