We collect images of alphabets.
Each image is given a label (A, B, C, etc.).
These images are used as input data.
Images are converted into numbers so that the computer can
understand them.
Images are resized to the same size.
The data is divided into two parts:
Training data – used to teach the machine.
Testing data – used to check the machine’s performance.
A classification model is chosen.
The model learns how each alphabet looks.
Example models: SVM or simple Neural Network.
The training data is given to the model.
The model learns patterns like:
o Lines
o Curves
o Shapes of alphabets
Testing data is given to the trained model.
The model predicts which alphabet the image represents.
The model shows the predicted alphabet.
Accuracy tells how correctly alphabets are identified.
Global Warming
Global warming refers to the gradual increase in the Earth’s average temperature
due to the excessive release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. These
gases trap heat from the sun and prevent it from escaping back into space, leading
to a rise in global temperatures.
Causes of Global Warming
The main causes of global warming are human activities, including:
Burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas for electricity and
transportation
Deforestation, which reduces the number of trees that absorb carbon dioxide
Industrial activities that release harmful gases
Excessive use of vehicles producing carbon emissions
Effects of Global Warming
Global warming has serious impacts on the planet and living beings:
Melting of glaciers and polar ice caps
Rising sea levels, leading to flooding in coastal areas
Extreme weather conditions such as heatwaves, droughts, floods, and
storms
Loss of wildlife and biodiversity
Health problems caused by heat and pollution
Prevention and Control
Global warming can be reduced by adopting eco-friendly practices:
Using renewable energy sources like solar and wind power
Planting more trees and stopping deforestation
Reducing the use of private vehicles and promoting public transport
Saving electricity and using energy-efficient appliances
Spreading awareness about environmental protection
Conclusion
Global warming is a serious global issue that requires immediate attention. Every
individual has a responsibility to protect the environment by adopting sustainable
habits. Small actions taken today can help secure a healthier and safer planet for
future generations.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Introduction
Sustainable development refers to development that meets the needs of the
present without harming the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs. It aims to maintain a balance between economic growth,
environmental protection, and social well-being. In the modern world,
sustainable development is essential for the conservation of natural resources
and a healthy environment.
Meaning and Importance
Sustainable development encourages the responsible use of natural
resources so that they are available for the future. It helps reduce pollution,
conserve forests and water, protect wildlife, and promote long-term economic
growth. It also improves the quality of life by ensuring basic needs such as
food, shelter, education, and healthcare for all.
Pillars of Sustainable Development
Sustainable development is based on three main pillars:
Environmental sustainability – protecting nature and reducing pollution
Economic sustainability – supporting steady and inclusive economic
growth
Social sustainability – ensuring equality, education, and social welfare
Examples
Some examples of sustainable development include the use of renewable
energy, rainwater harvesting, recycling of waste, organic farming, and energy-
efficient appliances.
Conclusion
Sustainable development is necessary for a safe and prosperous future. By
adopting eco-friendly habits and using resources wisely, individuals and
societies can protect the environment and ensure development for future
generations. Every small effort plays an important role in achieving
sustainability.
For Example,
True Positive [TP] = 50
False Positive [FP] = 40
False Negative [FN] = 12
True Negative [TN] = 10
1) Accuracy = (TP + TN) / (TP + TN + FN + FP)
= (50 + 10) / (50 + 10 + 12 + 40)
= 60 / 112
= 0.535
2) Precision = (TP) / (TP + FP)
= 50 / (50 + 40)
= 50 / 90
= 0.555
3) Recall = TP / (TP + FN)
= 50 / (50 + 12)
= 50 / 62
= 0.806
4) F1 Score = 2 * (Precision * Recall) / (Precision + Recall)
= 2 * 0.555 * 0.806 / (0.555 + 0.806)
= 2 * 0.448 / 1.362
= 0.658
For Example,
Find TF-IDF for the following documents:
Document 1: “It was the best of times”
Document 2: “It was the worst of times”
Document 3: “It was the age of wisdom”
Document 4: “It was the age of foolishness”
STEP 2:
It was the best of
times worst age wisdom foolishness
STEP 3:
Doc It was the best of times worst age wisdom foolishness
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
2 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
3 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
4 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
STEP 4:
It was the best of times worst age wisdom foolishness
4 4 4 1 4 2 1 2 1 1
STEP 5:
It was the best of times worst age wisdom foolishness
4/4 4/4 4/4 4/1 4/4 4/2 4/1 4/2 4/1 4/1
=1 =1 =1 =4 =1 =2 =4 =2 =4 =4
STEP 6: