Module - 4 NATURE-BIOINSPIRED MATERIALS AND MECHANISMS (QUALITATIVE) BFE

Echolocation (ultrasonography, sonars), Photosynthesis (photovoltaic cells, bionic leaf). Bird flying (GPS and aircrafts),
Lotus leaf effect (Super hydrophobic and self-cleaning surfaces), Plant burrs (Velcro), Shark skin (Friction reducing swim
suits), Kingfisher beak (Bullet train). Human Blood substitutes - hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) and
perflourocarbons (PFCs).

ECHOLOCATION (ULTRASONOGRAPHY, SONARS)

Explain the Echolocation and its application

Dr Shobha G, Assistant Professor, Department of Basic Science and Humanities, KSIT Page 1 of 27
 Module - 4 NATURE-BIOINSPIRED MATERIALS AND MECHANISMS (QUALITATIVE) BFE
Echolocation (ultrasonography, sonars), Photosynthesis (photovoltaic cells, bionic leaf). Bird flying (GPS and aircrafts),
Lotus leaf effect (Super hydrophobic and self-cleaning surfaces), Plant burrs (Velcro), Shark skin (Friction reducing swim
suits), Kingfisher beak (Bullet train). Human Blood substitutes - hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) and
perflourocarbons (PFCs).

Comparison of sound emission and sensory reception organs/devices in biological

and technological systems:
Biological System Technological System
Sound Biological organisms, such as bats and Technological systems rely on
Emission cetaceans, have specialized sound artificial sound emission devices,
emission organs to produce sounds for such as speakers or transducers, to
echolocation. generate sound waves for
 Bats emit sounds using their larynx echolocation.
and modify the emitted sounds Ultrasonic sensors or sonar
using structures like the nose leaf or systems
mouth cavity. emit sound waves through these
 Dolphins and whales emit sounds devices, typically using
through their blowholes, producing piezoelectric
clicks or vocalizations. elements or transducers.
Sensory Biological organisms possess Technological systems use sensors
Reception specialized sensory reception organs and receivers to capture and
that allow them process the returning echoes.
to detect and interpret the returning  Ultrasonic sensors are
echoes. commonly employed, which
 Bats have highly sensitive ears consist of a transducer that
designed to detect and analyze emits sound waves and receives
ultrasonic frequencies. the echoes.
 Dolphins and some whales also  Sonar systems often
receive echoes through their incorporate hydrophones or
lower jaw. The jawbone conducts other specialized underwater
sound vibrations to the middle microphones to detect and
ear, where they are converted into interpret the echoes.
nerve impulses for interpretation
by the brain.

A] ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Apply the concept of echolocation in the field of science. Explain the principle and process
in detail / Explain the application of Echolocation in ultrasonography/ What are the
different components of ultrasonography

Dr Shobha G, Assistant Professor, Department of Basic Science and Humanities, KSIT Page 2 of 27
 Module - 4 NATURE-BIOINSPIRED MATERIALS AND MECHANISMS (QUALITATIVE) BFE
Echolocation (ultrasonography, sonars), Photosynthesis (photovoltaic cells, bionic leaf). Bird flying (GPS and aircrafts),
Lotus leaf effect (Super hydrophobic and self-cleaning surfaces), Plant burrs (Velcro), Shark skin (Friction reducing swim
suits), Kingfisher beak (Bullet train). Human Blood substitutes - hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) and
perflourocarbons (PFCs).

Dr Shobha G, Assistant Professor, Department of Basic Science and Humanities, KSIT Page 3 of 27
 Module - 4 NATURE-BIOINSPIRED MATERIALS AND MECHANISMS (QUALITATIVE) BFE
Echolocation (ultrasonography, sonars), Photosynthesis (photovoltaic cells, bionic leaf). Bird flying (GPS and aircrafts),
Lotus leaf effect (Super hydrophobic and self-cleaning surfaces), Plant burrs (Velcro), Shark skin (Friction reducing swim
suits), Kingfisher beak (Bullet train). Human Blood substitutes - hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) and
perflourocarbons (PFCs).

Dr Shobha G, Assistant Professor, Department of Basic Science and Humanities, KSIT Page 4 of 27
 Module - 4 NATURE-BIOINSPIRED MATERIALS AND MECHANISMS (QUALITATIVE) BFE
Echolocation (ultrasonography, sonars), Photosynthesis (photovoltaic cells, bionic leaf). Bird flying (GPS and aircrafts),
Lotus leaf effect (Super hydrophobic and self-cleaning surfaces), Plant burrs (Velcro), Shark skin (Friction reducing swim
suits), Kingfisher beak (Bullet train). Human Blood substitutes - hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) and
perflourocarbons (PFCs).

