UNIT 2 STRESSES IN BEAMS

Part - A (2 Marks)

1. Define Beam.

Beam is a structural member which is supported along the length and subjected to
external loads acting transversely.

2. What is meant by transverse loading on beams?& Types of transverse loads

If a load is acting on the beam which is perpendicular to the centre line of it, then
it is called transverse loading.
A beam may be subjected to the following types of transverse loads,
 Point or concentrated load
 Uniformly distributed load
 Uniformly varying load

3. Differentiate the statically determinate structures and statically indeterminate

structures?

No. Statically determinate structures Statically indeterminate structures

1. Conditions of equilibrium are Conditions of equilibrium are

sufficient to analyze the structure insufficient to analyze the structure

2. Bending moment and shear force is Bending moment and shear force is
independent of material and cross dependent of material and independent
sectional area. of cross sectional area.

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 3. No stresses are caused due to Stresses are caused due to temperature
temperature change and lack of fit. change and lack of fit.

4. List any four types of beams. (APRIL/ MAY 2010)

The beam may be classified according to the supports,

 Cantilever beam
 Simply supported beam
 Overhanging beam
 Fixed beam
 Continuous beam

5. List the various types of support conditions in beams.

 Hinged or pinned support

 Roller support
 Fixed support

6. What is cantilever beam?

A beam with one end free and the other end fixed is called cantilever beam.

7. What is simply supported beam?

A beam supported or resting freely on the supports at its both ends is called simply
supported beam which is shown in figure.

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8. What is overhanging beam?

If the one of the end portions are extended beyond the support, then it is called
overhanging beam.

9. What is fixed beam?

A beam whose both ends are fixed is known as a fixed beam. Fixed beam is also
called as built-in or encased beam. In case of fixed beam both its ends are rigidly
fixed and the slope and deflection at the fixed ends are zero.

10. What is Continuous beam.

A Continuous beam is one, which is supported on more than two supports. For
usual loading on the beam hogging ( - ve ) moments causing convexity upwards at
the supports and sagging ( + ve ) moments causing concavity upwards occur at mid
span.

11. Define shear force and bending moment at a section. (A/M-2018) (N/D-2018)

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 Shear force: Shear force at any cross section is defined as the algebraic sum of
all the forces acting either side of a beam.
Bending moment: Bending moment at a cross section is the algebraic sum of the
moment of all the forces which are placed either side from that point

12. What are shear force and bending moment diagrams?

Shear force diagram shows the variation of forces along the length of the beam.
Bending moment diagram shows the variation of bending moment along the
length of the beam

13. What is meant by positive or sagging bending moment?

Bending moment is said to positive or sagging if the moment of the force in the
left side of the beam is clockwise or right side of the beam is counter clockwise.
Otherwise the beam tends to bend like concave manner.

14. What is meant by negative or hogging bending moment?

Bending moment is said to negative or hogging if the moment of the force in the
left side of the beam is counter clockwise or right side of the beam is clockwise.
Otherwise the beam tends to bend like convex manner.

15. Derive the relation between bending moment and shear force. (or) What is the
relationship between SF and BM (M/J 2012), (N/D-2016)

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 The rate of change of Bending moment is equal to the Shear force at the section,
dM/ dx = (-F)

16. How bending moment, shear force and intensity of loading are related?
(Nov/Dec 2015) (M/J-2016)
When the shear is zero the bending moment is maximum and the shear force and
bending moment will increase when the intensity of loading is increased

17. Draw the rough sketch of SF and BM for the beam given below.

18. What is the maximum bending moment for a simply supported beam
subjected to uniformly distributed load and where it occurs? (APRIL/ MAY
2010)

Maximum bending moment for a simply supported beam when subjected to

uniformly distributed load is Mmax = wl2 / 8 and it always occurs on the middle of
the span.

19. A simply supported beam of span 5m carries a UDL of 4 kN/m over the entire
span. Determine the maximum bending moment (A/M-2018)

Mmax = wl2 / 8

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 = 4x52/8

= 12.5 kN/m

20. When will be the Bending moment is maximum?

Bending moment will be maximum when the Shear force changes its sign.

21. Define point of contra flexure. (NOV/DEC 2010)

The point where the Bending moment changes its sign or zero is called point of
contra flexure.

22. A simply supported beam of 10m span is subjected to a UDL of 2kN/m

throughout its entire span. Draw the shear force diagram. (April/ May 2011)

Taking moment about A,

RB x 10 = 2 x 10 x (10/2)
RB = 10kN
RA = 10kN
Shear force at B = -10kN,
Shear force at A = 10kN

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23. A cantilever beam of length 5m carries a concentrated load of 15kN at 3m
from the free end. Sketch the shear force and bending moment diagram.
(NOV/DEC 2010)

Shear force calculations:

SF at C =0
SF at B = 15kN
SF at A = 15kN
Bending moment calculations:
BM at C =0
BM at B =0
BM at A = 15 × 2 = 30kNm

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 24. Draw the BMD for a cantilever of 1m span carrying couple of 1 kN/m at its
free end. (N/D-2017)

25. Define the term ‘simple bending’. (NOV/DEC 2011)

If a beam is bend not only due to application of constant bending moment and not
due to shear, then simple bending.

26. What are the assumptions made in the theory of simple bending? (Nov/ Dec
2013) (N/D-2016)

The assumptions made in the theory of simple bending are

 The beam is initially straight

 The material is homogeneous
 Obeys Hooke’s law
 Plane transverse section remain plane and normal after bending
 Every layer of material is free to expand or contract.

27. Write down the bending equation.

M f E
The bending equation is
I
= Y
= R

Where,M : Bending moment

I : Moment of inertia of the section

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 f : Bending stress at that section
y : Distance from the neutral axis
E : Young’s modulus of the material
R : Radius of curvature of the beam

28. What is moment of resistance of the section?

It is the product of sectioulus and the bending stress at that section.

