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Module 3 Java Notes-1

The document discusses object-oriented programming concepts, particularly focusing on class hierarchies, inheritance, and method overriding. It provides examples of how subclasses can extend superclasses and access their members, as well as the importance of constructors in establishing relationships between classes. Additionally, it highlights the significance of dynamic method dispatch and polymorphism in Java.

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9 views45 pages

Module 3 Java Notes-1

The document discusses object-oriented programming concepts, particularly focusing on class hierarchies, inheritance, and method overriding. It provides examples of how subclasses can extend superclasses and access their members, as well as the importance of constructors in establishing relationships between classes. Additionally, it highlights the significance of dynamic method dispatch and polymorphism in Java.

Uploaded by

sikandernote
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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Box (double ww double hh, double 4) =W, beet 5 Tey Hespk= 5 2 hog. 5" voles 9) I hoot 3.8 Pe ork. wo bght)3 oA) ae * pr eile. 0% ¢ mee Mao oy. Bee ia a a ete) 5) ri (Musdyht oj myclone &. "4 ¥ coetght 3° * ! th cube Livelume C)4 { / ; * Eten vout-pstntlo (*Volume of mycube a" vol) stew: bad « petatta-(*uletg ht of my cube & "4 ragcube suoeeght ).9, “Splée od SpBotla C)5 «| ofp =: wolume eh Wnybor! ts 3000-0 Weight — of mybor! fe 34-3 Wolume o} ‘myhoxa B& Qh.0.\., | Weight of“ myboxe ts [Link] 6: I. yolume ‘s mybox2 BL —\-0 } deg ht i mybor3 & —I-0 Jos" volume, 0) myclene && 3000.0 } ketghh oh myclooe & S43 | Volure of «tm Glemoe 24-0 * | ba dght oh omybe i Qo - a ! 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Betns ov widen . ° ely mod?hex at the etast of qe declaration. Methods declared as final cannot be oveutddea class 44 Final vord . . meth? $ . Systenr oe - poatle (this | wa “Arnall method -) 5 3 clas, B adhends ht word wath (4 a yttem- -ouk* poatla ie Tle aga |.” Because meth (), & 4. Moud td re oveutdden & B. Th You allehipt +n Heme cmt, wail rua , : So |VERROR | 5 ovate raed call 0 “le ad. . 1 a pe ¥ fret a declares all) = x ac edt at {tral Final clare ite aig Gl da) 2 ’ lth’ poll clase & allegal i class B arts $ N estan! cant dubelosd gt tbat : br. Ob; ect class FThus. & a. one tpecfal ‘class Object da “defined by Ts We subclasses of, jsbiect “objet All ofby. classes ‘ : l& a dupuclas oh all othe classes. Ja veleen ce ed: a} type Objeck » can vefex +9 4 li él, tthy, class. a 1 arrays ore’ anplenunted ag classes tape 0 ject can alto _ a method heh ia vosta b dub B,: the aha os are available. pe. re at ‘ =! 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Fm p\ermant oumbea o\ tot ehaces a — Jo Pmplement 'an tober ace a oko, nae if he, complete cet ol, ods, duhfoed by Hee, tobufa ce. a > an ttu}ace me ehontar 0 \*y poviding dn abehrack aifpe a dod make e) & tok ela € beMage ain(s - sordetbal- nance Cpesareter—legk ) 5 1 (pad. )s nae imetbed= narve 2 (pasamater ~ Let) ‘» oh aypt Ffoal-vdunamea = value 3 ctype teal = Masname s 5 bates Bray bles 3 wen hype method= name! Cpararneter LBs) 5 “type Fal -vasnameN = value > 4 hen no accerr specthi acces yeaull8. ue eluded en dafoutt de chasad Pode o\ fotelace Pinal and tae = Vautab) es can be gempleman th | declaw Tons “Thy ade sen pli | meaning thy cannot be chan id by “he | class raust also be i saltced . All methods and Yas “sd as. seog\t cH public. —+arn example Jox 0» ttelace dalgaitien ft dedleseR Ml | shen gle ®t k that conbains ons metred called callback,’ hat jakes shogle teg Ue posamallcs 9, Pr 39 ee ty, te a votd callback (tat prcaro) 5 " 3 Eimaple on ont * im lemenking ‘Tnteo haces ae an eesjace a been jo froed Des cc classes can emperor ‘not eokupact ust a an Sot eface clude “he ae Chae debeod Class dabritog mi te CARE by ame wt elace class classnameleacterds ON tr minh TL, Drehace ig) class “boy ye the Cabtback a small example clart that Fonplernun ebeufert clase Cites Genglemanlt Callback bite vot A caltback, (at pt dysterd-ovd spfedta cabtbl called ig class Tutlfac public static, | ¥! ca\\back, = y CG oth 84 P)> oo & : * Dae % 29 2) Callback. t, ‘ae ~~ S 4 Bred! catlbache, | ‘ oye Yeattback (Rat param) | elas © lest plement Callback, & | Apeblic, etd catthack Cink pet yoke ponte (1 cattbaol called with +P) > Clas Another Clent Gmplemuots callbock public vord caldback. 