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STATISTICS TEACHING NOTES (SENIOR SECONDARY)

Statistics is a branch of mathematics that deals with collection of data, organizing and
analyzing collected data, interpreting data and making decisions based on the
interpretation of data. Statistics is carried out at all levels of society. Most of the decisions we
make in our living, are based on some statistics that we may have carried out consciously or
unconsciously. For instance, at home knowing the amount of food required, the quantity of
groceries required per month and many more are based on some carried out statistic.
At national level, statistics tells us the rate of population growth, the average income per
person, how many people are unemployed and many more. Such information is very much
important for government officials to make decisions on behalf of the nation.
At this level of study of statistics, we shall exclusively learn about the following;
 Constructing the cumulative frequency tables,
 Drawing of the cumulative frequency curves,
 Constructing the relative cumulative frequency tables,
 Drawing of the relative cumulative frequency curves and
 Calculating of measures of dispersion or spread.

The Cumulative Frequency Tables

A cumulative frequency table is a table that has a column or row for the sum of data values
called cumulative frequencies.
 The frequency of data value is the number of times that the data value appears in a set of
data.
 The cumulative frequency of data value is the sum of all the frequencies.

Example 1
The table below shows the marks obtained by 50 learners in a class mathematics test marked out
of 8.
Marks 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
No of learners 2 3 6 7 6 9 11 6 0

Using the information above, draw the cumulative frequency table.

Solution
Marks 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Frequency 2 3 6 7 6 9 11 6 0
Cumulative Frequency 2 5 11 18 24 33 44 50 50

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Example 2
Then ages of people living at Pamodzi village are recorded in the frequency table below.
Ages 0 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 10 10 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 20 20 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 30 30 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 40 40 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 50 50 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 60
No of people 7 22 28 23 15 5

Using the information in the table above, copy and complete the cumulative frequency table
below.
Age ≤ 10 ≤ 20 ≤ 30 ≤ 40 ≤ 50 ≤ 60

Cumulative frequency 7 29 100

Solution
Age ≤ 10 ≤ 20 ≤ 30 ≤ 40 ≤ 50 ≤ 60

Cumulative frequency 7 29 57 80 95 100

The Cumulative Frequency Curve (Ogive)

A cumulative frequency curve or ogive is a curve obtained by plotting a graph of the
cumulative frequencies against the data values.

Example
The ages of people living at Pamodzi village are shown in the cumulative frequency table below.
Ages ≤ 10 ≤ 20 ≤ 30 ≤ 40 ≤ 50 ≤ 60

Cumulative frequency 7 29 57 80 95 100

Using a scale of 2cm to represent 10 units on both axes, draw a smooth cumulative frequency
curve for 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 60 and 0 ≤ 𝑦𝑦 ≤ 100.

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Solution

100

90

80

70
Number of people

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
10 20 30 40 50 60
X
Ages

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EXERCISE 1
The table below shows the amount of money spent by 100 learners at school on a particular day.
Amount in kwacha 0 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 5 5 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 10 10 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 15 15 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 20 20 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 25 25 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 30

Frequency 13 27 35 16 7 2

(a) Using the information above, copy and complete the cumulative frequency table below.

Amount in kwacha ≤0 ≤5 ≤ 10 ≤ 15 ≤ 20 ≤ 25 ≤ 30

Frequency 0 13

(b) Using a scale of 2cm to represent 5units on the horizontal axis and 2cm to represent 10
units on the vertical axis, draw a smooth cumulative frequency curve.

The relative cumulative frequency table

 A relative cumulative frequency table is similar to a cumulative frequency table;
however, it has another column or row for relative cumulative frequencies.
 Relative cumulative frequencies are obtained by diving each cumulative frequency
value by the total of cumulative frequencies.

Example
Then ages of people living at Pamodzi village are recorded in the frequency table below.
Ages 0 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 10 10 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 20 20 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 30 30 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 40 40 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 50 50 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 60
No of people 7 22 28 23 15 5

Using the information in the table above, draw the relative cumulative frequency table.