Mr = f × Z

29. A steel wire of 10mm diameter is bent into a circular arc of 20m radius.
Determine the maximum stress induced in it. Take E= 2 x 10 5 N/mm2. (Nov/ Dec
2013)

Given: d = 10mm, ymax = 10/ 2 = 5mm , R = 20 x 103mm, E = 2 x 105N/mm2

Solution:

f = E
y R
fmax = (E/R) * ymax
= (2 x 105 x 5) / (2 x 105)
= 50N/mm2
30. What is meant by section modulus? (May/June 2012)(N/D-2018)

It is the ratio of moment of inertia of the section to the distance of plane from
neutral axis.
Section modulus, Z = (I/y)

31. Compute the elastic sectional modulus of a square section of side 200mm.
(April/ May 2011)

Section modulus, Z = a3/6 (for square)

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 = 2003 / 6
= 80 × 105 mm3

32. What is the section modulus for a circular and a hollow circular section?

For circular section, Z = π D3 / 32

For hollow circular section, Z= π [D4 – d4]
32 D

33. What is meant by shear can be? (MAY/JUNE 2012)

The variation of the shear stress distribution over the depth of the beam can be
known as shear acting along that particular section.

34. Define shear centre. (NOV/DEC 2010)

The shear centre is the point of interaction of the bending axis and the plane of the
transverse section. It is also known as centre of twist.

35. What do you mean by shear flow? (NOV/DEC 2010)

Shear flow is the gradient of a shear stress force through the body.

36. Define shear stress. & shear stress distribution. (APRIL/MAY 2010)

It is defined as the ratio of the shear force to the resisting area. The variation of
shear stress along the depth of the beam is called shear stress distribution.

Shear stress distribution = q = F. A y / I b

37. Sketch the shear stress distribution across a rectangular beam section. (N/D-
2017)

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 38. Sketch the shear stress distribution of a hollow circular section. (NOV/DEC
2011)

39. Sketch the shear stress distribution for a symmetrical I section and circular
section. (APRIL/MAY 2011) (M/J-2016)

40. Define flitched Beams Or Composite Beams?

Sometimes, the section of a beam may be constructed by two different materials.

This is mainly used to strengthen the material, E.g. Presence of steel strips in wooden
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beams or steel bars in concrete beams. These beams are called flitched beams or
composite beams.

41. Define springs. What are the different types of springs?

Spring is a device which is used to absorb energy by taking very large change in
its form without permanent deformation and then release the same when it is
required.
The springs are classified as
i. leaf springs
ii. Helical springs

42. List any two applications of leaf springs.

The leaf springs are used to absorb shock or impact load in railway wagon,
coaches and road vehicles (such as lorries, cars, buses etc.)

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 Part - B (16 Marks)

1. Step by step procedure to construct a SFD and BMD:

STEP 1: To find reaction at the support (Ra and Rb) in case of SSB and OHB beams only
∑ M A = 0 or ∑ M B = 0
STEP 2: Shear force calculation (only consider the force acting at the point)

i) Point load = Load (W)

ii)UDL =Load (W) x Distance (L) in terms of kN
STEP 3: Bending moment calculation (Consider the force and Distance)

i) Point load = Load (W) x Perpendicular Distance (L)

ii) UDL =Load (W) x Distance (L) x Distance (L/2) in terms of kNm
STEP 4: To find maximum bending moment at the section (only for SSB and OHB)

i) Bending moment will be maximum when the Shear force changes its sign or zero

ii) The point where the Bending moment changes its sign or zero
STEP 5: Construct the SFD and BMD

2. Formula used:
M f E
1. The bending equation is
I
= Y
= R

Where,M : Bending moment (KNm)

I : Moment of inertia of the section (m4)
f : Bending stress at that section (N/m2)
y : Distance from the neutral axis (m)
E : Young’s modulus of the material (N/m2)
R : Radius of curvature of the beam (m)

2. Shear stress distribution = q = F. A y / I b

Where, F = Shear force

A = Area of C/S
Y = Centroid of the section

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 I = Moment of inertia
b = Width of the section

1. A cantilever of span 5m carries concentrated loads of 1kN, 3 kN and 2kN at 2m,

3m and 5m from the fixed end respectively. Draw SFD and BMD. (A/M-2018)
Solution:
Step 1: Calculation of SF and BM values
SFD:
SF at D = 2 kN
SF at C = 2 + 3 = 5 kN
SF at B = 2 + 3 + 1 = 6 kN
SF at A = 2 + 3 + 1 = 6 kN
BMD:
BM at D = 0
BM at C = − 2 x 2 = - 4 kNm
BM at B = (−2 x 3) + (-3 x 1) = - 9 kNm
BM at A = (−2 x 5) + (-3 x 3) + (-1 x 2) = - 21 kNm
Step 2: Draw SFD and BMD

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2. A cantilever beam of 2m long carries a UDL of 1.5kN/m over a length of 1.6m
from the free end. Draw SFD and BMD for the beam. (Nov/Dec 2008)

Solution:
Step 1: Calculation of SF and BM values
SFD:
SF at C =0
SF at B = −1.5 × 1.6 = −2.4kN
SF at A = −2.4kN

BMD:
BM at C = 0
1.6
BM at B = −1.5 × (1.6× ) = −1.92kNm
2
1.6
BM at A = −1.5 × 1.6 × (0.4+ ) = −2.88kNm
2
Step 2: Draw SFD and BMD

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3. A simply supported beam of span 10m carries a concentrated load of 10 kN at 2 m
from the left support and a uniformly distributed load of 4 kN/m over the entire
length. Sketch the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam. (N/D-
2016)

To draw: SFD & BMD

Solution:

Step 1: To find reaction at the supports

Taking moment about A

RC × 10 -(4×10× (10/2)) - (10×2) = 0
RC = 22 kN

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 RA+RC= 4×10 + 10
RB +53= 20 + 72
RB = 39kN

Step 2: Calculation of SF and BM values

Shear Force calculation:

SF at C = −RC = −22 kN
SF at B = – 22 + (4×8) = 10 kN (without point load)
SF at B = 10 + 10 = 15kN (with point load)
SF at A = RA = 28 kN

Bending Moment calculation:

BM at C = 0
BM at B = (Rc ×8) – (4×8× (8/2)) = 48 kNm
BM at A = 0

Step 3: To find maximum BM

SF at x is 0, (Between B and C the shear force changes its signs)

Rc + (4× x) = 0
−22 + 4 x = 0
x = 22/4
x = 5.5 m
BM at x, x = 5.5m
= 22×5.5 – 4 ×5.5 ×(5.5/2)
Max. BM = 60.5 kNm

Step 4: Draw SFD and BMD

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4. A simply supported beam 6m long is carrying UDL of 5kN/m over a length of 3m
from the right end. Draw shear force and BMD for the beam and also calculate the
maximum bending moment on the beam (Nov/ Dec 2008)

Solution:
Step 1: To find reaction at the supports

Taking moment about A,

3
RB × 6 = 5×3 ( +3)
2
RB = 11.25kN
RA + RB = 15
RA = 15 – 11.25 = 3.75kN

Step 2: Calculation of SF and BM values

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 SFD:

At C = 11.25 – 15 = −3.75kN
At B = 11.25kN

At A = 3.75kN

BMD:
At A and B = 0
3
At C = RB × 3 – (5×3× ) = 11.25 × 3 – 22.5
2
= 11.25 kNm
Step 3: To find maximum BM
where SF is zero, ( Between A and C the shear force changes its signs)
SFxx = RB – 5 × x = 0
11.25 – 5x = 0
− 5x = − 11.25
X = 2.25m

∴ Maximum BM = 11.25 × 2.25 – (5×2.25× 2 )

2.25

= 12.65kNm.
Step 4: Draw SFD and BMD

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5. A simply supported beam AB of span 5m carries a UDL of intensity 3kN/m over a
length of 2m from the left support A. The beam is also subjected to a clockwise
couple of intensity 5kNm at a distance of 4m from the left support A. Draw the SFD
and BMD (Nov/Dec 2010)

Solution:
Step 1: To find reaction at the supports

∑ MA = 0
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 RB×5 = 5 + (3×2×1)
RB = 2.2kN
RA + RB = (3×2)
RA + RB = 6kN
RA+2.2= 6
RA = 3.8kN

Step 2: Calculation of SF and BM values

Shear Force Calculation:

SF at B = −2.2kN
SF at D = −2.2kN
SF at C = −2.2kN
SF at A = 3.8kN
Bending Moment calculation:
BM at B = 0
BM at D = (RB×1) – 5 = 2.2−5 = −2.8kNm
BM at C = (RB×3) – 5 = 1.6 kNm
BM at A =0

Step 3: To find maximum BM

SF at x is zero, (Between A and C the shear force changes its signs)
RA − (3×x) = 0
3.8 – 3x = 0
3x = 3.8
∴ x = 1.27m

Maximum BM at x = 1.27m
1.27
= RA× 1.27 – (3×1.27× )
2
= 7.6−2.42

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 Max. BM = 5.18kNm
Step 4: Draw SFD and BMD

6. An overhanging beam is loaded as shown in figure. Construct the SFD and BMD
for the beam. Also calculate the maximum bending moment and locate the point of
contraflexure. (Nov/Dec 2011)

To find:
i) SFD and BMD
ii) Max. BM & point of contraflexure

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Solution:

Step 1: To find reaction at the supports

Taking moment about A,
RB × 5 = (20×7×3.5) + (10×7)
RB = 112kN
RA + RB = (20×7) + 10
RA + 112 = 150
RA = 38kN

Step 2: Calculation of SF and BM values

Shear Force calculation:

SF at C = 0 (from left side)
SF at C = 10kN
SF at B = 10 + (20 × 2) = 50kN (without reaction)
SF at B = 10 + (20 × 2) − 112 = −62kN (with reaction)
SF at A = 10 + (20 × 7) – 112 = 38kN (without reaction)
SF at A = 10 + (20 × 7) – 112 – 38 = 0kN (with reaction)
Bending Moment calculation:
BM at C = 0
BM at B = (−10×2) – (20×2×1) = −20−40 = −60kNm
BM at A = (−10×7) – (20×7×3.5) + (RB×5) = 0

Step 3: To find maximum BM

SF at x is 0, (Between A and C the shear force changes its signs)
RA - (20×x) = 0
38 - 20x = 0
20x = 38
x = 1.9m
Maximum Bending moment,
BM at x = 1.9m
= (RA×1.9) – (20×1.9×0.95)

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 Max. BM = 36.1kNm
Step 4: Location of point of contraflexure
BM at y = 0
y
(RA×y) – (20×y× ) = 0
2
38y – 10y2 = 0
y (38−10y) = 0
38−10y = 0
y = 3.8m
∴ Point of contraflexure is at a distance, y = 3.8m
Step 5: Draw SFD and BMD

7. Draw SFD and BMD for beam given in figure. (May/June 2012) (M/J-2016)

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To draw: SFD & BMD
Solution:
Step 1: To find reaction at the supports

Taking moment about B

RC × 4 - (20×7) - (12×4×2) + (12×2×1) = 0
RC = 53kN
RB+RC = 20 + (12×6)
RB+53 = 20 + 72
RB = 39kN

Step 2: Calculation of SF and BM values

Shear Force calculation:

SF at D = 20kN
SF at C = 20kN (without reaction)
SF at C = 20−RC = 20−53 = −33kN (with reaction)
SF at B = 20 – 53 + (12 × 4) = 15kN (without reaction)
SF at B = 20 – 53 + (12×4) − 39 = −24kN (with reaction)
SF at A = 0

Bending Moment calculation:

BM at D = 0
BM at C = −20×3 = −60kNm
BM at B = (−20×7) + (53×4) – (12×4×2) = −140+212−96 = −24kNm
BM at A = 0

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Step 3: To find maximum BM
SF at x is 0, (Between B and C)
RB - (12×x) = 0
−12x + 39 = 0
12x = 39
x= 3.25m
BM at x, x = 3.25m
3.25
Max. BM = − (12×3.25× ) + (39×1.25)
2
Max. BM = −14.62kNm
Step 5: Draw SFD and BMD

M σ E
8. Derive an expression for = = or Bending formula (May/June 2012)
I Y R
(April/May 2010) (N/D-2018)

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 Let us consider a beam acted upon by two equal moments (M) at ends as shown
in figure. The Binding moment induced by the moment tends to bend in a concave
manner. So the top surfaces (AC) are subjected to compressive stresses and extend.
However there is a layer EF in between top and bottom, which retain its original
length even after bending (E′F′). This layer EF which is neither compressed nor stretched
is known as the neutral layer or neutral plane.
GH represents atypical layer of material at a distance ‘y’ from neutral plane. R is
the radius of curvature of the portion of the neutral layer in the bend beam.