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PeNlot Negettyve (- 2) i out: potla( "nes ood be dteplayed ) 5 hee developed ia class called Gack that Frnplemant O wBrople | FPoud -ahze shack Thu axe many\ wan Te 1 op plement a stack. fa example «the stack can be of a Fyaed afar or TH can bere wable" the stack can alto bebeld Ban a Va Lfobed Ut, q binary wee and . : evince crack tu ") a wee sick, [roe-- 13 3 class re tat? x ‘Be. vod neko Shaq 2" L clatte NO oC a OF publfe Froudsteck pula ee FoadStock myplack2= 28 4a Rot B20 45> ax) a ran ; $3 (tor Pek rt ‘ vat sade © magn? erty Ta eh “Bava, util, Random 5 r ShasedConstanls € Rot No =05 r Bot YES=1 5 Mt MaArBe= 25 Tol VATER = 35 Gt Soon= +4, | Ht Never=S;5 4 | class Question Goplements Shared Conclants $ } Landon vrand= heww Pande (5 ft ak OO ¢ Bt pob= Gat) Coor rand. nextDouble Os ae) Teduon NO¥ N3or- elec of Cprob <60) pel YES; I 807. | else oP Cpoob * 5) Dae, THEY LATER 54 tf Cpwb <8) his) Wi mtwn Soon, Wi) eke peta NEVER 5 |) Q-/ Class AskMe mplemenls Shoal Constants & Artic VS Fopd ©! absdoer, Cash wesatt 2 switch Cresult) £ case Wo’ Fon 10) Sipterp Out pont! LNG ~ break 5 coke WYRE AS 5 Any cy System out pootlo( TES )3 breaks case MAYBE . Maubelde Syste out ponilo ( 4 break 5 Case Pohufis thon Poteapact + tm provide lemenba torts fe “f method aftoed wr Boteapace G haflan ce - chat | hte ace Ag } q vord methat) 5 | 4 votd mets 205 a B eatends AE yord: metb3() 5 class My¢last fen plemeks BY publ veld methL Cg Syskero out: priotlo (Implernast melt 9) public vord meth ac) m* yous -poiatla (" Laaplerment metbhra ().U3 dyste 3 public vaid meth 3 C De. Sysker out poatlo (" Srnplement me 4 30) a \| ———— Nes | class TRExtod tS a public static votd rain (Ching ast D £ MyClass ob = New MyctardC d3 ob. methi()5 ob- methd@03 ob. meth 3095 =e Default Interface Methods ___ Asexplained earlier, prior to JDK 8, an interface could not define any impler whatsoever. This meant that for all p: interface were abstract, cont: revious versions of Java, the methods specified by an no body. orn This is the traditional form of an interface and is le \ the type of interface pee Coe eee discussions have used. The release of JDK 8 changed av this by adding a new capability to inte al calcd et face called the default method, A default lets es you define a default implementation for an interface method. In other words, by use ofa \ default method, it is possible for an interface method to provid | le a body, rather than being abstract. During its development, the default method was also referred to as ; an extension method, and you will likely see both terms used. tion for the default method was to provide a means by which interfaces out breaking existing code. Recall that there must be implementations by an interface. In the past, if a new method were added to a popular, widely used interface, then the addition of that method would break existing code because no implementation would be found for that new method. The default method solves this problem by supplying an implementation that will be used if no other implementation is explicitly provided. Thus, the addition of a default method will not cause preexisting code to break. for the default method was the desire to specify methods in an that are, essentially, optional, depending on how the interface is used. For example, ‘an interface might define a group of methods that act on a sequence of elements, One of these methods might be called remove( ), and its purpose is to remove an element from the ‘Sequence. However, ifthe interface is intended to support both modifiable and nonmodifiable ‘Sequences, then remover ) is essentially optional because it won't be used by nonmodifiable Sequences. In the past, a class that implemented a nonmodifiable sequence would have had. to define an empty implementation of remove( ), even though it was not needed. Today, a ‘default implementation for remove( ) can be specified in the interface that does nothing (or throws an exception). Providing this default prevents a class used for nonmodifiable Sequences from having to define its own, placeholder version of remove( ). Thus, by providing « default, the interface makes the implementation of remover ) by a class optional. ‘tis important to point out that the addition of default methods does not change a key spect of interface: its inability to maintain state information. An interface still cannot have instance variables, for example. Thus, the defining difference between an interface and a class. is that class can maintain state information, but an interface cannot. Furthermore, its still ‘ot possible to create an instance of an interface by itself. It must be implemented by a class, Therefore, even though, beginning with JDK 8, an interface can define default methods, the {interface must still be implemented by a class ifan instance is to be created. ‘One last point: As a general rule, default methods constitute a special-purpose feature. Interfaces that you create will still be used primarily to specify what and not