Solution

Ages ≤ 10 ≤ 20 ≤ 30 ≤ 40 ≤ 50 ≤ 60

Cumulative frequency 7 29 57 80 95 100

Relative cumulative frequency 0.07 0.29 0.57 0.8 0.95 1.0

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The Relative Cumulative Frequency Curve

A relative cumulative frequency curve is similar to a cumulative frequency curve, but instead
of plotting cumulative frequencies against data values, we plot relative cumulative frequencies
against the data values.

Example
The ages of people living at Pamodzi village are shown in the relative cumulative frequency
table below.
Ages ≤ 10 ≤ 20 ≤ 30 ≤ 40 ≤ 50 ≤ 60

Cumulative frequency 7 29 57 80 95 100

Relative cumulative frequency 0.07 0.29 0.57 0.8 0.95 1.0
Using a scale of 2cm to represent 10 units on the horizontal axis and 2cm to represent 0.1 unit
on the vertical axis, draw a smooth relative cumulative frequency curve for 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 60 and
0 ≤ 𝑦𝑦 ≤ 1.

Y
1.0

0.9
Relative Cumulative Frequency

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60
X
Ages

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EXERCISE 2
The table below shows the amount of money spent by 100 learners at school on a particular day.
Amount in kwacha 0 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 5 5 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 10 10 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 15 15 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 20 20 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 25 25 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 30

Frequency 13 27 35 16 7 2

(a) Using the information above, copy and complete the relative cumulative frequency table
below.
Amount in kwacha ≤ 0 ≤ 5 ≤ 10 ≤ 15 ≤ 20 ≤ 25 ≤ 30

Cumulative frequency 0 13 40 75 91 98 100

Relative cumulative frequency 0 0.13 0.4

(b) Using a scale of 2cm to represent 5 units on the X axis and 2cm to represent 0.1 unit on
the Y axis for 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 30 and 0 ≤ 𝑦𝑦 ≤ 1. Draw a smooth relative cumulative frequency
curve.

The Measures of Dispersion or Spread.

 A measure of dispersion or spread shows how the data is grouped around the average
(the mean). In other words, it shows whether the data is clustered or scattered.
 There are a good number of different measures of dispersion, but at this level we shall
discuss the following measures of dispersion;
 The Range.
 The Quartiles ( Lower Quartile, Median, Upper Quartile, Interquartile range and
Semi – Interquartile range),
 The Percentile,
 The Variance and
 The Standard Deviation.

Un Grouped Data
The Range
The range of a set of data is the difference between the highest and the lowest data values in a
given set of data.

𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 − 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣

Example
Find the range of the following set of data
23, 25, 10, 19, 28, 33

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Solution
The highest data value is 33 and the lowest data value is 10
Hence, 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 33 − 10
∴ 𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐

The Quartiles
 The Quartiles divide data values into four parts called Quarters. Hence, Quartiles are
quarters of data values in a given set of data.
 For data arranged in order of size, we have the following Quartiles;
• The first quarter called Lower Quartile (Q1),
• The second quarter called Median (Q2) and
• The third quarter called Upper Quartile (Q3).

The Lower Quartile (Q1)

 The Lower Quartile (Q1) is the middle data value of the lower halve of an ordered set
of data.

Example
For the following set of data: 12, 15, 23, 18, 25, 8, 16. Find the lower quartile.

Solution
First, we need to arrange the data values in ascending order. Thus;
8, 12, 15, 16, 18, 23, 25
Then the lower halve has the data values: 8, 12, 15
The middle value of the lower halve is 12.

∴ 𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸 (𝑸𝑸𝟏𝟏) = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏

The Middle Quartile / Median (Q2)

The median (Q2) is the middle data value of an ordered set of data.