Steps involved:

i) Determination of strain in layer G′H′

ii) Elevation of stress in this layer by means of Young′s modules
iii) Determination of load carried by the strip of cross section at a distance y from
neutral plane
iv) Calculating the moment produced by this load about neutral plane, and summation
of the total moment of all such strip loads
i) Determination of strain in layer G′H′

Change∈length G' H '−GH

Stress in layer, GH = =
Original length GH
Here GH = EF, EF = E′F′; because of neutral plane.

∴Stress in GH
G' H '−E ' F '
= E' F'

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 Expressing the above equation in terms of R & θ,
Arc length G′H′ = (R+y) θ
Arc length E′F′ = Rθ

∴Stress in GH =
Rθ+ yθ−Rθ y
Rθ
= R
ii) Stress in layer GʹHʹ
Stress(σ b∨f )
E=
Strain
f
E=
Strain
f = E × Strain
y
f = E×
R
E f
R = y …………… (1)

iii) Load carried by GʹHʹ

Load
Stress =
Area
Let a = Area of cross section of strip at GʹHʹ
Load = Stress × Area
Ey
Load = ×a
R
E
Load = × ay
R
iv) Moment of GʹHʹ layer
Moment = Load × Distance

M = [ E
R ]
×ay × y

E
M = × ay2 (on strip)
R

∴ Total moment of the beam section = R × ∑ ay2

E

∑ ay2 is the second moment of area and defined as moment of inertia,

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 ∴M= R I
E

E M
= ………….. (2)
R I
∴The equation of bending is
M f E
I = y = R

9. The cross section of the beam is shown in Fig. This beam is of cantilever type and
carries a UDL of 16 kN/m. If the span of the beam is 2.5 m, determine the maximum
tensile and compressive stresses in the beam.

For unsymmetrical section, the centre of gravity of the section is placed 'y' mm from the
bottom face. The y may be calculated by using the following formula.

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Moment of inertia of rectangle (1) about an axis through its C.G. and parallel to X-X
axis,

From parallel axis theorem moment of inertia of the rectangle (l) from X-X axis,

Similarly for section (2),

Now moment of inertia of whole section about x axis,

M = wl x l/2
Moment, M = 16 kN/m x 2.5 x 2.5/2 = 50 kN-m

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w.k.t.

The maximum compressive bending stress is on the top most layer of the beam.
The distance from y to top layer is
= 45 - 28.47 = 16.53 mm

The maximum tensile stress is on the bottom most layer of the beam.

Result:

10. A cast iron test beam 2cm×2cm in section and 1m long and supported at the end
fails when a central load of 64kg in applied. What UDL will break a cantilever of the
same material 5cm wide and 10cm deep and 2cm long? (Dec/Nov 2009)
Solution:
Given:

l = 1m = 1000mm; b = 2cm = 20mm; d = 2cm = 20mm

To find:
What UDL will break a cantilever (w)

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 bd ³ (20 ×20 3)
I= = = 13.33×103mm4
12 12
I 13.33× 10³
I
Z= = =
d 20 = 1333mm3
y
2 2

For Simply Supported Beam:

W = 64kg = 64×9.81 = 627.84N

W l 627.84 ×1000
M= = = 156.96×103Nmm
4 4
By simple bending theory,
M f
I = y
M M
f= I ×y= Z
156.96 ×10 ³
f= 1333 = 117.74N/mm2

∴fmax, Bending stress maximum = 117.74N/mm2

For a Cantilever beam:
w/m

b = 5cm = 50mm;
d = 10cm = 100mm;
l = 2m = 2000mm
W l² W ×2000²
M= 2 = 2
= 2×106 W (Nmm)

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 bd ³ 50× 100³
I = 12 = 12
= 4.166×106mm4

I 4.166 ×10⁶
I
Z = y = d = 100 = 83.33×103mm3
2 2

By simple bending theory,

M f
I
= y
I
M= ×f=Z×f
y
83.33 ×10 ³ ×117.74
W= = 4.9N/mm
2× 10⁶
∴W, uniformly distributed load = 4.9N/mm
Result:
uniformly distributed load = 4.9N/mm
11. A rectangular beam 300mm deep is simply supported the span of 4m. Determine
the uniformly distributed load per meter which the beam may carry, if the bending
stress should not exceed 120N/mm2. Take I = 8×106mm4

Given:
I = 8×106mm4; f = 120N/mm2; L = 4000mm
300
d = 300mm; y= = 150mm
2
To find:
Determine the uniformly distributed load per meter

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Solution:
Taking moment about A,

RB×4 = W×4×2
RB = 2W
RA+RB = (W×4)
RA = 4W−2W
RA = 2W

The bending moment will be maximum, where the bending stress will be maximum. Here
the bending moment is maximum at mid span,

M = (RB×2) – (W×2×1)

M = (2W×2) – 2W

M = 4W – 2W

M = 2W (Nm)

M = 2000W (Nmm)

M f
I = y

2000W 120
8 ×10 ⁶ = 150

W = 3200N/m

Result:
Uniformly distributed load per meter (W) = 3200N/m

12. A timber beam of rectangular section is to support a load of 20kN uniformly

distributed over a span of 3.6m when beam is simply supported. If the depth of
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section is to be twice the breadth and stress in the timber is not to exceed 7N/mm 2,
find the dimension of the cross section. (April/May 2011)

Given: f = 7N/mm2
span = 3.6m
UDL = 20kN/m
To find:
Dimension of the beam (i.e. b & d)