how. However, the Inclusion ofthe default method gives you added flexibility Default Method Fundamentals Aninterface default method is defined similar [Link] way a method is defined by a class. The Brimary difference is that the declaration is preceded by the keyword default Por scam; le, Consider this simple interface: Ee ees Se) _ ce method declaration. // It does NOT define 4 default isplementation int getNumber () ; J] This is a default method. tot ice that it provides 7/ a default implementation, default string getstring() { return "Default String"; MYyIF declares two methods. The first, getNumber(), is a standard interface method declaration, t defines no implementation whatsoever. The second method is getSi it does include a default implementation,n this ease, it simply returns the ‘Default String’. Pay special attention to the way getString() is declared. ts declaration is preceded by the default modifier. This syntax can be generalized. To define a default method, precede its declaration with default Chapter9 Packages and Interfaces 221 Because getString( ) includes a default implementation, itis not necessary for an {implementing clas to override it. In other words, ifan implementing class does not provide its own implementation, the default is used. For example, the MylFlmp class shown next is, perfectly valid: laa | // implement MyTF. class MyIFImp implements MyIF { 77 only getMunber () defined by MyiF needs to be implemented 47 getstring() can be allowed to default public int getNumber() { xeturn 100; ) } “The following code creates an instance of MylFImp and usesitto call both getNamber() and getString( ). // Use the default method. class DefaultMethodDeno { public static void main(string{] args) { nytPImp obj = new MyIPImp (11 / can call getWunber (), because it 1s explicitly implemented by MyTFImp: Syetem-out .print1n (obj .getNumber())/ // can alec call. getString(), because of default 7/ smplenentation: System-out -printIn (obj .getstring()) 7 } ‘The output is shown her 100 Default string [Asyou can see, the default implementation of getStringt ) vas automatically used, Itwas not pecesary for MylFImp to define it, Thus, for getStringt) Implementation by a class Is ‘optional (Of cours, its implementation by a class wil be required if the class uses getStringl) far some purpose beyand that supported by ts default.) iris both possible and common for an implementing cass to define its own implementation of a default method, For example, MylFlmp2 overrides getString() clase MyIPImp2 implements MyIF { see TT ieee for both gettunber( ) and gatseringt ) are provided ; Lente ie gecmanber () return 3001 ’ nS EAPC e, when getStringt) is called, a diferent string is returned. "AMore Practical Example A hia’ 7 their: ‘assume that we now want to add a the stack, enabling the stack to be re-used. Thus, we want to ‘0 that it defines new functionality, but we don’t want to break but with the inclusion of default interface ean be enhanced like thi i // store an item i Uf retrieve an icon cleax( ) has a default, it need not be Uf implenented by a preexisting class that vate sntstack. default void clear() { [Link](*clear() not implemented.) } * @way to gracefully evolve interfaces over time, and, * away to provide optional functionality without requiring that a class provide a Placeholder implementation when that functionality is not needed. One other point: In real-world code, elear() would have thrown an exception, rather than eeblaying an error messuge, Exceptions are described inthe nest chapter. After working through that material, you might want to try modifying clear( ) so that its default implementation throws an UnsupportedOperationException. Multiple Inheritance Issues As explained earlier in this book, Java does not support the multiple inheritance of classes. Now that an interface can include default methade you might Be wondering ifan interface ©2n provide a way around this restriction. The answer is, essentially, no, Recall that there is Chapter9 Packagesand Interfaces. 223 still a key difference between a class and an interface: a class can maintain state information (especially through the use of instance variables), but q FE “The preceding notwithstanding, default methods do offer a bit of what one would normally associate with the concept of multipte inheritance. For example, you might have a class that implements two interfaces. If each of these interfaces provides default methods, then some behavior is inherited from both. Thus, to a limited extent, default methods do support multiple inheritance of behavior. As you might guess in such a situation, itis possible that a name conflict will occur: For example, assume that two interfaces called Alpha and Beta are implemented by class called MyClass, \What