Figure: Representing working principle of ultrasonography

Advantages of Ultrasonography
Non-invasive
No ionizing radiation
Real-time imaging
Portable
Cost-effective
Versatile
Limitations of Ultrasonography
Limited depth
Operator dependence
Limited resolution
Limitations in overweight patients
Limitations in detecting some types of cancer
B] SONARS
Apply the concept of echolocation in the field of science. Explain the principle and process
in detail / Explain the application of Echolocation in sonars/ What are the different
components of Sonars

Dr Shobha G, Assistant Professor, Department of Basic Science and Humanities, KSIT Page 5 of 27
 Module - 4 NATURE-BIOINSPIRED MATERIALS AND MECHANISMS (QUALITATIVE) BFE
Echolocation (ultrasonography, sonars), Photosynthesis (photovoltaic cells, bionic leaf). Bird flying (GPS and aircrafts),
Lotus leaf effect (Super hydrophobic and self-cleaning surfaces), Plant burrs (Velcro), Shark skin (Friction reducing swim
suits), Kingfisher beak (Bullet train). Human Blood substitutes - hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) and
perflourocarbons (PFCs).

Dr Shobha G, Assistant Professor, Department of Basic Science and Humanities, KSIT Page 6 of 27
 Module - 4 NATURE-BIOINSPIRED MATERIALS AND MECHANISMS (QUALITATIVE) BFE
Echolocation (ultrasonography, sonars), Photosynthesis (photovoltaic cells, bionic leaf). Bird flying (GPS and aircrafts),
Lotus leaf effect (Super hydrophobic and self-cleaning surfaces), Plant burrs (Velcro), Shark skin (Friction reducing swim
suits), Kingfisher beak (Bullet train). Human Blood substitutes - hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) and
perflourocarbons (PFCs).

Dr Shobha G, Assistant Professor, Department of Basic Science and Humanities, KSIT Page 7 of 27
 Module - 4 NATURE-BIOINSPIRED MATERIALS AND MECHANISMS (QUALITATIVE) BFE
Echolocation (ultrasonography, sonars), Photosynthesis (photovoltaic cells, bionic leaf). Bird flying (GPS and aircrafts),
Lotus leaf effect (Super hydrophobic and self-cleaning surfaces), Plant burrs (Velcro), Shark skin (Friction reducing swim
suits), Kingfisher beak (Bullet train). Human Blood substitutes - hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) and
perflourocarbons (PFCs).

Figure: Representing working principle of sonar

Advantages of Sonar Technology
Versatility
Cost-effective
Non-invasive
Real-time imaging
High resolution
Limitations of Sonar Technology
Limited visibility
Interference
Short range
Limited depth
Acoustic noise
Complex technology
Inaccurate readings
PHOTOSYNTHESIS (PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS, BIONIC LEAF)
Discuss the comparison of Photosynthesis in plant with photovoltaic cells and bionic leaf/
Construct the model of Bionic leaf to demonstrate how it will work
A] PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS:

Dr Shobha G, Assistant Professor, Department of Basic Science and Humanities, KSIT Page 8 of 27
 Module - 4 NATURE-BIOINSPIRED MATERIALS AND MECHANISMS (QUALITATIVE) BFE
Echolocation (ultrasonography, sonars), Photosynthesis (photovoltaic cells, bionic leaf). Bird flying (GPS and aircrafts),
Lotus leaf effect (Super hydrophobic and self-cleaning surfaces), Plant burrs (Velcro), Shark skin (Friction reducing swim
suits), Kingfisher beak (Bullet train). Human Blood substitutes - hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) and
perflourocarbons (PFCs).

Dr Shobha G, Assistant Professor, Department of Basic Science and Humanities, KSIT Page 9 of 27
 Module - 4 NATURE-BIOINSPIRED MATERIALS AND MECHANISMS (QUALITATIVE) BFE
Echolocation (ultrasonography, sonars), Photosynthesis (photovoltaic cells, bionic leaf). Bird flying (GPS and aircrafts),
Lotus leaf effect (Super hydrophobic and self-cleaning surfaces), Plant burrs (Velcro), Shark skin (Friction reducing swim
suits), Kingfisher beak (Bullet train). Human Blood substitutes - hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) and
perflourocarbons (PFCs).

Dr Shobha G, Assistant Professor, Department of Basic Science and Humanities, KSIT Page 10 of 27
 Module - 4 NATURE-BIOINSPIRED MATERIALS AND MECHANISMS (QUALITATIVE) BFE
Echolocation (ultrasonography, sonars), Photosynthesis (photovoltaic cells, bionic leaf). Bird flying (GPS and aircrafts),
Lotus leaf effect (Super hydrophobic and self-cleaning surfaces), Plant burrs (Velcro), Shark skin (Friction reducing swim
suits), Kingfisher beak (Bullet train). Human Blood substitutes - hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) and
perflourocarbons (PFCs).

