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The document provides a comprehensive review of genetics, covering key concepts such as chromosomes, gene expression, inheritance patterns, and human genetics. It emphasizes the importance of understanding sex-linked genes, incomplete dominance, and codominance, as well as the methods used to study human genetics, including pedigree analysis and karyotyping. Additionally, it discusses the processes of meiosis and genetic variation, highlighting the role of independent assortment and crossing over in producing genetic diversity.

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3 views14 pages

Chapter

The document provides a comprehensive review of genetics, covering key concepts such as chromosomes, gene expression, inheritance patterns, and human genetics. It emphasizes the importance of understanding sex-linked genes, incomplete dominance, and codominance, as well as the methods used to study human genetics, including pedigree analysis and karyotyping. Additionally, it discusses the processes of meiosis and genetic variation, highlighting the role of independent assortment and crossing over in producing genetic diversity.

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pcarty98
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
CHAPTER REVIEW Interactive Review Encourage students to go to [Link] for a detailed review of each section, including visuals and vocabulary practice. Unit Resource Book, Vocabulary Practice, pp. 57-60 Reviewing Vocabulary 1. Both can be related to genes on the X chromosome. A sex-linked gene is a gene on a sex chromosome. A carrier has one gene for a disorder but does not show the disorder, and many disorders are sex-linked. 2. Both are types of gene expression in which the phenotype of the hetero- zygote is different from either homo- zygote. In incomplete dominance, neither allele is completely dominant nor completely recessive. in codori- nance, both alleles ae fully and equally expressed. 20 Unit 3: Genetics no KEY CONCEPTS 71 Chromosomes and Phenotype ‘The chromosomes on which genes are located canaffect the expression of tats. Two alles of sutosomal genes interact to produce phenotype. Genes on the sex chromosomes ar expressed erty in males and females of many species, In urna, mals are XY and females ae XX Males onl have one copy ofeach gene found on the sex chromosomes, allo thote genes ae expressed in ther phenotype. 72 Complex Patterns of inheritance Phenotype i affected by many different factors notype israel the rest of simple dominant ad recessive reltenship between ‘wo alleles ofa [Link], there are more than ‘wo possible alles ofa gene Incomplete dom nance produces an intermediate phenotype. Codominanceresuitsin both alles beng fly and separately expressed Mary traits are poly- ‘geri, or controled by sever genes. interactions between genes and the envkonment azo affect phenotype Gmina ‘Main idea Web Use a main dea web ike the one shown ‘below to organize your notes Make connections amen, the genetics concepts in the chapter, suchas cromoiomes and gene expression aap fax domeronen it: Gener 73 Gene Linkage and Mapping Genes canbe mapped to speci loctonson thromoromes tices of Wild ype ard may frat Res led toa new understanding of genet aed genes ae often inherited together During meson inked genes canbe Separted from ech oer when pas of cvomoscne arc ercanged 8 studing the Frequency of ‘goss overs between chromosomes a inkage trap canbe made tht shows the rei oy GF genes ona evorosome 74 Human Genetics and Pedigrees ‘Acombination of methodsis used to study human geneties. Although most tras do not follow a simple dominant and recessive pater, snge-gene tats are mporant inthe uy of human genetics. Seve genetic disorders ae ‘auted by asingle gene with dominant and recesive alleles Carers ae people who he anal fora genetic dsorder but do not ‘expres the allele in thei phenotype. The pt terms of genetic inhertance canbe studedin families by pedigree analysis. Pedigree analy anindrect method of investigating harman geno ‘yes Karyotypes can show large changes a chromosomes ‘Concept Map. Make a concept map lite the ore shown below to sythesze your knowledge of Mendelan genetics with more complex patterns of inhertance SR eS Ca 3 4 Both are maps of chromosomes. linkage ‘map shows the relative order of genes on a chromosome, based on observations of phenotypes. A karyotype i a picture that shows overall chromosome structure. Polygenic trait: answers should indicate a trait produced by two or more genes. 5, Pedigree: answers could show an example of a pedigree chart. 6. X chromosome inactivation: answers could show two XX cells, one cell with one X chromosome active and the other cell with the other X chromosome active. 7. A polygenic trait isthe result of the inter tion of many (poly-) genes (genic). 