happens if both Alpha and Beta provide a ‘method called reset( } for which. balk “declare a default implementation? Is the version by Alpha or the version by Beta used by MyClass? Or, considera situation in which Beta extends Alpha. Which version of the default method is used? Or, what if MyClass provides its own implementation of the method? To handle these and other similar types of situations, Java defines a set of rules that resolves such conflicts. First, in all cases, a .s priority over an interface default implementation, Thus, if MyClass provides an override of the reset() default method, MyClass’ version is used. This is the case even if MyClass implements both Alpha and Beta. In this case, both defaults are ov verridden by MyClass’ implementation. ‘Second, in cases in which a class implements two int urfaces that both have the same default method, but the class does not ov verride that method, then an error will result. Continuing with the example, if MyClass implements both Alpha and Beta, but does not override reset(), then an error will occur. Tn cases in which one interface inherits another, with both defining a corto! default method, the inheriting interfaces version of the method takes precedence ‘Therefore, rds Alpha, then Beta’s version of reset{) will be used. continuing the example, if Beta extent e It is possible to explicitly refer to a default implementation in an inherited interface by using this form of super. Its general form is shown here: InterfaceNamessupermetloodName( ) ss implementation take ror example, if Beta wants to refer to Alphas default for reset) [Link] this statement: pha. supe Use static Methods in an Interface nother capability added to ints JDK 8is the ability to. ore static ce eal em nssnesci independently of any object, Thus, no mpl entation ofthe inteCiast iA DESessaiy, and 99: followed by a Here is the general form: InterfaceName-staticMethodName instance of the interface 1s required. i imilar to the way that is called by specifying the interface nat Notice that this is si - ‘shows an example of static method in an interface by adding one to MyIF, shown in the previous section. The static method is getDefaultNumber( ). Treturns zero. public interface myIF ( // This ip a normal" interface method declaration, 7/ 1 doce WOT define a default implementation. Ant gettunber () ; // This ie a default method. Notice that it provides // a defaslt inplenentation. default String getstring() { Tis "Default string*s 14 This 1a a static intertace method. 48 static int getdefaulemunber() { 09 € ecu pes return 0; ) J ‘The getDefaultNumber() method can be called, as shown here: ime defwum = [Link] () : As mentioned, no implementation or instance of MyIF is required to call getDefaultNumber( ) because itis static, ‘One last point: static interface methods are not inherited by class or a subinterface. er an implementing Private Interface Methods Beginning with JDK 9, an interface can include a private method. A private interface method can be called only by a default method or another private method defined by thesaame interface. Because a private interface method is specified private, it cannot be used by code ‘outside the interface in which it is d ‘This restriction includes subinterfaces because a private interface method is not jahe “The key benefit of a private interface method! is that it lets two or more default methods uuse a common piece of code, thus avoiding code duplication, For example, here & anotNeT versfonr ofthe IntStack Gor Tat hay to deck methods called popNElement() and skipAndPopNElements( ). The first eturns an array that contains the top N elements on the stack. The second skips a specified number of elements and then returns an array that contains the next N elements. Both use a private method called getEElements( ) to-obtain. an array of the specified number of elements from the stack. // Bother vereion of intStack that has a private interface // method that is used by two default methods interface Intstack ( void push(int item); // store an item int pop(); // retrieve an item Chapter9 Packages andinterfaces 225 // ® default method that return: 11 Shel top m elemence on the pram Jefault int () popNElenents(int n) // Return the requested elements return getElements(n) ; 1 A dstaats method ac eeturn an srry tht conta the next n elements on the stack after skippi ae * ng el seater ine | seipambopanictents ine skip) 46 al (ag // Skip the specified number of elements. getElenents (skip); Return the requested elements. return getElements (n}; } J/ A peivate method that returns an array contd taint 4/ the top n elements on the stack 4 weir: privace ine{] getBlements (int n) { int {) elements = new int{n]; for(int ic0; 1

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