Science Guide 4.
2
Mixtures and Solutions
Mixture: made of 2 or more substances (together but not combined). They
can be=
❖ Heterogeneous(components are easily seen and sorted, not even)
❖ Homogeneous(difficult to see components and spread uniformly)
They can be filtered (sizes), magnet, heated to evaporate (liquid mixtures).
Classification=
● Colloid: heterogeneous that contains small and undissolved particles
that don’t separate when undisturbed. (Ex. milk)
● Suspension: easily separated by settling or filtration.
● Solution: homogeneous of a solvent and 1 or more solutes. (Solvent:
largest amount and it dissolves) (solute: dissolved by solvent).
Molecular and ionic solutes.
Physical properties of solutions are boiling point, freezing, and density.
Concentration increases by adding more solute, and little solute is a dilute
solution.
Solubility: measure of how much solute will dissolve in the solvent. When it
doesn’t dissolve then it is saturated.
Raising the temperature of the solvent increases the solubility of a solid
solute.
Pressure affects the solubility of gases
Chemical Change
Physical change: alters the appearance of a substance without changing it to
a different substance. (bending, crushing, cutting, melting, boiling, etc.)
Chemical change: a change that produces 1 or more new substances.
Reactants= undergo change Products= formed
Evidence: color change, gas production, formation of a precipitate (solid from
liquid).
Changes in energy:
1. Exothermic reaction: energy released is greater than the needed to
break bonds of reactants.
2. Endothermic: more energy required to break bonds than is released by
the formation of products.
The activation energy is the minimum amount of energy needed to start a
chemical reaction. Factors that affect rates of reaction are the surface area,
temperature (faster particles), concentration, catalysts (substances that lower
the activation energy to start a reaction) and inhibitor to decrease rate (like
preservatives).
Modeling Chemical Reactions
Formula= symbols and subscript number (#atoms, if none then 1 atom)
Structure= Reactant+Reactant- Product+Product
Law of conservation of mass: matter is neither created nor destroyed.
● Open system: where matter can enter and escape.
● Closed system: place to measure the movement of matter and reactions
that involve gas.
Types of chemical reactions:
1. Synthesis: combination (2Mg+O2-2MgO)
2. Decomposition: break down (2H2O2- 2H2O+O2)
3. Single Replacement: A+BC- AC+B
4. Double Replacement: CxHy+O2 - CO2+H2O
Producing Useful Materials
Synthetic: chemicals and resources made by humans.
Natural resource: anything natural in the environment.
Polymers: long chains of molecules that are made up of repeating units called
monomers. (Ex. wool, silk, rubber, cellulose. The most common is plastic)
❖ Synthetic fibers (acrylic, nylon, polyester)
❖ Foods (flavorings, colorings, preservatives)
❖ Medicines
❖ Fuels
Describing Motion and Force
Motion: if the position of an object changes when compared to another object.
Reference point: place or object used for comparison to determine motion.
MOTION IS RELATIVE since it's determined by a reference point that can
change.
Force: a push or pull.
A force is described by its strength and by the direction in which it acts. The
force 's unit is Newton.
Types of forces:
● Contact force= object touches another.
Friction: contact force that 2 surfaces exert on each other when rubbed
against.
● Non Contact force= whether touches or not. Like gravity (force that pulls
objects toward each other because of their mass), magnetism, electrical
forces.
Forces can be
- Balanced if 2 forces acting equal strength and opposite direction.
- Unbalanced if not equal in strength.
Same direction, the net force is the sum of the forces, if opposite direction
then subtract the strengths of the forces. If net force= 0 then
balanced, nonzero causes change in motion.
Speed, velocity, and acceleration
Speed: distance the object moves per unit of time. Type of
rate. Speed= distance/time
Speed is meters/s
The speed at a particular instant in time is called instantaneous
speed. You maintain an average speed.
Distance (y axis) versus time (is x) graph is used for speed. The slope tells
you the rate of change, rise/run. The point represents the distance during a
period of time.
Velocity: the speed at which an object travels in a given direction. (Ex. 25 km/h
eastward).
Acceleration: rate at which velocity changes. (it can involve either change in
speed or direction). Acceleration= final speed-initial speed/ time. (is m/s2)
Newton’s Laws of Motion
● First law (Inertia) An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in
motion remains in motion unless acted on by an unbalanced force.
Inertia: resistance to change in motion.
● Second Law (acceleration): The acceleration of an object
depends on the mass of the object and the amount of force
applied. Net force= mass (kg) x acceleration (m/s2)
Force is kg x 1m/s2
● Third law (reaction): Whenever one object exerts a force on another
object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first.
For every action there is an equal (strength) and opposite (direction)
reaction.
An action force is paired with a reaction force.
Friction and Gravitational Interactions
Factors that affect friction:
1. type of surface
2. how hard the surfaces are pushed together
Friction acts in an opposite direction of the object’s motion.
Types of friction:
❖ Rolling= sliding friction between smooth surfaces.
❖ Sliding= 2 solid surfaces slide across each other.
❖ Static= resting on a surface.
❖ Fluid= solid object moves through a fluid.
Law of Universal Gravitation: the force of gravity acts between all objects in
the universe that have mass.
Factors that affect gravity= mass of the object (more mass= more gravitational
force) and the distance between them.
Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object.
Weight: measure of the force of gravity on an object (unit is Newtons)
Acceleration due to gravity at Earth’s surface is 9.8 m/s2. Net force= mass x
acceleration.
Gravitational potential energy is based on an object’s position (more up= more
GPE). GPE= Mass x acceleration of gravity x height
Top speed (constant) is called terminal velocity.