Solution:
Taking moment about A,
RB × 3.6 = 20×3.6×1.8
RB = 36kN
RA + RB = 20×3.6
RA = 36kN
Max. BM at mid span,
3.6 1.8
M = (RB× ) − (20×1.8× )
2 2
3.6
M = (36× ) − (10×1.8×1.8)
2
M = 32.4kNm = 32.4×106Nmm
M f
I
= y
bd ³ b(d−2 b)³ b .8 b ³ 8b⁴
I= 12 , for rectangular = 12
= 12 = 12
d 2b
y= = =b
2 2

Department of Civil Engineering| 35

 32.4 ×10 ⁶
7
8b⁴ = b
12
7 ×8 b ⁴
32.4 × 106 =
12× b
7 3
8× b = 32.4×106
12
8×7b3 = 388.8 × 106
b3 = 6.94×106
b = 190.77mm
∴d = 2b = 2×190.77
d = 381.54mm
Result:
Dimension of the beam b = 190.77mm
d = 381.54mm
13. Find the dimensions of a timber joist span 5 m in to carry a brick wall 20 mm
thick and 3.2 m length, if the weight of brickwork is 19kN/m 3 and the maximum
stress is limited to 8 N/mm2. The depth is to be twice the width. (N/D-2016)
Given:
L = 5m
Dimensions of brick wall:
Thickness t = 200 mm= 0.2 m
Height = 3.2 m
Density, ρ = 19 kN/m3
d = 2b
To find:
Dimensions of timper joist

Solution:

Department of Civil Engineering| 36

Weight of the brick wall,
W=ρxtxhxL
= 19 x 0.2 x 3.2 x 5
W = 60.8 kN
The brick wall is spread over the entire length of timper joist, therefore it is considered as
UDL,
Maximum BM = WL/8
= 60.8 x 5/8
= 38 x 106 N-mm
bd ³
I=
12
b x (2 b)³
=
12
8 xb x b³
I=
12
d 2b
Y= = =b
2 2
I
Section modulus = Z = =¿) / b
Y
8b³
Z=
12
Moment of resistance, M = σ b x Z
8b³
M=8x
12
8b³
=
6
Equating the moment of resistance to maximum BM,
8b³
= 38 x 106
12
b3 = 28.5 x 106
b = 305.45 mm
d = 2b

Department of Civil Engineering| 37

 = 2 x 305.45
d = 610.9 mm
Result:
Dimensions of timper joist b = 305.45 mm
d = 610.9 mm
14. A timber beam of rectangle section is simply supported at the ends and carries a
point load at the centre of the beam. The maximum bending stress is 12N/mm 2 and
maximum shearing stress is 1N/mm2, find the ratio of the span to the depth.
(April/May 2010)

Solution:
σ max = 12N/mm2
τ max = 1N/mm2
W
Maximum shear force of SSB =
2

× =
W L WL
Maximum bending moment of SSB =
2 2 2
We know that, τ max= 1.5 τ avg
W
Shear Force
τ avg=
Area = 2
b ×d
W
τ avg = 2bd

∴1 = 1.5
W
2bd
W 2 4
bd = 1.5 = 3

Department of Civil Engineering| 38

 M
Maximum bending stress, σ max = × y max
I
WL d
×
2 2
σ max = 3
bd
12
12 WLd
σ max =
8 × bd
3

WL
12 = 1.5 2
bd
W L
12 = 1.5 bd × d
4 L
12 = 1.5 3 × d
L
=6
d
Result:

∴ Span to Depth ratio, d = 6

L

15. A symmetrical I−section beam has flanges 250mm wide and 25mm thickness
and web 500mm high and 25mm thickness. Calculate the maximum intensity of
shear stress across the section and sketch the shear stress distribution across the
section of the beam, if it carries a shear force of 300kNat the section. (Nov/Dec 2010)

Given:
Department of Civil Engineering| 39
 D = 550mm; B = 250mm
d = 500mm; b = 25mm
Shear force = 300kN = 300000N

To find: i) calculate the maximum intensity of shear stress across the section

ii) Sketch the shear stress distribution across the section of the beam

Solution:

Maximum shear stress,

F
τ max = ¿
I ×b

3 3
250× 550 225× 500
I=
12
− 12
= 1122395833mm4

300000
τ max = 1122395833×250
¿

τ max = 2.5889 N/mm2

Result:
τ max = 2.5889 N/mm2

16. The shear force acting on a section of a beam is 100kN. The section of the beam
is of T−shaped of dimensions 200mm×250mm×50mm. The flange thickness and web
thickness are 50mm. Find the shear stress at the neutral axis and at the junction of
the web and the flange. Sketch the shear stress distribution. (April/May 2011)
Given:
Shear force = 100kN
T−section
To find:
Sketch the shear stress distribution

Department of Civil Engineering| 40

Solution:
Shear force = 100kN = 100000N
Centre of gravity of the beam from top face,

A ₁ y ₁+ A ₂ y ₂
Position of neutral axis (C.G) =
A ₁+ A ₂

( 50× 200 ) ×25+(200 ×50)× 150

= (50 ×200)+(200 × 50)

∴ Position of neutral axis (C.G) = 87.5mm

Moment of inertia, I = I1 + I2

3 3
200× 50 50× 200 200
I= + (200×50) (87.5−25)2 + + (50×200) (50 + – 87.5)2
12 12 2

I = 11354.16×104 mm4

F×A y
Shear stress in the flange, τ f =
I ×b

100000×(200 × 50)×62.5
τf =
11354.16× 104 ×200

τ f = 2.75N/mm2

Department of Civil Engineering| 41

Shear stress in the web, τf =
100000×(50 × 200)× 50+
[ 4
200
2
−87.5
]
11354.16× 10 ×50

τ f = 11N/mm2

The shear stress in the web junction will suddenly increase to

= 2.75 × 50 = 11N/mm2
200

17. Draw the shear stress distribution for the cross section of a T−beam is as follows.
Flange thickness = 10mm; Width of flange = 100mm
Web thickness = 10mm; Depth of web = 120mm
Shear force = 2kN (May/June 2012) (M/J-2016) (N/D-2018)

