IN THIS UNIT YOU WILL

LEARN HOW TO
• deal with two-part questions
• link different parts of the essay
• write a conclusion.

I LEAD-IN I
� Match the words to make some common
word pairs.
1 endangered a fuels
2 air b warming
3 renewable c pollution
4 natural d species
5 global e habitats
6 fossil f energy

� Fill in the gaps with the word pairs above

to make sentences you could use in a
conclusion.
1 In conclusion, is
already causing sea temperatures to rise.
2 In my opinion, loss of
_______ is a continuing
threat to wild animals.
3 To sum up, is having
a serious effect on people who live in
cities.
4 If we don't take action now, the number
of will continue to
increase.
5 I suggest governments stop using
and start using
clean sources of energy.
6 Finally, I believe that ___ _ ___
can offer us hope to save our planet.
 WRITING A CONCLUSION ]
Which of these may be included in your conclusion?
a a concluding phrase f plenty of detail The conclusion is a very
b a prediction (what will/might g a summary of your main ideas important part of your
happen in the future) h what you hope (or fear) might essay. It is the last thing the
c supporting evidence happen in future examiner reads, so it must
d your opinion be good!
i your recommendations
e .an idea you haven't mentioned j your answer to the question
before k at least four sentences
Which of them should be included?
Match examples 1-6 with the features a-kin exercise 3.
1 In short, all types of pollution are increasing.
2 So, in conclusion, we can say that ...
3 Personally, I feel that there is a limit to what we can do.
4 I think there will be very few wild animals left in 25 years' time.
5 I hope people will work hard to protect our beautiful planet.
6 Governments should use the law, education and clean energy to improve
the situation.

� Which paragraph, A or B, is a better conclusion to the essay title? Why?

The individual has an important role to play in protecting the

environment. To what extent do you agree with this statement?

A To conclude, my view is that everyone can help protect the environment. We can
recycle as much as possible, maintain our vehicles properly and ask our Member of
Parliament to support laws that prevent damage to the environment. If we all do
this, we can ensure the planet is in good condition for future generations.
B Another issue is how we use our vehicles. We should walk or use public transport
whenever possible and only have one car per family. The main reason public
transport in my home town is not very good is because it is not used enough.
We must get our cars serviced regularly to make sure we don't pollute the air.
So this is another reason why I say, in conclusion, that people can help protect
the environment.
I LINKING THE MAIN IDEAS AND CONCLUSION I
e in an essay. What can you use them for? Match the phrases 1-7
� :�;���:i��:���i�� !�� .

1 In this essay I will ... a to introduce the opposite view

2 ln my view, ... b to introduce a main point
3 Another reason for ... c to begin your final paragraph
4 On the other hand, .. . d to introduce an opinion
5 For instance, .. . e to introduce an example
6 It is clear that ... f to explain your plan
7 To conclude, ... g to introduce a similar point

� Rea� this essay title and spend two minutes noting down
any ideas you have on the topic.

Many wild animals have become endangered. Why has this happened?
What can governments do to stop this from continuing to happen?

Read the essay and answer the questions below.

Some questions have two parts to

them. Your essay must answer both
parts. Your two main paragraphs
should answer one part of the
ngered. For question each.
Many species of wild animal are now enda
decli ned from
example, the number of black rhinos has
2,500 toda y. Sea animals
over 65,000 in the 1960s to just
e are also at risk. In this essa y I will
like some types of whal
of the caus es of this situa tion. I will then move
look at some Governments can help in several ways. First of all they need
to deal with this
on to consider what governments can do to make strong laws and give punishments to those who
problem. hunt illegally. Next, they need education programmes in
use of human
It is clear that animals are dying out beca schools and on television to help everyone understand the
for spor t or for their
activity. People have hunted animals problem. Finally, governments should invest in renewable
. For insta nce, they hunted
fur, horns or other body parts and clean energy sources such as solar and wind power.
s, whic h were used for medi cines .
tigers for their bone So, in conclusion, we can say that hunting and damage to
reaso n for spec ies to beco me extin ct is that
Another the environment are the main threats that animals face.
ats. One
humans have destroyed their natural habit Governments should use the law, education and clean
in the rainf orest s, which are now
example of this is gorillas energy to improve the situation. Everyone must work
ly, pollu tion from indus try has created
endangered. Final together to save endangered animals.
problems for many sea creatures.

2 Tick the causes and government actions that are mentioned in the conclusion.
3 Complete the sentence by choosing the correct option.
The conclusion ends with a prediction/hope/fear/recommendation.
 I GRAMMAR FOCUS: PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST SIMPLE I
One use of the present
� According to the model essay above, how have past human actions affected
animals today? Complete the list. perfect tense is to talk
about actions that
1 People have hunted animals for sport or for their body parts. happened in the past which
2 ������������ � � � � � � � � � � � �������- have results in the present.
3

� Find the present perfect sentence in the introduction

to the model essay above. @ Introductions often contain a sentence or two in
the present perfect tense. Showing how the past
has affected the present is often a good way to
introduce the topic.

\ [ EXAM SKILLS]
� Read the essay title. How would you organise this essay?
What ideas do you have for this topic?
Global warming is one of the biggest threats to our
environment. What causes global warming? What solutions
are there to this problem?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant
examples from your own knowledge or experience.
Write at least 250 words.

� Read a student's plan for this essay.

Paragraph I - Introduction
• Definition of global warming: increasing
temperatures due to air pollution (climate change)
• Plan of essay: causes/solutions
Paragraph 2 - Causes
• Cutting down trees (e.g. due to population growth)
• Burning fossil fuels (cars, power stations, factories) Make sure your answers to
• Using too much electricity (computers, TV, lights) two-part questions are
balanced. Don't spend too
Paragraph 2 - Solutions much time on one part so that
• Renewable energy (solar, wind) you don't develop the other.
• Manage the rainforests (less cutting, more planting)
• Transport solutions (share cars, use public transport)
Paragraph 4 - Conclusion
• Summarise causes and solutions
• Recommendation: we can all try to be more 'green'

Write the essay in full, following the advice

in the box. @ •
•
Give examples to support your ideas.
Use linking expressions.
• Refer back to the main points of the essay in the conclusion.
• Use phrases such as 'in conclusion' or 'to conclude' for the final paragraph.
• Don't introduce any new points in the conclusion.
• In your last sentence, suggest what should happen in the future.

UNIT 08 / WRITING •