8. Codominant alleles each express “the same amount" of dominance. Chapter Assessment ‘Chapter Vocabulary, 1 cates p.201 Serlinked gene p. 201 X ehromoiome inactivation, 203 Reviewing Vocabulary compare and Contrast Describe one similarity and one difference between the two termsin each ofthe fllowing oie. ‘.seinked gene, carer incomplete dominance, codominance 2k lnage map kanyotype Visualize Vocabulary: tevechtembelo we sil saps nes, Sows tots the mening Blow coh Slave wits shor caption Hetsan ample feisapemon +4 a Attage rap sowsth of ‘polenta Spade 6 dromoseme inactivation Word origins Usethe definitions ofthe word parts to answer the next two questions. oly many oo ‘together; the same amount son produced genes 1LHow are the word parts poly-and genic elated to the meaning ofthe term polygenic tit? {Howisthe peti co- related to the meaning of the termeodomnant? 72 incomplete dominance p. 208 codominance,p.205, polygenic trap 206 73. linkage map p.210 TA pedigeep.24 Saryrype p20 Reviewing MAIN IDEAS 9. xpan why disorders caused by dominant alleles on suovomes ae ess common than the caused by recesive alleles on autoromes 10. Describe how the expression of sexed genes can ‘fer between males and ferles. 1. How do codominance and incomplete dominance der from sinpe dominant and recesveelatonshp between alles? 12, Humanshave a tremendous ange af har, ye and skin ‘colors. How does the palygeic nature of thes rats explain the wide range of phenotypes? 1B. Gwe we examples that demonstrate how the cciraent en interact with genotype to affect an ‘exganisis phenotype. 14 How ded Merg esoach with ut ls expan Punnett and Bateson oberon of pea pnt? 1, Eplinhow linked genes nd cross-over frequencies are ‘used to make linkage maps. 16, What ae swo main ways in which buan genetics follows the genetic pate sen nother organs? 1 Under what creumstances could two inviduals wth na symptoms ofa recesve genetic dente have Chdren that doave the dese? 18. What ae one similarity and one ference between patterns for autosomal and sexlnked genes on Padiree chat? 19. Whats fanotype. and how cant be used to study human cxomosomes and to map human genes? Chapter eng Mend Gres 221 Reviewing Main Ideas 9. because dominant disorders are frequently fatal, with no offspring produced 10. A fernale must have two recessive alleles to show a recessive phenotype, whereas a male needs only one recessive allele. 1L A dominant trait is one that is fully expressed in heterozygotes, so there are only two possible phenotypes. In codominance and incomplete dominance, both alleles are expressed in heterozygotes and interact to make a third phenotype, different from either homozygote. CVA 12, These phenotypes are the result of the interaction of more than two genes, so there is a great variety of ‘genetic expression of alleles, and hence phenotypes. 1B, Environmental factors such as nutrition and fetal development can affect height and size. Temperature ‘anaffect the sex of offspring in some animals, such as turtles. 4, Morgan's results showed that linked genes are on the same chromosome, 15, Genes on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together, but they can be separated by crossing ‘over during meiosis The frequency of crossing over can be used to determine how far apart genes are and the relative locations of genes ‘on a chromosome. Crossover frequencies ae directly proportional to the distance between genes (in map units). 16. () Chromosomes independently assort during meiosis in all sexually reproducing organisms and (2) the interaction of alleles (such as. ‘dominance and codorinance) is the same across sexually reproducing species Tf the disorder is autosomal, both parents must be carriers heterozy- gotes) Ifthe disorder is sex-linked, the mother must be a carrer. 1. In both cases, the symbols represent the same thing. Ifthe gene is autosomal, both males and females will show the phenotype with equal frequency. f the gene is sex-linked, mostly males will be affected, 19, Akkaryotype isa picture of stained chromosomes that shows differences between chromosomes, which can be used to detect chromosomal mutations Chapter 7: Extending Mendelian Genetics 221 PTER REVIEW Interactive Review Encourage students to go to [Link] for a detailed review of each section, including visuals and vocabulary practice Unit Resource Book, Vocabulary Practice, pp. 31-34 Reviewing Vocabulary 1. gene: could be a drawing of a chromosome, with a small segment indicated 2. fertilization: could be a drawing of a sperm burrowing into an egg 3. crossing over: could be a drawing of a pair of homologous chromosomes that are duplicated, lined up as in metaphase | of meiosis, with parts crossed, asin Figure 6.20, 4, genetic linkage: could be a drawing of a chromosome with two different genes indicated (or the loci for two different genes indicated) 5. haploid: could be a drawing of a gamete cell with only one set of chromosomes (not homologous pairs of chromosomes) (6. Meiosis is a reductive process that diminishes, or reduces, the amount ‘of DNA. It begins with a diploid cell and ends with haploid cells. 