Tab 8
Physics Project Report
Transformer: Study of an A.C. to A.C. Converter
This project report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the CBSE Physics Practical Examination.
Student Details
Name
Rishav Raj Singh
Class & Section XII-A
Roll No.
Subject Teacher
Detail Information
Name Mr. G.K. SINGH
Subject Physics
Project Overview
The project provides a comprehensive study of the
Transformer, an essential electrical device used for
converting a low alternating voltage to a high
alternating voltage or vice versa, based on the
principle of mutual induction. The report covers the
theoretical foundation, practical procedure, and uses
of this device, concluding with an analysis of power
efficiency and potential sources of error.
Tab 1
INDEX
● CERTIFICATE OF EXCELLENCE
● ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
● INTRODUCTION
● THEORY
● APPARATUS REQUIRED
● PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
● USE OF TRANSFORMERS
● CONCLUSION
● PRECAUTION
● SOURCE OF ERROR
● BIBLIOGRAPHY
Tab 2
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Rishav Raj Singh a student of class XII-A has
successfully completed the research on the below mentioned project
under the guidance of Mr. G.K. SINGH (Subject Teacher) during the
year 2025–26 in partial fulfillment of physics practical examination
conducted by CBSE.
Signature of Physics Teacher
Tab 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my
teacher Mr. G.K. SINGH, whose valuable guidance has been
the ones that helped me to complete this project and make it
full proof success. His suggestions and his instructions have
served as the major contributor towards the completion of
project.
Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have
helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has
been helpful in various phases of the completion of the
project.
Last but not the least I would like to thank my classmates
who have helped me a lot.
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
The Transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage
to a high alternating voltage or vice versa.
A transformer is based on the Principle of mutual induction according to
this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an
E.M.F is induced in the neighbouring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the A.C
voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in both low and high
current circuit. As such transformers are built in amazing strength or
sizes. In electronics, measurement and control circuits, transformer size
may be so small that it weight only a few ten of grams whereas in high
voltage power circuits, it may weight hundred of tones.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to
another circuit takes place without the use of moving parts.
A transformer which increases the voltage is called a step-up
transformer. A transformer which decreases the voltage is called a
step-down transformers.
Therefore, transformer is an essential piece of apparatus both for high
and low current circuits.
Tab 5
THEORY
When an alternating E.M.F is supplied to the primary coil ‘P1’
an alternating current starts falling in it. The alternating
current in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux,
which induces alternating voltage in the primary as well as in
the secondary coil ‘P2’. In a good transformer, whole of the
magnetic flux linked with primary is also linked with the
secondary, and the induced E.M.F induced in each turn of the
secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the
primary. Thus if ‘Ep’ and ‘Es’ be the instantaneous values of
the [Link] induced in the primary and the secondary and
‘Np’ and ‘Ns’ are the no. of turns of primary & secondary
coils of the transformer and
dφ/dt = rate of change of flux in each turn of the coil at this
instant, we have
Ep = –Np dφ/dt …… (1)
Es = –Ns dφ/dt …… (2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by
dividing 2 by 1,
Es / Ep = Ns / Np = K …… (3)
Tab 6
As ‘Ep’ is the instantaneous value of back E.M.F induced in
the primary coil ‘P1’, so the instantaneous current in primary
coil is due to the difference (E – Ep) in the instantaneous
values of the applied and back E.M.F further if ‘Rp’ is the
resistance of ‘P1’ and ‘Ip’ coil, then the instantaneous current
‘Ip’ in the primary coil is given by
Ip = (E – Ep) / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
Thus Back E.M.F = Input E.M.F
Hence, equation (3) can be written as
Es / Ep = Eo / E
= output E.M.F / input E.M.F
= Ns / Np = K
Where “K” is constant, called Turn or Transformation Ratio
.
IN A STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER
Es < Ep, K < 1, hence Ns < Np
Ip = value of primary current at the same instant
And
Is = value of secondary current at this instant
Then Input power at the instant = Ep Ip
And
Output power at the same instant = Es Is
If there are no losses of power in the transformer,
Then Input power = Output power
Or
Ep Ip = Es Is
Or
Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K
ILLUSTRATION
IN A STEP-UP TRANSFORMER
Es > Ep
So,
K>1
Hence Ns > Np
Since, K > 1,
So, Ip > Is or Is < Ip
i.e. current in secondary coil is weaker when secondary
voltage is higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the
same ratio.
Similarly, it can be shown, that in a step-down transformer,
whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same
ratio.
Thus, a step-up transformer in reality steps down the
current and a step-down transformer steps up the current.
ILLUSTRATION
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output
power to the input power.
i.e.
η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses
η=1
But in actual practice, there are many power losses;
therefore the efficiency of a transformer is less than one.
Efficiency is defined as the ratio of output power to input
power.
Efficiency = 1 − (Losses / Input)
Efficiency = 1 − (I₁²R₁ + W₁) / (V₁ I₁ cos θ₁)
η = 1 − (I₁R₁) / (V₁ cos θ₁) − W₁ / (V₁ I₁ cos θ₁)
Condition for Maximum Efficiency
Differentiating the above equation with respect to I₁:
dη / dI₁ = 0 − (R₁ + W₁) / (V₁ cos θ₁) + W₁ / (V₁ I₁² cos θ₁)
For maximum efficiency:
dη / dI₁ = 0
Hence, efficiency η will be maximum when:
(R₁ + W₁) / (V₁ cos θ₁) = W₁ / (V₁ I₁² cos θ₁)
APPARATUS REQUIRED
●AMMETER
●VOLTMETER
●IRON ROD
●COPPER WIRE
PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and
wind a large number of turns Cu wire on thick paper (say
60). This constitutes primary coil of the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound
relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper
wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step
down transformer.
3. Connect P₁, P₂ to A.C main and measure the input voltage
and current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through
S₁ and S₂.
5. Now connect S₁ and S₂ to A.C, again and again measure
voltage and current through primary and secondary coil of
step up transformer.
6.Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by
changing number of turns in primary and secondary coil.
USES OF TRANSFORMERS
1. In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer,
air conditioner, etc.
2.A step down transformer is used for welding
purposes.
3.A step down transformer is used for obtaining large
current.
4.A step up transformer is used for the production of
X-rays and NEON advertisement.
5.Transformers are used in voltage regulators and
stabilized power supplies.
6.Transformers used in the transmissions of A.C over
long distances.
7. Small transformers are used in radio sets,
telephones, loudspeakers and electric bells etc.
CONCLUSION
●The output voltage of the transformer
across the secondary coil depends upon
the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input
voltage.
● There is a loss of power between input and
output coil of a transformer.
PRECAUTIONS
●Keep safe yourself from high voltage.
● While taking the reading of current and
voltage the A.C should remain constant.
SOURCE OF ERROR
1. There may be energy losses in the transformer due to
resistance of the copper windings, which causes heating
loss.
2. Imperfect insulation of the coils may lead to leakage of
current.
3. The magnetic flux produced in the primary coil may not be
completely linked with the secondary coil due to flux
leakage.
4. Errors may occur due to inaccurate readings of the
voltmeter and ammeter.
5. Fluctuations in the A.C. mains supply may affect voltage
and current readings.
6.Human error may occur while noting down the readings.
7. The iron core may not be perfectly laminated, resulting in
eddy current losses.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.NCERT Physics Textbook – Class XII, Part I &
II
2.CBSE Physics Laboratory Manual – Class XII
3.H.C. Verma, Concepts of Physics, Volume II
4.Physics notes and guidance provided by the
subject teacher