📌 1.
Methods in Java
A method in Java is a block of code designed to perform a specific task.
Methods improve reusability, readability, and modularity.
General structure:
returnType methodName(parameters) {
// method body
Methods may or may not return a value and can accept parameters.
📌 2. Access Specifiers
Access specifiers define the visibility of classes, methods, and variables.
public – accessible from anywhere
private – accessible only within the same class
protected – accessible within the same package and subclasses
default – accessible only within the same package
They help implement encapsulation and control data hiding.
📌 3. Static Members
Static members belong to the class rather than an object.
They are shared among all objects of the class and can be accessed using the class name.
Example:
static int count;
static void display() { ... }
Static blocks execute once when the class is loaded.
📌 4. Final Members
The keyword final is used to declare constants and restrict modification.
Final variable: value cannot be changed
Final method: cannot be overridden
Final class: cannot be inherited
It ensures security and prevents accidental modification.
📌 5. Class
A class is a blueprint or template for creating objects.
It contains data members (variables) and member functions (methods).
Example:
class Student {
int id;
String name;
📌 6. Object
An object is an instance of a class.
It represents a real-world entity and provides memory to store the class variables.
Example:
Student s = new Student();
Objects access class methods and variables.
Encapsulation
means hiding the data of a class and allowing access only through methods.
Access to the data is provided through public getters and setters, ensuring data hiding,
security, and controlled modification.
ATM Machine
अंदर balance hidden रहता है
आप direct balance variable तक नहीं पहुंच सकते
सिर्फ दिए हुए buttons (methods) से ही access कर सकते हैं
Polymorphism
is the ability of an object or method to take multiple forms. It allows the same method
name to perform different actions depending on the context. Java supports polymorphism
through method overloading (compile-time) and method overriding (runtime).
Why Polymorphism is Needed?
Makes code flexible
Reduces duplication
Allows child classes to change parent behavio
🟦 TYPES OF POLYMORPHISM
1️⃣ Compile-Time Polymorphism (Method Overloading)
This is resolved by the compiler.
Same method name
Different number/type of parameters
= Different behaviors
2️⃣ Runtime Polymorphism (Method Overriding)
This is resolved at execution time (runtime).
A child class can provide its own version of a method already defined in the parent class.
✔️Example:
Output: Dog Barks
Interface
in Java is a blueprint of a class that contains abstract methods (methods without
body).
A class uses implements keyword.
One class can implement multiple interfaces.
✔ Why use Interfaces?
To achieve abstraction
To support multiple inheritance
To enforce common behavior across unrelated classes
⭐ Exception Handling (Very Easy Notes)
1. What is an Exception?
An exception is an error that happens while a program is running.
If we do not handle it, the program will stop.
Example:
10 / 0 gives an ArithmeticException.
⭐ 2. try
We write the risky code inside try block.
Example:
⭐ 3. catch
The catch block runs when an exception happens.
It is used to handle the error.
Example:
⭐ 4. finally
The finally block always runs, even if exception comes or not.
Used for cleanup work.
Example:
⭐ 5. throw
throw is used when we want to manually create an exception.
Example:
⭐ 6. throws
If a method may cause an exception, we write throws in its declaration.
Example:
⭐ 7. Types of Exceptions
A. Checked Exceptions (Compile-time)
Java checks these exceptions before running the program.
Must handle using try–catch or throws.
Examples:
IOException
FileNotFoundException
B. Unchecked Exceptions (Runtime)
These exceptions come while program is running.
Handling is optional.
Examples:
ArithmeticException
NullPointerException
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
⭐ 8. In-built Exceptions (Already given by Java)
Name When it occurs
ArithmeticException Divide by zero
NullPointerException Using null object
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException Wrong array index
Name When it occurs
NumberFormatException Wrong input number
⭐ 9. User-Defined Exception (Custom Exception)
We can make our own exception class.
Example:
⭐ 10. Why Exception Handling is
Important?
Program does not crash
We can give meaningful error messages
Code becomes safe and easy to maintain