Unit 3: Multiplexer,De-multiplexer, Decoder and Encoder

Memory Units

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 Multiplexer

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In digital electronics, a multiplexer, often abbreviated as "MUX," is
a fundamental building block that plays a crucial role in
information processing and data communication.
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The primary function of a multiplexer is to select one of several
input signals and direct it to a single output.
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This process of data selection is essential in various digital
applications, including data routing, signal processing, and
communication systems. Multiplexers are commonly used to
optimize the utilization of resources, reduce complexity, and
enhance the efficiency of digital circuits.

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 What is Multiplexing?
Multiplexing is the process of transmitting multiple signals or data
streams over a single communication channel or transmission
medium. This is achieved by combining multiple input signals into a
single output signal and then transmitting it over a shared
communication channel.
Multiplexing is commonly used in communication systems to
increase the capacity of a channel and improve the efficiency of data
transmission. By transmitting multiple signals over a single channel,
the bandwidth utilization is maximized, and the cost and complexity
of communication systems are reduced.

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 What is a Multiplexer in Digital Electronics?
A multiplexer in digital electronics is known as a data selector. It is a
Combinational Logic Circuit having multiple input lines, one output
line, and many select/control lines. It receives binary information from
several input lines and routes it to a single output line based on a set
of select/control lines. Multiplexer in digital electronics is also known
as many-to-one combinational circuits.

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A multiplexer is a combinational circuit that has 2n input lines and a
single output line. Simply, the multiplexer is a multi-input and single-
output combinational circuit. The binary information is received from
the input lines and directed to the output line. On the basis of the
values of the selection lines, one of these data inputs will be
connected to the output.
Unlike encoder and decoder, there are n selection lines and 2n input
lines. So, there is a total of 2N possible combinations of inputs.

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 Types of Multiplexers
2X1 Multiplexer
A 2×1 multiplexer is a combinational logic circuit that has only two
inputs, i.e, A0 and A1, 1 selection line, i.e., S0, and single outputs, i.e.,
Y. On the basis of the combination of inputs that are present at the
selection line S0, one of these 2 inputs forwards to the output line. It
is the simplest type of multiplexer in digital electronics. The 2X1
multiplexer’s block diagram and truth table are shown below.

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 ●
The logical expression of the term Y is as follows:

Y=S0'.A0+S0.A1

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Logical circuit of the above expression is given below:

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 ●
4X1 Multiplexer
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A 4×1 multiplexer is a combinational logic circuit that selects one
input from four inputs, i.e., A0, A1, A2, and A3 forwards it to the
output line, i.e., Y based on the two control signal or selection
lines, i.e., S0 and S1.
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The 4X1 multiplexer’s block diagram and truth table are shown
below.

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 ●
The logical expression of the term Y is as follows:

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Y=S1' S0' A0+S1' S0 A1+S1 S0' A2+S1 S0 A3

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●
Logical circuit of the above expression is given below:

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 ●
8X1 Multiplexer
An 8×1 multiplexer is a combinational logic circuit that selects one
input from eight inputs and forwards it to the output line based on
the control signal or selection lines. It consists of eight input lines,
one output line, and three selection lines.
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The 8X1 multiplexer’s block diagram and truth table are shown
below.

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 ●
The logical expression of the term Y is as follows:

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Y=S0'.S1'.S2'.A0+S0.S1'.S2'.A1+S0'.S1.S2'.A2+S0.S1.S2'.A3+S0'.S1'.S2
A4+S0.S1'.S2 A5+S0'.S1.S2 .A6+S0.S1.S3.A7

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Logical circuit of the above expression is given below:

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 Advantages of Multiplexer
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Efficient use of resources: Multiplexers allow multiple input signals
to be selected and transmitted over a single line, reducing the
number of required output lines and thereby saving space on a
printed circuit board.
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Simplified circuit design: Using a multiplexer can simplify the
design of a digital circuit by reducing the number of gates and
components required. This can lead to lower power consumption,
less heat generated, and better reliability.

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 Cont...
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Fast switching: Multiplexers can switch between multiple input
signals very quickly, enabling fast data transfer and reducing
delay in digital systems.
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Cost-effective: Multiplexers are relatively inexpensive and readily
available, making them an economical choice for many digital
applications.