Solution:
Centre of gravity of the beam from top face,

A ₁ y ₁+ A ₂ y ₂
Position of neutral axis (C.G) =
A ₁+ A ₂

( 10× 100 ) ×5+(120× 10)× 70

=
(10 ×100)+(120 ×10)

∴ Position of neutral axis (C.G) = 40.45mm

Moment of inertia, I = I1 + I2
Department of Civil Engineering| 42
 3 3
100× 10 10× 120 120
I= + (100×10) (40.45−5)2 + + (10×120) (10 + – 40.45)2
12 12 2

I = 375.28×104 mm4

F×A y
Shear stress in the flange, τ f =
I ×b

2000×(100 × 10)×35.45
τf =
375.28× 104 ×100

τ f = 0.188N/mm2

2000×(10 × 120)×29.55
Shear stress in the web, τf =
375.28× 104 ×10

τ f = 1.889N/mm2

The shear stress at junction of flange & web = 0.188 × 10

100

= 1.88N/mm2

18. A channel section made with 120 mm x 10 mm horizontal flanges and 160 mm x
10 mm vertical web subjected to a vertical shearing force of 120 kN. Draw the shear
stress distribution diagram across the section. (Nov/dec 2015)

Solution:
Flange depth, D = 10 mm
Flange width, B = 120mm
Depth of web, d = 160mm
Web thickness = 10mm
Shear force = 120 kN = 120000N

Department of Civil Engineering| 43

 3
bd
Moment of inertia I= + Ah2
12

3 3 3
120× 10 10× 160 120× 10
I= – (120 ×10) (90-5)2 + + (10 × 160) (90-50)2 + + (120×10)
12 12 12
(90-175)2

= 8.68 ×106 +5.97 × 106 + 8.68 × 106

= 23.33 × 106 mm4

F×A y
Shear stress , τ =
I ×b

F = 120 kN

= 120 × 103 N /mm2 (given)

120000 A y
τ= 6
23.33 × 10 × 10

τ = A y ×5.14 ×10-4

@ Centre A y = (120×10) (90-5) + (80×10) (40) = 134000

τ = 68.88 N/mm2

@ Flange A y = (120×10) (90-5) = 10200

τ = 52.43 N/mm2

above 20 mm A y = (120×10) (90-5) + (120×10) (20+10) = 108000

Department of Civil Engineering| 44
 τ = 55.50 N/mm2

19. A cast iron water main 12m long, of 500mm inside diameter and 25mm wall
thickness runs full of water and is supported at its ends. Calculate the maximum
stress in the metal if density of cast iron is 7200kg/m 3 and that of water 1000kg/m3.
(Nov/ Dec 2013) (A/M-2018)
Given: L = 12m, ID = 500mm, t = 25mm, ρiron = 7200kg/m3, ρwater = 1000kg/m3
Solution:
D = d + 2t
= 0.5 + (2x0.025)
= 0.55m
Area = π [D2 – d2]/4
= π [0.552 – 0.52]/4
= 0.0412m2
Weight of the cast iron per run = area x density
= 0.0412 x 7200 x 9.81
= 2910N/m
Weight of water per run = area x density
= (π 0.52 / 4) x 1000 x 9.81
=1926.188 N/m
Total weight = 2910 + 1926
= 4836 N/m
Moment = Wl2 / 8
= 4836 x 122 / 8
= 87048 Nm
Moment of Inertia = π (D4- d4) / 64
= π (0.554- 0.54) / 64
= 1.423 x 10-3 m4
y = 0.55/2 =0.275m
M/ I = f/y
Department of Civil Engineering| 45
 f = M.y/ I
= (87048 x 0.275) / 1.423 x 10-3
Maximum stress, f = 16.82 x 106 N/m2
20. A carriage spring is built up of a plate each 75mm wide and 6.5mm thick.
Find the length of the spring so that it may carry a central load of 41N, the stress
being limited to 160N/mm2. Also find the deflection at center of the spring. Take
F = 2×105N/mm2 (Nov/Dec2011)
Given:
No. of plates, N = 9
Width, b = 75mm
Thickness, t = 6.5mm
Load, W = 4 KN = 4000 N
Stress, σ b = 160 N/mm2
E = 2×105 N/mm2
Solution:
3 Nl
Stress, σ b = ×
2 Nb t 2
3 400× l
160 = ×
2 9 ×75 ×(6.5)2
l = 760mm
3
3W l
Deflection, δ = 3
8 ENb t
3 × 4000 ×760
δ= 5 3
8 ×2 ×10 ×9 ×75 ×(6.5)
δ = 17.7mm

21. Draw SFD,BMD and find maximum bending moment of the beam given in
figure (N/D-2018)

Department of Civil Engineering| 46

Solution:

Taking moment about A,

2 3
RB × 7 = 5×2× ( +5) + 10×3×
2 2
RB = 15kN
RA + RB = 5×2 + 10×3
RA + 15 = 40
RA = 25kN

Shear Force calculation:

SF at B = -RB = -15kN
SF at D= -15 + (5x2) = -5kN
SF at C = -15 + (5x2) = -5kN
SF at A = = +RA = 25kN

Bending Moment calculation:

BM at B = 0
BM at D = RB ×2 – 5×2×1 = 30−10 = 20 kNm
2
BM at C = RB ×4– 5×2×( +2) = 30 kNm
2

BM at A = 0

Maximum Bending moment,

SF at x is 0,
RA + (10×x) = 0
Department of Civil Engineering| 47
 25 + 10x = 0
x = 2.5m from end A
x =4.5m from end B
BM at x = 4.5m
2 ( 4.5−4)
=15×4.5-5×2×( 2 +(4.5-2))-10× (4.5-4) ×
2
Max. BM = 31.25kNm

Department of Civil Engineering| 48

 Anna University Questions
Part - A (2 Marks)