Example
Find the median of the following set of data: 45, 22, 33, 28, 26, 36, 40, 30

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Solution
First, we arrange the data values in an ascending order as follows:
22, 26, 28, 30, 33, 36, 40, 45
We have two middle values, 30 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 33 and then we find the middle value of the two.
30+33 63
The median (Q2) = = = 31.5
2 2

∴ 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 (𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐) = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟓𝟓

The Upper Quartile (Q3)

The Upper Quartile (Q3) is the middle value of the upper halve of an ordered set of data.

Example
Find the Upper Quartile (Q3) of the following set of data: 23, 42, 25, 60 10, 50, 19, 28, 34,
15
First, we arrange the data values in ascending order as follows:
10, 15, 19, 23, 25, 28, 34, 42, 50, 60
The upper halve takes the data values:28, 34, 42, 50, 60
The middle value of the upper halve is 42.
∴ 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼 𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸 (𝑸𝑸𝟑𝟑) = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒

The inter Quartile Range (IQR)

The interquartile range (IQR) is the difference between the Upper Quartile (Q3) and the
Lower Quartile (Q1).

𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 − 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄

𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 𝑄𝑄3 − 𝑄𝑄1

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The Semi – Interquartile Range

The semi – interquartile range is half of the interquartile range.
1 (𝑄𝑄3−𝑄𝑄1)
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 − 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = (𝑄𝑄3 − 𝑄𝑄1) =
2 2

Example
For the following set of data: 4, 8, 12, 7, 1, 9, 10, 15, 19
Find the
(a) Interquartile range,
(b) Semi – interquartile range.

Solution
First, we arrange the data values in ascending order as follows:
1, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 19
4+7 11
𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 (𝑄𝑄1) = = = 5.5
2 2
12+15 27
𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 (𝑄𝑄3) = = = 13.5
2 2

(a) 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 𝑄𝑄3 − 𝑄𝑄1

𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 13.5 − 5.5
∴ 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 = 𝟖𝟖
1
(b) 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 − 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = (𝑄𝑄3 − 𝑄𝑄1)
2
1
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 − 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = × 8
2

∴ 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 − 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 = 𝟒𝟒

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EXERCISE 3
For the following set of data: 24, 27, 24, 25, 28, 30, 33, 31, 33, 35, 33
Find the
(a) Range,
(b) Lower quartile,
(c) Median,
(d) Upper quartile,
(e) Interquartile range and
(f) Semi-interquartile range.

The Percentiles
Percentiles divide an ordered set of data into percentages. The 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛ℎ percentile of an ordered set
of data, is the value such that 𝑛𝑛% of the data values are less than or equal to that value.
NOTE THAT:
 The 25th percentile is equal to the Lower Quartile (Q1) of the distribution.
 The 50th percentile is equal to the Middle Quartile (Q2) of the distribution.
 The 75th percentile is equal to the Upper Quartile (Q3) of the distribution.

Quartiles and Percentiles from the Cumulative and Relative Cumulative

Frequency Curves.
Grouped Data
Quartiles and Percentiles from the Cumulative Frequency Curve.
(i) To find the Lower Quartile(Q1), find the quarter of the distribution and follow it
from the 𝑌𝑌 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 to the curve. Where it meets the curve, go down and pick the
value of 𝑥𝑥 from the 𝑋𝑋 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎.

1
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 (𝑄𝑄1) = × 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
4

(ii) To find the Middle Quartile /(Median (Q2), find the half of the distribution and
follow it from the 𝑌𝑌 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 to the curve. Where it meets the curve, go and pick 𝑥𝑥
values from the 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎.

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1
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝑄𝑄2) = × 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
2

(iii) To find the Upper Quartile (Q3), find the third quarter of the distribution and follow
it from the 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 to the curve. Where it meets the curve, go down and pick the
value of 𝑥𝑥 from the 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎.

3
𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 (𝑄𝑄3) = × 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
4

(iv) To find the interquartile range(IQR), first find the Upper Quartile(Q3) and the
Lower Quartile, then find the difference between the Upper Quartile (Q3) and the
Lower Quartile (Q1)

𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 (𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼) = 𝑄𝑄3 − 𝑄𝑄1

(v) The semi – interquartile range, is the half of the interquartile range.