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 De-multiplexer
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A De-multiplexer is a combinational circuit that has only 1 input
line and 2N output lines. Simply, the multiplexer is a single-input
and multi-output combinational circuit. The information is received
from the single input lines and directed to the output line. On the
basis of the values of the selection lines, the input will be
connected to one of these outputs. De-multiplexer is opposite to
the multiplexer.
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Unlike encoder and decoder, there are n selection lines and 2n
outputs. So, there is a total of 2n possible combinations of inputs.
De-multiplexer is also treated as De-mux.

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 various types of De-multiplexer
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1×2 De-multiplexer:
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In the 1 to 2 De-multiplexer, there are only two outputs, i.e., Y0,
and Y1, 1 selection lines, i.e., S0, and single input, i.e., A. On the
basis of the selection value, the input will be connected to one of
the outputs.
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The block diagram and the truth table of the 1×2 multiplexer are
given below.

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 ●
Block Diagram:

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 ●
Truth Table:

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 ●
The logical expression of the term Y is as follows:

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Y0=S0'.A
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Y1=S0.A

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 ●
Logical circuit of the above expressions is given below:

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 ●
1×4 De-multiplexer:
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In 1 to 4 De-multiplexer, there are total of four outputs, i.e., Y 0, Y1,
Y2, and Y3, 2 selection lines, i.e., S0 and S1 and single input, i.e.,
A. On the basis of the combination of inputs which are present at
the selection lines S0 and S1, the input be connected to one of the
outputs.
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The block diagram and the truth table of the 1×4 multiplexer are
given below.

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 ●
Block Diagram:

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 ●
Truth Table:

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 ●
The logical expression of the term Y is as follows:

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Y0=S1' S0' A
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Y1=S1' S0 A
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Y2=S1 S0' A
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Y3=S1 S0 A

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 ●
Logical circuit of the above expressions is given below:

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 ●
1×8 De-multiplexer:
Similarly, write the details using blockdiagram, truth table, logical
expression and logical circuit for 1x8 De-multiplexer.

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 ●
Combinational Circuits VS Sequential Circuits
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1) The outputs of the combinational circuit depend only on the
present inputs. The outputs of the sequential circuits depend on
both present inputs and present state(previous output).
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2) The feedback path is not present in the combinational circuit.
The feedback path is present in the sequential circuits.
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3) In combinational circuits, memory elements are not required.
In the sequential circuit, memory elements play an important
role and require.

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 ●
4) The clock signal is not required for combinational circuits.
The clock signal is required for sequential circuits.
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5) The combinational circuit is simple to design. It is not simple
to design a sequential circuit.

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 Decoder
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The combinational circuit that change the binary information into
2N output lines is known as Decoders. The binary information is
passed in the form of N input lines. The output lines define the 2N-
bit code for the binary information.
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In simple words, the Decoder performs the reverse operation of
the Encoder. At a time, only one input line is activated for
simplicity. The produced 2N-bit output code is equivalent to the
binary information.

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 various types of decoders
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2 to 4 line decoder:
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In the 2 to 4 line decoder, there is a total of three inputs, i.e., A 0,
and A1 and E and four outputs, i.e., Y0, Y1, Y2, and Y3. For each
combination of inputs, when the enable 'E' is set to 1, one of these
four outputs will be 1.
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The block diagram and the truth table of the 2 to 4 line decoder
are given below.

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 ●
Block Diagram:

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 ●
Truth Table:

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 ●
The logical expression of the term Y0, Y1, Y2, and Y3 is as follows:
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Y3=E.A1.A0
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Y2=E.A1.A0'
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Y1=E.A1'.A0
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Y0=E.A1'.A0'

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 ●
3 to 8 line decoder:
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The 3 to 8 line decoder is also known as Binary to Octal Decoder.
In a 3 to 8 line decoder, there is a total of eight outputs, i.e., Y 0,
Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4, Y5, Y6, and Y7 and three outputs, i.e., A0, A1, and A2.
This circuit has an enable input 'E'. Just like 2 to 4 line decoder,
when enable 'E' is set to 1, one of these four outputs will be 1.
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The block diagram and the truth table of the 3 to 8 line encoder
are given below.

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 ●
The logical expression of the term Y0, Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4, Y5, Y6, and Y7 is as
follows:
Y0=A0'.A1'.A2'
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Y1=A0.A1'.A2'
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Y2=A0'.A1.A2'
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Y3=A0.A1.A2'
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Y4=A0'.A1'.A2
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Y5=A0.A1'.A2
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Y6=A0'.A1.A2
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Y7=A0.A1.A2
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 Encoders
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The combinational circuits that change the binary information into
N output lines are known as Encoders. The binary information is
passed in the form of 2N input lines. The output lines define the N-
bit code for the binary information.
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In simple words, the Encoder performs the reverse operation of
the Decoder. At a time, only one input line is activated for
simplicity. The produced N-bit output code is equivalent to the
binary information.

