DATTA MEGHE WORLD ACADEMY PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT TOPIC - WHEATSTONE BRIDGE . SUBMITTED BY: NAME OF THE STUDENT: Vaidehi Shinde CLASS: XII B Roll no: Name of mentor: Mr Pawan SharmaCERTIFICATE This is to certify that Vaidehi Shind of Grade XII (Science —-PCB) has successfully completed the research on the Investigatory project of WheatStone Bridge under the guidance of Mr. Pawan Sharma during the Year 2025-26 in partial fulfilment of Physics practical examination conducted by Central Board Of Secondary Education. Internal Examiner Principal External ExaminerACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the accomplishment of this Project successfully, many people have best owned upon me their blessings and heart pledged support, this time | am utilizing to thank all the people who have been concerned with this project. Primarily, | would thank god for being able to complete this project with success. Then, | would like to thank my Principal Mr. Rajeev Kumar sir and the Incharge Teacher Mr. Pawan Sharma sir, whose valuable guidance has been the ones that helped me patch this project and make it full proof success. Their suggestions and instructions have served as the major contributor towards completion of the Project. And my parents for providing me with all the support | needed at all time.NDEX [Link]. TOPIC Page No. 1 Certificate Of Excellence 1 2 | Acknowledgement 2 3 |Aim Of The Project 3 4 |Introduction 4-7 5 Theory 8-11 6 |Experimentation 12-14 12 Ci)Apparatus Required 13 (ii)Procedure Followed 13 (iii)Observation 13 Civ)Conclusion 14 (v) Precaution 7 =| Bibliography 15INTRODUCTION A Wheatstone Bridge is an electrical circuit used to measure an unknown electrical resistance by balancing two legs of a bridge circuit, one leg of which includes the unknown resistance. Its primary operation in a circuit is its property to provide extremely accurate measurement. This characteristics of a Wheatstone Bridge is often exploited to calculate resistances of various electronic devices with minimal uncertainities . It can also measure inductance, capacitance, and frequency with the proper combination and arrangement of inductances and capacitances in its arms. It is an DC bridge and requires Direct Current for its working. At the balance condition the deflection at the centre is null if and only if the product of the diagnol resistances are found to be equal, that is : R2/Ry = Rx/R3 or R2.R3- RxRi > History Of Wheatstone Bridge : Wheatstone bridge as reflected by the name was made popular by Charles Wheatstone in 1843. However the actual credit of its development goes to Samuel Hunter Christie. The following excerpt discusses the contributions of both the scientists inTHEORY Wheatstone bridge is the name given to the combination of four resistors connected in the form of diamond to give null deflection at the centre. The four resistances of the circuit are referred to as arms of the bridge. A Wheatstone bridge circuit consists of four arms of which two arms consist of known resistances while the other two consist of an unknown resistance and a variable resistance or rheostat. The circuit also consists of an electromotive force source and a galvanometer which is connected at the centre of the bridge. The overall construction of a simple Wheatstone bridge can be illustrated as : Where : R1,R3 Known Resistances Rx Unknown Resistances R2>Rheostat\Variable Resistance G> Galvanometer E> Electromotive Force Source» Principle Of Wheatstone Bridge : The Wheatstone bridge works upon the Principle Of Null Deflection that is the ratio of their resistances is equal and no current flows through the central circuit. Under normal conditions ,the bridge is in an unbalanced condition where current flows through the galvanometer connected at the centre of the bridge. The bridge is said to be balanced when no current flows though the galvanometer and it shows zero or null deflection. » Derivation of Formula For Wheatstone Bridge : > Using Kirchoff’s Junction Rule in the loop ABCD we get: 13 -Ix+lg=0 (i) la-l2-Ig=0 (ii) > Using Kirchoff’s Loop Law in the loop ABD and BCD we get : [Link]-I1.R1=0 (iii) [Link]-l2.R2+[Link]=0 (iv) When the bridge is balanced the galvanometer shows zero deflection that is Ig=0 then : For (iii) : 13,R3-O-l1.R1=0 > 13.R3=11.R1 (v) For (iv) : [Link]-l2,.R240=0 > [Link]=12.R2 (vi)Dividing (vi) by (v): [Link] / 13.R3=12.R2/11.R1 Rx=12.13.R2.R3/11.R1.1x From (i) when Ig=0 : I3=Ix From (ii) when Ig=0 : l=12 Therefore : Rx=R2.R3/R1 Or [Link]=R2.R3 » Application Of Wheatstone Bridge : e The Wheatstone bridge is used for the precise measurement of low resistance. © Wheatstone bridge and an operational amplifier are used to measure physical parameters such as temperature, light, and strain. * Quantities such as impedance, inductance, and capacitance can be measured using variations on the Wheatstone bridge with much accuracy. e Resistance of some of the materials, such as semiconductors, tends to vary with the temperature. The variations are large in comparison to the ordinary resistors. These are known asEXPERIMENTATION A bridge circuit in its simplest form consists of network of four resistance arms forming a closed circuit, with a dc source of current applied to two f — Pe Ni Opposite junctions and a current detector i Ry Ry connected to the other two junctions. ms "ae Wheatstone bridge is used for accurate co : measurement of resistance. The circuit = 1 : J diagram of a typical Wheatstone bridge is 7 » R; ‘ given alongside. Me 2 Mentioned below is the experimentation to find the unknown resistance using a Wheatstone bridge. Aim Of The Experiment _ > To study and perform a experiment to measure the unknown resistance using Wheatstone bridge. Apparatus Required > (i)Three medium resistors (ii) DC source (iii)Galvanometer (iv)Connecting wires (v) Key (vi)RheostatProcedure Followed > > Measure the resistance of the three known resistors and connect them in the form of diamond. Connect the Galvanometer with the terminals of two resistors and connect the DC source with the terminals of the other two resistors. > Connect the unknown resistance in series with the rheostat. Connect key with the Electromotive force source in the circuit. > Increase or Decrease the resistance of the rheostat until the Galvanometer shows null deflection. Note down the rheostat’s resistance when galvanometer shows null deflection. Observation> When the circuit is unbalanced a non null deflection is observed in the galvanometer. However, on increasing or decreasing the resistance of the rheostat in such a way that the circuit becomes balanced ,a null deflection is observed. Conclusions> At balanced condition, the galvanometer shows null deflection ; this infers that the net current through the galvanometer is zero and no circulation of current through the galvanometer takes place.It also infers that the current through the R3 resistors equals the current through the Rx resistor and the current through the Ri resistor equals current through the R2 resistor. Thus, at balanced condition the unknown resistance can be calculated by using the formula : 2.R3/R1 Precautions> > Make all the connections neat, clean and tight. >Use a freshly charged battery so that its emf may remain constant throughout the experiment. > While making connections make sure to plug off the key or open the key. >Make sure the connecting wire is of uniform cross-section area. > Make sure that short circuiting does not takes place.BIBLIOGRAPHY * [Link] * [Link] * The Genesis Of Wheatstone Bridge By Stig Ekelof * [Link] *[Link] *[Link] *[Link] *[Link] *[Link] *[Link] *[Link] *[Link]