Microelectronics
Circuit Analysis and Design
Donald A. Neamen
Chapter 7
Frequency Response
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-1
McGraw-Hill
In this chapter, we will:
❑ Discuss the general frequency response
characteristics of amplifiers.
❑ Derive the system transfer functions
➢ Develop the Bode diagrams of the magnitude
and phase of the transfer functions.
❑ Analyze the frequency response of transistor
circuits with capacitors.
➢ Determine the Miller effect and Miller
capacitance.
❑ Determine the high-frequency response of basic
transistor circuit configurations.
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-2
McGraw-Hill
Amplifier Gain Versus Frequency
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-3
McGraw-Hill
Transfer Functions of
the Complex Frequency
Name of Function Expression
Voltage Transfer Function T(s) = Vo(s)/Vi(s)
Current Transfer Function Io(s)/Ii(s)
Transresistance Function Vo(s)/Ii(s)
Transconductance Function Io(s)/Vi(s)
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-4
McGraw-Hill
Series Coupling Capacitor Circuit
s
T (s) = K 2 ( )
1 + s
= ( RS + RP )C S
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-5
McGraw-Hill
Parallel Load Capacitor Circuit
1
T ( s ) = K1 ( )
1 + s
= ( RS RP )C P
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-6
McGraw-Hill
Bode Plot of Voltage Transfer Function
Magnitude:
Series Coupling Capacitor Circuit
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-7
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-8
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-9
McGraw-Hill
Relationship Between Rectangular
and Polar Coordinates
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-10
McGraw-Hill
Bode Plot of Voltage Transfer Function
Phase:
Series Coupling Capacitor Circuit
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-11
McGraw-Hill
Bode Plot of Voltage Transfer Function
Magnitude:
Parallel Load Capacitor Circuit
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-12
McGraw-Hill
Bode Plot of Voltage Transfer Function
Phase:
Parallel Load Capacitor Circuit
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-13
McGraw-Hill
Circuit with Series Coupling and
Parallel Load Capacitor
S = ( RS + RP )C S
P = ( RS RP )C P
1
fL =
2 S
1
fH =
2 P
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-14
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-15
McGraw-Hill
S = ( RS + RP )C S
P = ( RS RP )C P
1
fL =
2 S
1
fH =
2 P
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-16
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-17
McGraw-Hill
Bode Plot of Magnitude of Voltage
Transfer Function:
Series Coupling and Parallel Load Capacitor
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-18
McGraw-Hill
Time Response
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-19
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-20
McGraw-Hill
Steady-State Output Response
Coupling Capacitor Load Capacitor
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-21
McGraw-Hill
Common Emitter with Coupling
Capacitor
1
fL =
2 ( RSi + Ri )CC
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-22
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-23
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-24
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-25
McGraw-Hill
Common Source with Output
Coupling Capacitor
1
fL =
2 ( RD + RC )CC
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-26
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-27
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-28
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-29
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-30
McGraw-Hill
Emitter Follower with Output
Coupling Capacitor
1
fL =
2 ( Ro + RL )CC 2
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-31
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-32
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-33
McGraw-Hill
Problem-Solving Technique:
Bode Plot of Gain Magnitude
1. Determine whether capacitor is producing a
low-pass or high-pass circuit.