𝑄𝑄3−𝑄𝑄1
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 − 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 =
2

(vi) 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 100 × 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

20
e.g 20th percentile = × 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
100

NB: for relative cumulative frequency curve, distribution is 1

Example 1
The table below shows the number of days that 52 learners in a grade 11 class at Chilubi
secondary school were absent in one school term.
Days absent 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Frequency 2 3 6 7 6 9 11 6 2

(a) Using the information in the table above, copy and complete the cumulative frequency
table below.

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Days absent 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Cumulative frequency 2 5 11 52

(b) Using a scale of 2cm to represent 1 unit on the X axis and 2cm to represent 10 units on
the Y axis, draw a smooth cumulative frequency curve.
(c) Showing your method clearly, use your graph to estimate;
(i) the lower quartile,
(ii) the median,
(iii) the upper quartile,
(iv) the interquartile range,
(v) the semi-interquartile range,
(vi) the 90th percentile.

Solution

Days absent 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Y (a) Cumulative frequency 2 5 11 18 24 33 44 50 52
60
C (i) 𝑄𝑄1 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟑
(b)
50
90th percentile

40 Q3 C (ii) 𝑄𝑄2 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟐𝟐

No of learners

C (iii) 𝑄𝑄3 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟓𝟓

30
Q2
C (iv) 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 𝑄𝑄3 − 𝑄𝑄1
20 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 5.5 − 2.3
Q1 ∴ 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟐𝟐
10
90th percentile= 𝟔𝟔. 𝟏𝟏

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
X

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Example 2
The frequency table below shows the number of copies of newspapers allocated to 48 newspaper
vendors.
Copies of newspapers 25 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 30 30𝑥𝑥 <≤ 35 35 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 40 40 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 45 45 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 50 50 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 55 55 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 60
Number of vendors 5 4 7 11 12 8 1

(a) Using the information in the table above, copy and complete the cumulative frequency
table below.
Copies of newspapers ≤ 25 ≤ 30 ≤ 35 ≤ 40 ≤ 45 ≤ 50 ≤ 55 ≤ 60

Number of vendors 0 5 9 16
(b) Using a horizontal scale of 2cm to represent 10 newspapers on the 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 and a
vertical scale of 4cm to represent 10 vendors on the 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 for 0 < 𝑥𝑥 ≥ 60 and
0 < 𝑦𝑦 ≤ 50, draw a smooth cumulative frequency curve.
(c) Showing your method clearly, use your graph to estimate;
(i) The interquartile range
(ii) The 50th percentile
(d) How many vendors received more than 45 copies of newspapers?

EXERCISE 4
The table below shows the amount of money spent by 100 learners at a school tuck shop on a
particular day.
Amount in kwacha 0 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 5 5 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 10 10 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 15 15 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 20 20 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 25 25 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 30

Frequency 13 27 35 16 7 2

(a) Using the table above, copy and complete the cumulative frequency table below.

Amount in kwacha ≤0 ≤5 ≤ 10 ≤ 15 ≤ 20 ≤ 25 ≤ 30

Cumulative frequency 0 13 40 100

(b) Using a scale of 2cm to represent 5units on the horizontal axis and 2cm to represent to
represent 10 units on the vertical axis, draw a smooth cumulative frequency curve.
(c) Showing your method clearly, use your graph to estimate;
(i) the semi-interquartile range
(ii) the 20th percentile.