1. List any four types of beams. (APRIL/ MAY 2010) ([Link]-3)

2. Define shear force and bending moment at a section. (A/M-2018) ([Link]-4)
3. Derive the relation between bending moment and shear force. (or) What is the
relationship between SF and BM (M/J 2012), (N/D-2016) ([Link]-5)
4. How bending moment, shear force and intensity of loading are related? (Nov/Dec
2015) (M/J-2016) ([Link]-6)
5. What is the maximum bending moment for a simply supported beam subjected to
uniformly distributed load and where it occurs? (APRIL/ MAY 2010) ([Link]-6)
6. A simply supported beam of span 5m carries a UDL of 4 kN/m over the entire
span. Determine the maximum bending moment (A/M-2018) ([Link]-6)
7. Define point of contra flexure. (NOV/DEC 2010) ([Link]-7)
8. A simply supported beam of 10m span is subjected to a UDL of 2kN/m throughout
its entire span. Draw the shear force diagram. (April/ May 2011) ([Link]-7)
9. A cantilever beam of length 5m carries a concentrated load of 15kN at 3m from
the free end. Sketch the shear force and bending moment diagram. (NOV/DEC
2010) ([Link]-8)
10. .Draw the BMD for a cantilever of 1m span carrying couple of 1 kN/m at its free
end. (N/D-2017) ([Link]-8)
11. Define the term ‘simple bending’. (NOV/DEC 2011) ([Link]-9)
12. What are the assumptions made in the theory of simple bending? (Nov/ Dec 2013)
(N/D-2016) ([Link]-9)
13. A steel wire of 10mm diameter is bent into a circular arc of 20m radius. Determine
the maximum stress induced in it. Take E= 2 x 10 5 N/mm2. (Nov/ Dec 2013)
([Link]-10)
14. What is meant by section modulus? (May/June 2012) ([Link]-10)
15. Compute the elastic sectional modulus of a square section of side 200mm. (April/
May 2011) ([Link]-10)
16. . What is meant by shear can be? (MAY/JUNE 2012) ([Link]-11)
17. . Define shear centre. (NOV/DEC 2010) ([Link]-11)
18. What do you mean by shear flow? (NOV/DEC 2010) ([Link]-11)
19. Define shear stress. & shear stress distribution. (APRIL/MAY 2010) ([Link]-11)
Department of Civil Engineering| 49
20. Sketch the shear stress distribution across a rectangular beam section. (N/D-2017)
([Link]-11)
21. Sketch the shear stress distribution of a hollow circular section. (NOV/DEC 2011)
([Link]-12)
22. Sketch the shear stress distribution for a symmetrical I section and circular section.
(APRIL/MAY 2011) (M/J-2016) ([Link]-12)

Part - B (16 Marks)

1. A cantilever of span 5m carries concentrated loads of 1kN, 3 kN and 2kN at 2m,

3m and 5m from the fixed end respectively. Draw SFD and BMD. (A/M-2018)
([Link]-15)
2. A cantilever beam of 2m long carries a UDL of 1.5kN/m over a length of 1.6m
from the free end. Draw SFD and BMD for the beam. (Nov/Dec 2008) ([Link]-16)
3. A simply supported beam of span 10m carries a concentrated load of 10 kN at 2 m
from the left support and a uniformly distributed load of 4 kN/m over the entire
length. Sketch the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam. (N/D-
2016) ([Link]-17)
4. A simply supported beam 6m long is carrying UDL of 5kN/m over a length of 3m
from the right end. Draw shear force and BMD for the beam and also calculate the
maximum bending moment on the beam (Nov/ Dec 2008) ([Link]-19)
5. A simply supported beam AB of span 5m carries a UDL of intensity 3kN/m over a
length of 2m from the left support A. The beam is also subjected to a clockwise
couple of intensity 5kNm at a distance of 4m from the left support A. Draw the
SFD and BMD (Nov/Dec 2010) ([Link]-20)
6. An overhanging beam is loaded as shown in figure. Construct the SFD and BMD
for the beam. Also calculate the maximum bending moment and locate the point of
contraflexure. (Nov/Dec 2011) ([Link]-22)
7. Draw SFD and BMD for beam given in figure. (May/June 2012) (M/J-2016)
([Link]-25)
M σ E
8. Derive an expression for = = or Bending formula (May/June 2012)
I Y R
(April/May 2010) ([Link]-27)
9. A cast iron test beam 2cm×2cm in section and 1m long and supported at the end
fails when a central load of 64kg in applied. What UDL will break a cantilever of

Department of Civil Engineering| 50

 the same material 5cm wide and 10cm deep and 2cm long? (Dec/Nov 2009)
([Link]-31)
10. A timber beam of rectangular section is to support a load of 20kN uniformly
distributed over a span of 3.6m when beam is simply supported. If the depth of
section is to be twice the breadth and stress in the timber is not to exceed 7N/mm 2,
find the dimension of the cross section. (April/May 2011) ([Link]-34)

11. . Find the dimensions of a timber joist span 5 m in to carry a brick wall 20 mm
thick and 3.2 m length, if the weight of brickwork is 19kN/m 3 and the maximum
stress is limited to 8 N/mm 2. The depth is to be twice the width. (N/D-2016)
([Link]-35)
12. . A timber beam of rectangle section is simply supported at the ends and carries a
point load at the centre of the beam. The maximum bending stress is 12N/mm 2 and
maximum shearing stress is 1N/mm 2, find the ratio of the span to the depth.
(April/May 2010) ([Link]-37)
13. . A symmetrical I−section beam has flanges 250mm wide and 25mm thickness
and web 500mm high and 25mm thickness. Calculate the maximum intensity of
shear stress across the section and sketch the shear stress distribution across the
section of the beam, if it carries a shear force of 300kNat the section. (Nov/Dec
2010) ([Link]-38)
14. The shear force acting on a section of a beam is 100kN. The section of the beam is
of T−shaped of dimensions 200mm×250mm×50mm. The flange thickness and
web thickness are 50mm. Find the shear stress at the neutral axis and at the
junction of the web and the flange. Sketch the shear stress distribution. (April/May
2011) ([Link]-39)
15. Draw the shear stress distribution for the cross section of a T−beam is as follows.

i. Shear force = 2kN (May/June 2012) (M/J-2016) ([Link]-41)

