HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)

Part I Planet Earth

Chemistry: Chapter 4 Rocks and minerals

Combined Science (Chemistry Part): Chapter 4 Rocks and minerals

Structured questions

Sections 4.1−4.4
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When iodine is heated, violet vapour forms.

(a) Is iodine an element or a compound? Explain briefly. (2 marks)

(b) Name the above process. (1 mark)

(c) Is the above process a physical change or chemical change? (1 mark)

(d) Suggest what would be observed when the violet vapour is in contact with a cool
surface. (1 mark)

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(a) It is an element. 1
It is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into anything simpler
by chemical methods. 1
(b) Sublimation 1
(c) Physical change 1
(d) The violet vapour changes to black solid. 1
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Metals can be extracted by various methods.

(a) Name the physical method that is used to extract gold. (1 mark)

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(b) Mercury can be extracted by heating mercury(II) oxide strongly in air.

(i) Write a word equation for the reaction involved. (1 mark)

(ii) A gas evolves in the reaction. Suggest a test for the gas. (2 marks)

(iii) State and explain whether the above process is a physical change or
chemical change. (2 marks)

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(a) Panning 1
(b) (i) mercury(II) oxide  mercury + oxygen 1
(ii) Test the gas with a glowing splint. 1
It relights a glowing splint. 1
(iii) The above process is a chemical change. 1
In the process, new substances (mercury and oxygen) are produced. 1
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As rainwater is slightly acidic, it attacks rocks containing calcium carbonate.

(a) With the aid of an equation, explain why rainwater is slightly acidic. (2 marks)

(b) With the aid of an equation, briefly describe how rainwater attacks rocks.
(3 marks)

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(c) In some polluted areas, rocks are attacked at a higher rate. Suggest ONE gas that
increases the rate of attack. (1 mark)

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(a) Carbon dioxide in air dissolves slightly in rainwater to form carbonic acid. 1
carbon dioxide + water carbonic acid / CO2(g) + H2O(l) H2CO3(aq) 1
(b) Carbonic acid reacts with calcium carbonate in rocks. 1
calcium carbonate + carbonic acid  calcium hydrogencarbonate 1
CaCO3(s) + H2CO3(aq)  Ca(HCO3)2(aq)
Calcium hydrogencarbonate is soluble in water and thus rocks are slowly
worn away. 1
(c) Sulphur dioxide / nitrogen dioxide 1
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Sections 4.5−4.6
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Quicklime can be used to prepare limewater.

(a) Give the chemical name of quicklime. (1 mark)

(b) Suggest how limewater is prepared from quicklime. Write an equation for the
reaction involved. (2 marks)

(c) Limewater is used to test for carbon dioxide. It turns milky when carbon dioxide
is passed into it.
(i) Explain why the solution turns milky when carbon dioxide is present.
(1 mark)

(ii) State and explain what would happen when excess carbon dioxide is passed
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into the limewater. (2 marks)

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(a) Calcium oxide 1
(b) Add water to quicklime. 1
calcium oxide + water  calcium hydroxide /
CaO(s) + H2O(l)  Ca(OH)2(aq) 1
(c) (i) Carbon dioxide reacts with calcium hydroxide solution to give
calcium carbonate, which is a white insoluble solid. 1
(ii) The limewater becomes colourless. 1
The insoluble calcium carbonate reacts with the excess carbon
dioxide and water to form soluble calcium hydrogencarbonate. 1
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When a piece of paper was burnt in air, black smoke was produced and a black
residue was left.

(a) State and explain whether the burning of paper is a physical change or a
chemical change. (1 mark)

(b) A student stated that the smoke produced did not contain carbon dioxide as
carbon dioxide is colourless.
(i) Comment on the statement. (1 mark)

(ii) Suggest a test for carbon dioxide. (2 marks)

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(c) State and explain whether paper would burn in the absence of oxygen. (1 mark)

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(a) It is a chemical change as new substances (smoke and black residue) are
produced. 1
(b) (i) The statement is incorrect as the burning of carbon-containing
substances (such as paper) produces carbon dioxide. 1
(ii) Test it with limewater. 1
It turns limewater milky. 1
(c) Paper would not burn as oxygen is required for burning. 1
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A student investigated the decomposition of calcium carbonate.

(a) Suggest TWO types of rocks that contain calcium carbonate. (2 marks)

(b) State ONE observable change when calcium carbonate is heated strongly in air.
(1 mark)

(c) Write an equation for the reaction involved. (1 mark)

(d) State ONE safety precaution of the experiment. (1 mark)

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(a) Any TWO:
- Marble 1
- Limestone 1
- Chalk (1)
(b) A brick-red flame is observed. / The piece of rock breaks into pieces. 1
(c) calcium carbonate  calcium oxide + carbon dioxide / 1
CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) + CO2(g)

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(d) Wear safety spectacles / swirl the tube from time to time to avoid overheating. 1
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The following flow chart shows the reaction of some calcium-containing compounds.
heat strongly
A calcium oxide

add water and then filter

(a) Name A and B. (2 marks)

(b) State TWO observable changes when water is added to calcium oxide. (2 marks)

(c) With the aid of an equation, suggest how B can be converted into A. (2 marks)

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(a) A: calcium carbonate 1
B: calcium hydroxide 1
(b) A white suspension forms. 1
A lot of heat is produced. 1
(c) B can be converted into A by passing carbon dioxide into B. 1
calcium hydroxide + carbon dioxide  calcium carbonate + water /
Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g)  CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) 1
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*Given common school laboratory apparatus, briefly describe how limewater can be
prepared from limestone. Equations are NOT required. (4 marks)

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- Heat limestone strongly in air to give quicklime (calcium oxide). 1
- Add water to the residue to give slaked lime (calcium hydroxide). 1
- Filter the solution. The colourless filtrate is limewater (saturated calcium
hydroxide solution). 1
- Communication mark 1
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Marble contains calcium carbonate. The following set-up is used to investigate the
reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and marble.

marble dilute
limewater
hydrochloric acid

(a) State TWO observable changes when marble reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.
(2 marks)

(b) Give the chemical name of limewater. (1 mark)

(c) What would be observed in the test tube containing limewater? Write an equation

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for the reaction involved. (2 marks)

(d) The above reaction shows the presence of carbonate in marble. Suggest a test to
show the presence of calcium in marble. (2 marks)

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(a) Marble dissolves in the acid. 1
Colourless gas bubbles evolve. 1
(b) Calcium hydroxide 1
(c) The solution turns milky. 1
calcium hydroxide + carbon dioxide  calcium carbonate + water /
Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g)  CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) 1
(d) Perform flame test. 1
A brick-red flame is observed. 1
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