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Solution for Example 2

Copies of newspapers ≤ 25 ≤ 30 ≤ 35 ≤ 40 ≤ 45 ≤ 50 ≤ 55 ≤ 60
y (a) Number of vendors 0 5 9 16 27 39 47 48

50
(b)

40

Q3 C (i) IQR= 𝑄𝑄3 − 𝑄𝑄1

IQR= 49 − 37.5
∴ 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓
30
Number of vendors

50th Percentile C (ii) 50th Percentile= 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒

20

(d) 48 − 27 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 Vendors

Q1
10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60
X
Copies of newspapers

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Quartiles and Percentiles from the Relative Cumulative Frequency Curve

Example 1
A famer planted 60 fruit trees. In a certain month, the number of fruits per tree was record and
the results were as shown in the table below.
Fruits per tree 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Frequency 1 5 4 6 10 16 18
(a) Using the table above, copy and complete the relative cumulative frequency table below.

Fruits per tree 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Cumulative frequency 1 6 10 16 26 42 60
Relative cumulative frequency 0.02 0.1 0.17
(b) Using a scale of 1cm to represent 1 unit on the 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 for 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 8 and 2cm to
represent 0.1 units on the 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 for 0 ≤ 𝑦𝑦1, draw a smooth relative cumulative
frequency curve.
(c) Showing your method clearly, use your graph to estimate the:
(i) Semi-interquartile range,
(ii) 70th percentile.

Example 2
The frequency table below shows the distribution of marks obtained by 90 learners in a
mathematics class test.
Marks (x) 10 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 20 20 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 30 30 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 40 40 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 50 50 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 60 60 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 70

frequency 2 10 15 23 30 10

(a) Copy and complete the relative cumulative frequency table below.

Marks (x) ≤ 10 ≤ 20 ≤ 30 ≤ 40 ≤ 50 ≤ 60 ≤ 70

Cumulative frequency 0 2 12 27 50 80 90

Relative cumulative frequency 0 0.02 0.13 0.3

(b) Using a scale of 2cm to represent 10 units on the 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 70 and 2cm to
represent 0.1 units on the 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 0 ≤ 𝑦𝑦 ≤ 1, draw a smooth relative cumulative
frequency curve.
(c) Showing you method clearly, use your graph to estimate the median
(d) What percentile is 53 marks?

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Solution
Fruits per tree 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Example 1
(a) Cumulative frequency 1 6 10 16 26 42 60

Relative cumulative 0.02 0.1 0.17 0.27 0.43 0.7 1.0

frequency
𝑦𝑦
1 C (i) 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 =
𝑄𝑄3−𝑄𝑄1
2
(b)
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 7.2 − 4.85
0.9
∴ 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 − 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑

0.8
Q3
70th Percentile
0.7
Relative cumulative Frequency

0.6 C (ii) 70th Percentile= 𝟕𝟕

0.5

0.4

0.3
Q1

0.2

0.1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
𝑥𝑥
Fruits per tree

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Example 2 Marks (x) ≤ 10 ≤ 20 ≤ 30 ≤ 40 ≤ 50 ≤ 60 ≤ 70

Cumulative frequency 0 2 12 27 50 80 90
𝑦𝑦 (a)
Relative cumulative frequency 0 0.02 0.13 0.3 0.56 0.89 1.0

1
(b)
0.9

0.8
Relative cumulative frequency

0.7
65th Percentile
(c) Median = 7𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

0.6

Q2
0.5
(d) 0.65× 100 = 65
65th Percentile
0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
𝑥𝑥
Marks

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EXERCISE 5
The frequency distribution table below shows the number of hours students studied on a
particular day at Chilubi Nursing College.
Number of hours 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Number of students 0 3 3 5 6 2 1
(a) Using the table above, copy and complete the relative cumulative frequency table below.

Number of hours ≤1 ≤2 ≤3 ≤4 ≤5 ≤6 ≤7

Cumulative frequency 0 3 6 11 17 19 20

Relative cumulative frequency 0 0.15 0.3 0.55

(b) Using a scale of 2cm to represent 1 unit on the 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 for 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 7 and 2cm to
represent 0.1 units on the 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 for 0 ≤ 𝑦𝑦 ≤ 1, draw a smooth relative cumulative
frequency curve.
(c) Showing your method clearly, use your graph to estimate;
(i) the semi-interquartile range,
(ii) the 40th percentile.

