Vivekananda public school,
Karanjia
Physics project
Session: 2025-2026
Transformers
Submitted By:
Submitted To: Sourav Samaddar
Class:
Roll no:
ACKNOWLEdgement
I of class 12th section would like to
express my sincere gratitude to our respected principal Mrs.
Ila Sahoo for encouragement and help from time to time
during the tenure as a student of class 12th section
I also express my sincere gratitude towards my physics teacher
Sourav Samaddar for helping me in completing the project by
useful ideas and guidelines. I think him for encouraging me
throughout and helping in all possible ways.
I would also like to express my hearty gratitude to the lab
assistant for their support in completion of the project
I also thank my parents and friends for their virtual support and
also for encouragement and motivation given to me for the
completion of the project.
Date of submission:
Certificate
This is to certify that of class 12th section
has worked on the physics project entitled “To investigate the
relation between the ratio of (i) Input and output voltage,
(ii) Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary
coil of a self-made transformer”. He has put on his sincere
efforts to collect the reading materials and has devoted
sufficient periods of practical laboratory work to complete this
project. This project may be considered as practical fulfilment of
All India Senior School Certificate Exam (AISSCE) 2025-2026
conducted by CBSE.
Teachers’ signature principal’s signature
External examiner’s signature
Contents
1. TITLE
2. CERTIFICATE
3. ACKNOLEDGEMENT
4. CONTENTS
5. OBJECTIVES
6. INTRODUCTION
7. THEORY
8. APPARATUS REQUIRED
9. PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
10. APPLICATIONS
11. PRECAUTION
12. REFRENCES
Abstract
To investigate the relation between the ratio of –
1. Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of
a self-made transformer.
Introduction
The transformer is a device used for converting a low
alternating voltage to high alternating voltage or vice-versa.
A transformer based on the principle of mutual induction
according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked
with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighbouring
coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for charging
the A.C. voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in
both low and high current circuit. As such transformers are built
in an amazing strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement
and control circuits, transformer size may be so small that it
weight only a few tons of grams where as in high voltage power
circuits, it may weight hundreds of tons.
Theory and
mathematical
derivations
When an alternating e.m.f is supplied to the primary coil p1p2,
an alternating current starts falling in it. The alternating current
in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which
induces a good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked
with primary is also linked with the secondary, and then it the
induced e.m.f induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to
that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be
the instantaneous values of the e.m.f’s induced in the primary
and the secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the
primary and secondary coils of the transformer.
dφ / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this
instant, we have
Ep = - Np dφ /dt ------------- (1)
and
Es = - Ns dφ / dt --------------(2)
Since the above relation are true at very instant so by dividing 2
by 1 we get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np -----------------(3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the
primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is
due to the difference (E-EP) in the instantaneous values of the
applied and back.
e.m.f further if Rp is resistance of primary coil,
then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by
Ip = E - Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as
Es / Ep = E s / E
= output e.m.f / input e.m.f
= Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turns ratio of transformer.
Voltage ratio: Ep / Es = Np / Ns
Current ratio: Is / Ip = Np / Ns
Simple circuit diagram
Types of transformers
Step up transformer: A transformer which increases
the voltages.
Step down transformer: A transformer which
decreases the A.C voltages.
Circuit diagram
For step up transformer.
Working:
In a step-down transformer, there are many turns on the
secondary winding than in the primary winding in the step-up
transformers. Thus the voltage supplied in the secondary
transformer is greater than the one supplied across the primary
winding, because of the principle of conservation of energy, the
transformer converts low voltage-high current to high voltage-
low current. In other words, the voltage has been stepped up.
You can find step-up transformers located near power plants
that are designed to operate megawatts of power. Apart from
the power plants, step-up transformers can also be used for
local a smaller application such as X-ray machine which
requires about 50,000 volts to work. Even a micro-wave oven
requires a small step-up transformer to operate.
For step down transformer.
Working:
In a step-down transformer is one who secondary windings are
fewer than the primary windings. In other words, the
transformer’s secondary voltage is less than the primary
voltage. So, the transformer is designed to convert high-
voltage, low-current power into a low-voltage, high current
power and it is mainly used in domestic consumption.
A common case of step-down application is in the case of door
bells. Normally, doorbells use 16 volts, but most household
power currents carry 110-120 volts. Therefore, the doorbell’s
step-down transformer receives the 110 volts and reduces it to
lower voltage before supplying it to the doorbell.
Step-down transformers are mostly used to convert the 220
volts electricity to the 110 Volt required in more domestic
equipment.
Apparatus required to
make our own
transformer
Iron Rod
Copper Wire
Hot wire Ammeter
Hot wire Voltmeter
Procedure
Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and
wind a large number of turns of thin cu wire on thick paper
(say 60). This constitutes primary coil of the transformer.
Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and would
relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper
wire on it. This this constitutes of secondary coil. It is a
step down transformer.
Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and again measure voltage
and current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter
respectively.
Similarly, Measure the output voltage and current through
S1 and S2.
Now connect S1 and S2 to A.C main and again measure
voltage and current through primary and secondary coil of
step up transformer.
Repeat all steps for other self-made transformers by
charging number of turns in primary and secondary coil.
Uses of transformers
In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air
conditioner, etc.
A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.
A step down transformer is used for obtaining large
current.
A step of transformer is used for the production of X-Rays
and NEON advertisement.
Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized
power supplies.
Transformers are used in transmissions of a.c over long
distances:
Small Transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones,
loud speakers and electric bells, etc.
Bibliography
[Link]
[Link]
Physics NCERT
Pradeep’s physics
Physics Wallah
[Link]
SL Arora
[Link]
Index
Aim
Introduction
Types of transformers
Theory and mathematical derivations
Simple circuit diagram
Circuit diagrams of step up and step down transformers
Apparatus required to make our own transformers
Uses of transformers
Bibliography