194 Unit 3: Genetics KEY CONCEPTS 61 Chromosomes and Meiosis ‘Gametes have haf the numberof chromo somes that body cells have. Your body cells have 2 pars of homologous chromosomes, making 46 total womnosomes. Gametes have coy one chromosome from each homologous prur—3 enemosomes in al 6.2 Process of Meiosis oe et ran tch Soe tects noemmereoeeie | moncecenmmees, | er ‘hat ae genetically unique | 6.3 Mendel and Heredity Mendel research showed that tata inher- ined at discrete units. rg amount of data, contol over breeding, use of pureed plants, ad obsenation of ether tats allowed him to see pattemsin the inhertance of tats. He concluded that organisms inherit two copies of each gene ad that organisms donate only one copy of ech gene nthe gametes. Smee “y" Diagram Use 2° diagram to summarize what you know about meiosis and 194 nie Gees [Lvecbutey camer concept mops Y Animatedtictory i ontneaus | 644 Traits, Genes, and Alleles Genes encode proteins that produce adverse range of traits Every dplod erganism has two alleles foreach gene: one from the mother, one {rom the father. These two alleles may be the same (homoxygous) or different (heterorygus, (One allele may be dominant over another 65 Traits and Probability “The inheritance of traits follows the rues of probability Punnett squares area gdsytem that help predict all possible genotypes esting froma coss. When Mendel performed twortat cxosses he dlscovered that diferent tats pear tobe inherited separately—the law of ndeper- dent assortment. The patterns of inheritance thathe observed canbe predicted using math ematical probabilities, 6.6 Meiosis and Genetic Variation Independent assortment and crossing ove dur in meiosis result in genetic diversity. Indeper- dent assortment produces unique combiatons of parental chromosomes. Crossing over between homologous chromosomes creates patchwork of genes fem both parents Genetic linkage deserbes genes that are close together and tend tobe inherited as a unit. RK RK RA {yele Diagram Flin a cycle clagram lke the one below to show the retionship between diploid and hapoid cel Diploid Germ Cal 7. Haploid cells have a single set of chromno- somes, whereas diploid cells have a double 10. Both are kinds of genotypes. Heterozygous genotypes have two different alleles of a gene, one on each chromosome of a homologous pair. Homozygous genotypes have two of the same alleles of a gene, 0" ‘on each chromosome of a homologous Pa Tl, Genotype refers to the underlying alleles." genetic makeup; phenotype refers to how those alleles are expressed. set of chromosomes. 8. Homologous chromosomes have the sare genes at the each locus. Homozygous means that the two alleles ata locus are the same. 9. Both are crosses that Mendel used to study inheritance. A monohybrid cross focuses on only one trait, dihybrid cross focuses on two traits Chapter Assessment oes 61. somatic call p. 168 ipmete, p 168 homologous chromosome, Reviewing Vocabulary Visualize Vocabulary ‘or exh term below, use simple shapes lines, oF rows toillustrate ts meaning Below each picture, ‘wrtea short caption Here’ an example for diploid: Lge 2 fertization eosin over ‘A geneticliniage Shaplodd Dipl eas ard tw eps of th renee, Greek Word Origins 6 The word meiosis comes froma Greek word meaning “to diminish” or make les. How does ths words orga relate to its mearing? [Link] word hopoid comes fom the Greek word haplous, which means single" Diploid comes from the Greek ‘word dplous, which means “double” Explain how these ‘wo terms meanings relate to ther rigs. {The Gree prefix homo: means “one and the same How does th relate to the words homologous and omonygous? Compare and Contrast Describe one similarity and one difference between ‘the to terms in each of the following pars. Smonahybrid cross, dybrid cross [Link], homonygous 1 genotype, phenotype | rmonahybrid os 18 sexual reproduction, p.170 testers p85 fertization,p. 70 iyi ros p86 diploid p. 70 tan of independent assortment apo p. 70 a eons 70 homorygus p60 pons 62 umerogenesis 6 90.180 66 crowing ore 190 Sem a8 genome p 8h ene kage p19 enotype, p18) phenotype pt dominant, at recessive,p. 180 Punnett square p.183 Reviewing MAIN IDEAS 1B Eachof you celshas et of dvomescmes cde Ing atosomes and sex deomosones Expl the man dferences between these two types of eames 1. rut fy has diploid els wth &chromasomes. Explain how many chromesomes ants haploid gametes 4. Meiosis isa continuous process, bt we can thinkof it a tang place in two tages, ros and mec Describe the products ofeach tage How do the products of mete afer fom those of meiosis 15. The foundation for our moder study of genetics began with Gregor Mendel who studied pea plants What ‘were Mendefe two main conclusions about how trate ‘e passed between generations? ‘6. How did Mendels. use of purebred plants—for