The Variance and Standard Deviation

 The Variance and the Standard Deviation are the most commonly used measures of
dispersion.

The Variance
 Variance measures the distances or spread of each data value from the mean in a set
of data.
 The square of sigma (𝜎𝜎) is used to denote the variance symbol. Hence the variance is
denoted by; 𝜎𝜎 2

The Standard Deviation

 Standard Deviation (SD) is the square root of the variance. Thus, Standard
Deviation (SD) is denoted by; √𝜎𝜎 2 = 𝜎𝜎

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Un Grouped Data
The Mean (𝑥𝑥)
The mean is denoted by; ( 𝑥𝑥) and the mean of un grouped data is given by the formula:

∑ 𝑥𝑥
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 �𝑥𝑥� = 𝑛𝑛

The Variance is calculated by the formula:

∑(𝑥𝑥− 𝑥𝑥)2 ∑ 𝑥𝑥 2
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 (𝜎𝜎 2 ) = = − ( 𝑥𝑥)2
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛

The Standard Deviation (SD) is calculated by the formula:

∑(𝑥𝑥− 𝑥𝑥)2 ∑ 𝑥𝑥 2
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆�√𝜎𝜎 2 � = �� � = �� − (𝑥𝑥)2 �
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛

Example 1
For the set of data: 3, 4, 4, 4, 5 find the
(a) Mean,
(b) Variance,
(c) Standard deviation.

Solution
∑ 𝑥𝑥 (3−4)2 +(4−4)2 +(4−4)2 +(4−4)2 +(5−4)2
(a) 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 (𝑥𝑥) = (b) 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 =
𝑛𝑛 5
3+4+4+4+5 2
(𝑥𝑥) = =
5 5
20 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒
(𝑥𝑥) =
5

(𝑥𝑥) = 𝟒𝟒 (c) 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = √0.4

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔

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Example 2
For the following set of data: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100. Find the
(a) Mean,
(b) Variance,
(c) Standard deviation.

Solution
∑ 𝑥𝑥
(a) 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥) =
𝑛𝑛
10+20+30+40+50+60+70+80+90+100
(𝑥𝑥) =
10
550
(𝑥𝑥) =
10

(𝑥𝑥) = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓

(10 − 55)2 + (20 − 55)2 + (30 − 55)2 + (40 − 55)2 + (50 − 55)2 + (60 − 55)2 + (70 − 55)2 + (80 − 55)2 + (90 − 55)2 + (100 − 55)2
(b) 10

2025+1225+625+225+25+25+225+625+1225+2025
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 =
10
8250
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 =
10

𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖

∑(𝑥𝑥− 𝑥𝑥)2 8250

(c) 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = � =� = √825 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕
𝑛𝑛 10

OR

∑ 𝑥𝑥 2
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = � − (𝑥𝑥)2
𝑛𝑛

∑ 𝑥𝑥 2 102 +202 +302 +402 +502 +602 +702 +802 +902 +1002 38500
= = = 3850
𝑛𝑛 10 10

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = �3850 − (55)2 = √3850 − 3025 = √825 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟕𝟕

EXERCISE 6
Find the standard deviation of the set of data: 6, 8, 20, 32, 64.

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Grouped data
The Mean is given by the formula:

∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥 ) = ∑ 𝑓𝑓

The Variance is calculated by the formula:

∑ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥− 𝑥𝑥)2 ∑ 𝑓𝑓𝑥𝑥 2

𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 = ∑ 𝑓𝑓
= ∑ 𝑓𝑓
− (𝑥𝑥)2

The Standard Deviation (SD) is calculated by the formula:

∑ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥− 𝑥𝑥)2 ∑ 𝑓𝑓𝑥𝑥 2

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷(𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆) = �� ∑ 𝑓𝑓
� = �� ∑ 𝑓𝑓
− (𝑥𝑥)2 �

Example 1
The frequency distribution table below shows the number of hours students studied on a
particular day at Chilubi Nursing College.