a. Sketch general shape of Bode plot
2. Corner frequency is f = 1/(2) where = ReqC
a. Req is resistance seen by capacitor
3. Maximum gain magnitude is midband gain.
a. Coupling and bypass capacitors act as
shorts
b. Load capacitors act as opens
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-34
McGraw-Hill
Common Source with Load Capacitor
1
fH =
2 ( Ro RL )C L
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-35
McGraw-Hill
Coupling and Parallel Load Capacitors
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-36
McGraw-Hill
Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit:
Coupling and Parallel Load Capacitor
1 1
fL = fH =
2 [ RS + ( R1 R2 Ri )]CC 2 ( RC RL )C P
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-37
McGraw-Hill
Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit:
Coupling and Parallel Load Capacitor
Magnitude of the midband gain
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-38
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-39
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-40
McGraw-Hill
Emitter Bypass Capacitor
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-41
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-42
McGraw-Hill
Bode Plot of Voltage Gain Magnitude:
Emitter Bypass Capacitor
g m r RC
A v →0 =
RS + r + (1 = ) RE
g m r RC
A v → =
RS + r
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-43
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-44
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-45
McGraw-Hill
Two Coupling Capacitors and an
Emitter Bypass Capacitor
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-46
McGraw-Hill
PSpice Results for Two Coupling
Capacitors and a Emitter Bypass
Capacitor
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-47
McGraw-Hill
FREQUENCY RESPONSE:
BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR
Expanded Hybrid Equivalent Circuit
Resistance rb is the base series resistance between the external base terminal B
and the internal base region B’. Cπ is the forward biased junction
capacitance and r π is the forward-biased junction diffusion resistance.
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-48
McGraw-Hill
Expanded Hybrid Equivalent Circuit
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-49
McGraw-Hill
Short-Circuit Current Gain:
Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-50
McGraw-Hill
Short-Circuit Current Gain:
Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-51
McGraw-Hill
Bode Plot:
Short-Circuit Current Gain
The corner frequency, which is also the beta cutoff frequency
1
f = fT = o f
2 r (C + C )
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-52
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-53
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-54
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-55
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-56
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-57
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-58
McGraw-Hill
2-Port Equivalent Circuit of C BJT
Thevenin Equivalent Norton Equivalent
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-59
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-60
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-61
McGraw-Hill
Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit with
Miller Capacitance: BJT
CM = C [1 + g m ( RC RL )]
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-62
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-63
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-64
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-65
McGraw-Hill
Inherent Resistances and
Capacitances in n-Channel MOSFET
1
C gs C gd WLCox
2
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-66
McGraw-Hill
Equivalent Circuit for n-Channel
Common Source MOSFET
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-67
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-68
McGraw-Hill
Unity-Gain Bandwidth
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-69
McGraw-Hill
Unity-Gain Bandwidth
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-70
McGraw-Hill
Unity-Gain Bandwidth
gm
fT =
2 (C gs + C gd )
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-71
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-72
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-73
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-74
McGraw-Hill
Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit with
Miller Capacitance: MOSFET
C M = C gd [1 + g m RL ]
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-75
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-76
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-77
McGraw-Hill
Common-Emitter Amplifier
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-78
McGraw-Hill
High-Frequency Equivalent Circuit:
Common Emitter
1
fH =
2 [r RB RS ](C + C )
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-79
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-80
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-81
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-82
McGraw-Hill
PSpice Results for Common Emitter
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-83
McGraw-Hill
Common-Base Amplifier
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-84
McGraw-Hill
High-Frequency Equivalent Circuit:
Common Base
Zi is the impedance looking into the emitter.
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-85
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-86
McGraw-Hill
High-Frequency Equivalent Circuit:
Common Base
1 1
f H = f H =
r 2 ( RC RL )C
2 [ RB RS ]C
1+
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-87
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-88
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-89
McGraw-Hill
PSpice Results for Common Emitter
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-90
McGraw-Hill
Cascode
Circuit
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-91
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-92
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-93
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-94
McGraw-Hill
High-Frequency Equivalent Circuit:
Cascode
1 1
f H = f H =
2 [ RS RB1 r 1 ](C 1 + C M 1 ) 2 ( RC RL )C 2
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-95
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-96
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-97
McGraw-Hill
PSpice Results for Cascode
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-98
McGraw-Hill
Emitter-Follower Circuit
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-99
McGraw-Hill
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-
100
High-Frequency Equivalent Circuit:
Emitter Follower
1
fH
C
2 [ RS RB (1 + g m RL' )r ](C + )
1 + g m RL
'
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-
101
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-
102
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-
103
PSpice Results for Emitter Follower
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-
104