example, fue white nd patbed pup owed pas Conmbute the understanding of How does the homozygous condition fer fom the hetersygous condition? In your newer ure the terms _geve, homelegous chromosome, nd ale, 18. What does each ofthe folowing pars of a Pemnett square represent (the entries on each ae ofthe gid and (Othe entisin the four squares within the gid? 19. How dd the rests of Mendels hybrid rose lad him to formate the law of independent assortment? [Link] does cosing over during moss ierease ‘genetic dversty? Chapter ess an Mende Reviewing Main Ideas 12. Sex chromosomes directly control the development of sexual characteristics. ‘Autosomes control the development of characteristics that are not directly sex related. B. four chromosomes, because meiosis results in haploid gamete cells, with only one set of chromosomes 14, Meiosis separates homologous pairs of chromosomes and results in haploid cels with duplicated chromosomes. Meiosis I separates sister chromatids and results in haploid cells. with chromosomes that are not duplicated. 15. Mendel concluded that traits are inherited EN AULa§ REVIEW 16. When Mendel crossed two different purebred ines, for example, purple~ flowered and white-flowered peas, he saw that there were no white- flowered offspring, but that if F, plants were crossed, the white flowers reappeared. This showed that the white flower trait had not disappeared: it was just masked. ‘Additionally, this suggested that offspring received two forms of each ‘gene, one from each parent. T7, The homozygous condition occurs when an organism has two of the same alleles for a particular gene— cone on each chromosome of a homologous pair, for example, an allele for white flower color at the locus for the flower color gene on the maternal chromosome, and also anallele for white color at the flower color locus on the paternal chromo- some. The heterozygous condition occurs when there are two different alleles of a gene. For example, one chromosome has the purple allele, and its homologous chromosome has the white allele. 1. (a) the possible gamete genotypes for each parent; (b) the possible offspring genotypes 19, Mendel learned from his dihybrid ‘crosses that traits ae inherited independently of each other. For ‘example, a white-flowered pea plant could be either short or tall. and a purple-flowered pea plant also could be either short or tall. Flower color and height were not inherited together. [Link] from homologous chromosomes (matemal and paternal chromosomes) exchange segments during meiosis |, which alters and recombines the genetic makeup of the chromosomes. from parents and that organisms receive two copies of hereditary units, now called genes, cone from the mother and one from the father. The two copies segregate during gam- ete formation. Chapter 6: Meiosis and Mendel 195 VN VA) Interactive Review Encourage students to go to [Link] for a detailed review of each section, including visuals and vocabulary practice Unit Resource Book, Vocabulary Practice, pp. 91:94 Reviewing Vocabulary 1. sketch ofa cell with nucleus starting to disintegrate and chromosomes in ‘condensed, duplicated form 2. sketch of a cell with chromosomes lined up in the middle with one chromatid facing each pole 3, sketch of a cell with chromatid pairs pulled apart by spindle fibers and being pulled toward the poles 4. sketch ofa cell forming into two, each with a nucleus forming and with single chromosomes 158 Unit 2: Cells Ss CHAPTER KEY CONCEPTS 51 The Cell Cycle Celshave ditnc phases of growth, repro tion, and normal functions The cel ye has four main stages: 6, 5,6, and [Link] engthof the cell yee can vary resting in cern ates of cel dison. This varity i tated onthe bodys ned for ferent cell ypes. Ces also divide because they needa suffice sufoce area-to-vlume ratio to ‘move material into and out ofthe cell 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Celle divide during mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis vides the nucleus into two genetically entcalpucel ina fourphase process prophase plicated cromosomes condense til. Cjte- line ctaly divides thecal ytoplem. 5.3 Regulation of the Cell Cycle Celle regulation is necessary for healthy srowth Cel gowth and vision ae regulated by both external factors such as hormones and row factors, andintermal factors, such as «yelns and kinases When proper reqution of cel growths dupted, a cel may become can- cerous Cancer calls row more pil than do normal els and form clumps cle tumors that may metastasize to other regions of the body. surnmarize what you know about mitosis Gove) metaphase anaphase, telophase In prophase, the ‘Concept Map Use a concept mip ke the onebelow to | Venn Diagram Draw a Venn diagram tke the one below to summarize the smilartes and differences between ‘embryonic and adult stem cells, 54 Asexual Reproduction Many organisms reproduce by cll vision, Most protaryotes reproduce though proces