Number of hours 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Number of students 0 3 3 5 6 2 1

Calculate the standard deviation.

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Solution
∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥) = ∑ 𝑓𝑓

(1×0)+(2×3)+(3×3)+(4×5)+(5×6)+(6×2)+(7×1)
(𝑥𝑥) =
0+3+3+5+6+2+1
0+6+9+20+30+12+7
(𝑥𝑥) =
20
84
(𝑥𝑥) =
20

(𝑥𝑥) = 4.2
∑ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥− 𝑥𝑥)2 0(1−4.2)2 +3(2−4.2)2 +3(3−4.2)2 +5(4−4.2)2 +6(5−4.2)2 +2(6−4.2)2 +1(7−4.2)2
∑ 𝑓𝑓
=
20

0+14.52+4.32+0.2+3.84+6.48+7.84
=
20
37.2
=
20

= 1.86

∑ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥 )2
∴ 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = � ∑ 𝑓𝑓
= √1.86 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑

OR

∑ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 2
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = � ∑ 𝑓𝑓
− (𝑥𝑥)2

∑ 𝑓𝑓𝑥𝑥 2 �0×12 �+�3×22 �+�3×32 �+�5×42 �+�6×52 �+�2×62 �+(1×72 )

∑ 𝑓𝑓
=
20

390
=
20

= 19.5

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = �19.5 − (4.2)2

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = √19.5 − 17.64

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = √1.86
∴ 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑

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Example 2
The table below shows the heights of 100 plants measured in centimeters on a particular day.
Heights (cm) 0 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 10 10 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 20 20 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 30 30 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 40 40 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 50 50 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 60 60 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 70

Frequency 3 8 14 22 23 22 8

Calculate the standard deviation

Solution
First, we need to find the middle number for each group in the row of heights, which are
5, 15, 25, 35, 45, 55 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 65 as 𝑥𝑥 values.
∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥) = ∑ 𝑓𝑓

(5×3)+(15×8)+(25×14)+(35×22)+(45×23)+(55×22)+(65×8)
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥) =
100
4020
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥) =
100

𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥) = 40.2
∑ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥− 𝑥𝑥)2 3(5−40.2)2 +8(15−40.2)2 +14(25−40.2)2 +22(35−40.2)2 +23(45−40.2)2 +22(55−40.2)2 +8(65−40.2)2
∑ 𝑓𝑓
=
100

22896
=
100

= 228.96

∑ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥− 𝑥𝑥)2
∴ 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = � ∑ 𝑓𝑓
= √228.96 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏

OR
∑ 𝑓𝑓𝑥𝑥 2 �52 ×3�+�152 ×8�+�252 ×14�+�352 ×22�+�452 ×23�+�552 ×22�+(652 ×8)
∑ 𝑓𝑓
=
100

184500
=
100

= 1845

∑ 𝑓𝑓𝑥𝑥 2
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = � ∑ 𝑓𝑓
− (𝑥𝑥)2

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = �1845 − (40.2)2

∴ 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = √1845 − 1616.04 = √228.96 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏

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 Page 24 of 24

EXERCISE 7
The ages (in years) of 100 patients treated at Chilubi Island District Hospital on a particular day
are recorded in the table below.
Ages (in years) 0 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 10 10 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 20 20 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 30 30 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 40 40 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 50 50 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 60

Number of patients 5 10 25 30 20 10

(a) Calculate the standard deviation

(b) Answer this part of the question on a sheet of graph paper.

(i) Using the table above, copy and complete the cumulative frequency table below.

Ages (in years) ≤0 ≤ 10 ≤ 20 ≤ 30 ≤ 40 ≤ 50 ≤ 60

Cumulative frequency 0 5 15 100

(ii) Using a scale of 2cm to represent 10 units on each axis for 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 60 and
0 ≤ 𝑦𝑦 ≤ 100, draw a smooth cumulative frequency curve.
(iii) Showing your method clearly, use your graph to estimate the semi-interquartile
range.

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