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 various types of encoders
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4 to 2 line Encoder:
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In 4 to 2 line encoder, there are total of four inputs, i.e., Y0, Y1,
Y2, and Y3, and two outputs, i.e., A0 and A1. In 4-input lines, one
input-line is set to true at a time to get the respective binary code
in the output side.
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Below are the block diagram and the truth table of the 4 to 2 line
encoder.

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 ●
The logical expression of the term A0 and A1 is as follows:

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A1=Y3+Y2
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A0=Y3+Y1

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 ●
Logical circuit of the above expressions is given below:

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 ●
8 to 3 line Encoder:
The 8 to 3 line Encoder is also known as Octal to Binary Encoder.
In 8 to 3 line encoder, there is a total of eight inputs, i.e., Y0, Y1,
Y2, Y3, Y4, Y5, Y6, and Y7 and three outputs, i.e., A0, A1, and
A2. In 8-input lines, one input-line is set to true at a time to get the
respective binary code in the output side.
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Draw the block diagram and the truth table of the 8 to 3 line
encoder.
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Write the logical Expression and draw the logical circuit.

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 Memory and Memory Units
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In order to save data and instructions, memory is required.
Memory is divided into cells, and they are stored in the storage
space present in the computer. Every cell has its unique
location/address. Memory is very essential for a computer as this
is the way it becomes somewhat more similar to a human brain.

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 What is Memory?
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Memory devices are digital systems that store data either
temporarily or for a long term. Digital computers to hard disks
have built-in memory devices that can store the data of users or
manufacturers. The data either be in the form of control programs
or programs that boot the system. Hence, to store such a huge
amount of data the memory devices must have enormous
capacity. The challenge is to build memory devices that have
large capacities but are cost-effective. The memory devices must
be capable of storing both permanent data and instantaneous
data.

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 ●
Memories are made up of registers. Each register in the memory
is one storage location. The storage location is also called a
memory location. Memory locations are identified using Address.
The total number of bits a memory can store is its capacity. A
storage element is called a Cell. Each register is made up of a
storage element in which one bit of data is stored. The data in a
memory are stored and retrieved by the process called writing
and reading respectively.

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 ●
A word is a group of bits where a memory unit stores binary
information. A word with a group of 8 bits is called a byte.
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A memory unit consists of data lines, address selection lines, and
control lines that specify the direction of transfer.

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The block diagram of a memory unit is shown below:

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 ●
Data lines provide the information to be stored in memory. The
control inputs specify the direct transfer. The k-address lines
specify the word chosen.

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When there are k address lines, 2k memory words can be
accessed.

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 Types of Computer Memory
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Cache memory. This temporary storage area, known as a cache,
is more readily available to the processor than the computer’s
main memory source. It is also called CPU memory because it is
typically integrated directly into the CPU chip or placed on a
separate chip with a bus interconnect with the CPU.
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RAM. It is one of the parts of the Main memory, also famously
known as Read Write Memory. Random Access memory is
present on the motherboard and the computer’s data is
temporarily stored in RAM. As the name says, RAM can help in
both Read and write.

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 ●
D RAM (Dynamic RAM): D RAM uses capacitors and transistors
and stores the data as a charge on the capacitors. They contain
thousands of memory cells. It needs refreshing of charge on
capacitor after a few milliseconds. This memory is slower than S
RAM.
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S RAM (Static RAM): S RAM uses transistors and the circuits of
this memory are capable of retaining their state as long as the
power is applied. This memory consists of the number of flip flops
with each flip flop storing 1 bit. It has less access time and hence,
it is faster.

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 ●
ROM: ROM full form is Read Only Memory. ROM is a non volatile
memory and it is used to store important information which is
used to operate the system. We can only read the programs and
data stored on it and can not modify or delete it.

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 Conversations of units
Memory Unit Name Size
Bit 1 bit
Nibble 4 bits
Byte 8 bits
Kilobyte 1024 Bytes
Megabyte 1024 Kilobytes
Gigabyte 1024 Megabytes
Terabyte 1024 Gigabytes
Petabyte 1024 Terabytes
Exabyte 1024 Exabytes
Zettabyte 1024 Zettabytes

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