Caled binary ison. in which cell divides nto two approriately equal parts Some eukaryotes reproduce through mitosis. The offing tht ren from aera reproduction are genetcaly idetical to the parent organism. excep when rmtations occur Whether being ier Inadvantage ora disadvantage depends on the environment 5.5 Multicellular Life Cells work together to carry out complex fune- tions. Within multicellular organisms ell form tissues tissues form organs, and organs form organ systems, The calls ferentiate to perform Specific Functions, Much of this specialistione determined bya cells loation within the devel: coping embryo. Stem cells are a special typeof cell that continue to divide and renew ther selves fr long periods of time. new stem celle smat 7 eon Anew stem cell + Tapecazed cal 5, sketch of two separate identical cells, each with intact nucleus 6. sketch of central point in a condensed, duplicated chromosome where sister chromatids are joined 7, sketch of a chromosome with end regions shaded or distinguished and labeled 8. Prophase is the first, and therefore earliest, stage of mitosis, before chromosomes line Up at the middle of the cell 9. Telophase is the last, and therefore ending, phase of mitosis. The telomere is the region of DNA located at each end of a chromosome. 10. The chromosomes themselves appear to be threadlike when viewed through a micro- scope. Some students may think the spindle fibers look like threads. Ail akae INIT SST Ly YY | prophase. Wo 5.4 sens reproduction». B | sae meth o Sarton p Me grates anaphase | ae, telophase p. MO 55 se | 2 ee 53. growth facto p. 144 Stan dstemp.1 m8 Spoptei pi Cel diferent p12 Grom, cancer M6 Semeep eee, 39 benign. 6 eS one pb? ialgnan Ws metas, ps | ‘rcnogen Me gevewing Vocabulary vocabulary | hve lo dw asin pcre that feces themening ofthe word Heres an ‘Solero. * tcp reeghue angie captae sepsis coconere ame eet rts {ne refi pro- means eater thar’ or “prior to” Explain hw hs meaning lates tothe word prophase, ‘Teri elo- means “stant, fr, oF end” How does ‘hemeaning relate to the words telophase and ‘Tete mitosis comes from the Greek root mitos, ‘ichimeans "thread" How does ths meaning relate to tepoces of mitosis? Reviewing i Ain IDEAS TL. The cel eye as four man stages—G, 5.6, and M. ‘What occursin the cell uring each tage? ‘Compare the ates of el dvson eccuring in your ‘neurons and your ai folices. 1B. What ithe elatonshp between a cel surface area ands volume? 14. You know that a chromosome sa ver long, continous strand of DNA How do prem help condense ‘chomosomes? 15. Describe what happens in each main phase of itoss— prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase 16. How does the process of atoknesi fe from the process ofits? Tr ncreased evel of cyclin hep tage a cellto vide. Do you thinka growth factor would cease or decrease Sci eves? pain, 18, Describe how uncontrolled cll dviions dangerous In ongarisms. 18. Lst one sniaty and one ference between binary fasion and mitosis. 20,You pull ales roma plant and pace it ina cup of water After a week. oot start to grow from the lea. What type of reproduction has cue and what role does mtasis pay nt? 2. rely describe how cel differentiation occurs inthe developing animal eyo. .Ust tree characteristics of allstem cls. Capt Goth ndOvon 159 Reviewing Main Ideas 1. Acel grows and carries out its normal functions in G, During the S stage, DNA is ‘copied. The cell continues to grow during G,- During the four phases of mitosis, the cells rceus breaks down, the duplicated chromosomes line up at the cells center, and then separate. The cell membrane starts to pinch together as the last part of mitosis, known as cytokinesis, brings about the division of one cell into two. Each of those cellsreturn to interphase. 1. Cel division occurs much more rapidly in hair follicles than in neurons. B. The larger a cell, the smaller isthe surface area of cell membrane available to support a given volume of the cells interior. Assuming a cell shaped lke a cube or sphere, surface area increases by the power of 2 compared ‘to an increase in volume by the power of 3 14, DIA strands are wrapped around proteins summarize and organize the processes of photosyntess celular respiration and fermentation sobs proces 6. allows glycolysis to continue Reviewing Vocabulary 1. builds sugars: 2. absorb and transfer energy 3, produces ATP when oxygen is available 4, with oxygen 5, breaks down pyruvate 7. Photosynthesis uses light to put sugars together. 8, Aerobic processes require oxygen, anaerobic processes do not. 9. Oxygen taken in through breathing is needed for cellular respiration, Wns Unit2:Cels Reviewing Vocabulary Keep Stort Ferexhocabulry term belo, witea shot, precise tht descbes ts meaing For examples, Serta to describe ATP could be energy for oe photosynthesis aight dependent reactions dasha espation decbie Sets ‘fermen

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