16. A channel section made with 120 mm x 10 mm horizontal flanges and 160 mm x
10 mm vertical web subjected to a vertical shearing force of 120 kN. Draw the
shear stress distribution diagram across the section. (Nov/dec 2015) ([Link]-42)
17. A cast iron water main 12m long, of 500mm inside diameter and 25mm wall
thickness runs full of water and is supported at its ends (Nov/ Dec 2013) (A/M-
2018) ([Link]-44)
18. A carriage spring is built up of a plate each 75mm wide and 6.5mm thick. Find the
length of the spring so that it may carry a central load of 41N, the stress being

Department of Civil Engineering| 51

 limited to 160N/mm2. Also find the deflection at center of the spring. Take F =
2×105N/mm2 (Nov/Dec2011) ([Link]-45)
Important Questions
Part-A
1. Derive the relation between bending moment and shear force. (or) What is the
relationship between SF and BM (M/J 2012), (N/D-2016) Pg: No:4
2. What is meant by section modulus? (May/June 2012) Pg: No:4
3. A simply supported beam of 10m span is subjected to a UDL of 2kN/m throughout
its entire span. Draw the shear force diagram. (April/ May 2011) Pg: No:4
4. Compute the elastic sectional modulus of a square section of side 200mm. (April/
May 2011) Pg: No:5
5. Define point of inflexion.(NOV/DEC 2011) Pg: No:5
6. Define the term ‘simple bending’. (NOV/DEC 2011) Pg: No:5
7. List any four types of beams. (APRIL/ MAY 2010) Pg: No:6
8. What is the maximum bending moment for a simply supported beam subjected to
uniformly distributed load and where it occurs? (APRIL/ MAY 2010) Pg: No:6
9. Define point of contraflexure. (NOV/DEC 2010) Pg: No:6
10. A cantilever beam of length 5m carries a concentrated load of 15kN at 3m from
the free end. Sketch the shear force and bending moment diagram. (NOV/DEC
2010) Pg: No:7
11. What is meant by shear can be? (MAY/JUNE 2012) Pg: No:8
12. Define shear centre. (NOV/DEC 2010) Pg: No:8
13. What do you mean by shear flow? (NOV/DEC 2010) Pg: No:8
14. Sketch the shear stress distribution of a hollow circular section. (NOV/DEC 2011)
Pg: No:8
15. Define shear stress. (APRIL/MAY 2010) Pg: No:8
16. Sketch the shear stress distribution for a symmetrical I section and circular section.
(APRIL/MAY 2011) Pg: No:9

Department of Civil Engineering| 52

17. What are the assumptions made in the theory of simple bending? (Nov/ Dec 2013)
(Nov/ Dec 2016) Pg: No:9
18. A steel wire of10mm diameter is bent into a circular arc of 20m radius. Determine
the maximum stress induced in it. Take E= 2 x 10 5 N/mm2. (Nov/ Dec 2013) Pg:
No:9
19. How bending moment, shear force and intensity of loading are related? (Nov/Dec
2015) p-10
20. Define the term “Moment of resistance” (Nov/Dec 2015) p-10

Part-B
1. An overhanging beam is loaded as shown in figure. Construct the SFD and BMD
for the beam. Also calculate the maximum bending moment and locate the point of
contraflexure. (Nov/Dec 2011) Pg: No:17
2. A simply supported beam of length 10m carries the uniformly distributed load and
two point loads as shown in figure. Draw the SFD and BMD for the beam and also
calculate maximum BM. (April/May 2010) Pg: No:13
3. A timber beam of rectangular section is to support a load of 20kN uniformly
distributed over a span of 3.6m when beam is simply supported. If the depth of
section is to be twice the breadth and stress in the timber is not to exceed 7N/mm2,
find the dimension of the cross section. (April/May 2011) Pg: No:33
4. Draw SFD and BMD for beam given in figure. (May/June 2012) Pg: No:21
M σ E
5. Derive an expression for = = or Bending formula (May/June 2012)
I Y R
(April/May 2010) Pg: No:27
6. A simply supported beam AB of span 5m carries a UDL of intensity 3kN/m over a
length of 2m from the left support A. The beam is also subjected to a clockwise
couple of intensity 5kNm at a distance of 4m from the left support A. Draw the
SFD and BMD (Nov/Dec 2010) Pg: No:23

Department of Civil Engineering| 53

7. A simply supported beam 6m long is carrying UDL of 5kN/m over a length of 3m
from the right end. Draw shear force and BMD for the beam and also calculate the
maximum bending moment on the beam (Nov/ Dec 2008) Pg: No:12
8. An overhanging beam is loaded as shown in figure. Construct the SFD and BMD
for the Beam. Also calculate, the maximum bending moment and locate the point
of contraflexure (Nov/Dec 2009) Pg: No:25
9. A cast iron test beam 2cm×2cm in section and 1m long and supported at the end
fails when a central load of 64kg in applied. What UDL will break a cantilever of
the same material 5cm wide and 10cm deep and 2cm long? (Dec/Nov 2009) Pg:
No:30
10. A timber beam of rectangle section is simply supported at the ends and carries a
point load at the centre of the beam. The maximum bending stress is 12N/mm2
and maximum shearing stress is 1N/mm2, find the ratio of the span to the depth.
(April/May 2010) Pg: No:38
11. A symmetrical I−section beam has flanges 250mm wide and 25mm thickness and
web 500mm high and 25mm thickness. Calculate the maximum intensity of shear
stress across the section and sketch the shear stress distribution across the section
of the beam, if it carries a shear force of 300kNat the section. (Nov/Dec 2010) Pg:
No:41
12. An I−section beam 350mm×150mm as shown in figure has a web thickness of
10mm and a flange thickness of 20mm. If the shear force acting on the section is
40kN, find the maximum shear stress. (April/May 2010) Pg: No:40
13. A cast iron water main 12m long, of 500mm inside diameter and 25mm wall
thickness runs full of water and is supported at its ends. Calculate the maximum stress
in the metal if density of cast iron is 7200kg/m3 and that of water 1000kg/m3 (N/ D
2013) Pg: No:47

Department of Civil Engineering| 54

Department of Civil Engineering| 55