B] BIONIC LEAF:

A flow chart of the working principle of bionic leaf is given below:

Sunlight is captured and directed to the bionic leaf.
↓
The bionic leaf contains a catalyst (typically a special type of bacteria or an artificial catalyst)
and a water-splitting enzyme.
↓
Sunlight energy is used to split water molecules (H2O) into hydrogen ions (H+) and oxygen (O2)

Dr Shobha G, Assistant Professor, Department of Basic Science and Humanities, KSIT Page 11 of 27
 Module - 4 NATURE-BIOINSPIRED MATERIALS AND MECHANISMS (QUALITATIVE) BFE
Echolocation (ultrasonography, sonars), Photosynthesis (photovoltaic cells, bionic leaf). Bird flying (GPS and aircrafts),
Lotus leaf effect (Super hydrophobic and self-cleaning surfaces), Plant burrs (Velcro), Shark skin (Friction reducing swim
suits), Kingfisher beak (Bullet train). Human Blood substitutes - hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) and
perflourocarbons (PFCs).

through a process called photolysis.

↓
The hydrogen ions (H+) generated from water splitting combine with electrons from an
external source (e.g., a wire) to form hydrogen gas (H2).
↓
The oxygen gas (O2) produced during water splitting is released into the atmosphere.
↓
The generated hydrogen gas (H2) can be collected and stored for later use as a clean and
renewable energy source.
↓
The bionic leaf also absorbs carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air or a supplied source.
↓
The absorbed carbon dioxide (CO2) is converted into carbon-based compounds, such as formic
acid or methane, through a reduction reaction.
↓
The carbon-based compounds can be used as a fuel or converted into other useful chemicals.
↓
The bionic leaf operates in a closed-loop system, where the produced oxygen (O2) during water
splitting is reused by the catalyst in subsequent cycles.

Dr Shobha G, Assistant Professor, Department of Basic Science and Humanities, KSIT Page 12 of 27
 Module - 4 NATURE-BIOINSPIRED MATERIALS AND MECHANISMS (QUALITATIVE) BFE
Echolocation (ultrasonography, sonars), Photosynthesis (photovoltaic cells, bionic leaf). Bird flying (GPS and aircrafts),
Lotus leaf effect (Super hydrophobic and self-cleaning surfaces), Plant burrs (Velcro), Shark skin (Friction reducing swim
suits), Kingfisher beak (Bullet train). Human Blood substitutes - hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) and
perflourocarbons (PFCs).

BIRD FLYING (GPS AND AIRCRAFTS)

What is the basic principle of the flying of the bird and aircraft and GPS?
A] GPS Technology
GPS (Global Positioning System) is a technology that uses a network of satellites to provide
location and time information to users. The technology works by measuring the time it
takes for signals to travel from satellites to a receiver on the ground or in a vehicle, and
using this information to calculate the user's position.
Here are some key components of GPS technology:
Satellites: The GPS satellite network consists of 24-32 satellites orbiting the Earth. These
satellites continuously broadcast signals containing information about their location, time,
and status.
Receivers: GPS receivers, which are typically integrated into devices such as
smartphones, navigation systems, and aircraft, receive signals from GPS satellites and use
the information to calculate the user's position.
Control segment: The control segment consists of ground-based monitoring stations
that track the GPS satellites, check the accuracy of their signals, and make adjustments as
needed.
User segment: The user segment consists of the GPS receivers used by individuals and
organizations to obtain location and time information.

Figure: Representing GPS

GPS technology has a wide range of applications, including navigation, mapping, surveying,
search and rescue, and military operations.

Dr Shobha G, Assistant Professor, Department of Basic Science and Humanities, KSIT Page 13 of 27
 Module - 4 NATURE-BIOINSPIRED MATERIALS AND MECHANISMS (QUALITATIVE) BFE
Echolocation (ultrasonography, sonars), Photosynthesis (photovoltaic cells, bionic leaf). Bird flying (GPS and aircrafts),
Lotus leaf effect (Super hydrophobic and self-cleaning surfaces), Plant burrs (Velcro), Shark skin (Friction reducing swim
suits), Kingfisher beak (Bullet train). Human Blood substitutes - hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) and
perflourocarbons (PFCs).

Importance of GPS Technology in Aircrafts

GPS technology is essential for aircraft navigation and guidance.
Positioning and Navigation: GPS helps aircraft accurately determine their position and
follow precise routes. Signals from satellites are received by GPS receivers onboard,
allowing the system to calculate the aircraft's position.
Flight Planning: GPS assists pilots and planners in creating optimal flight plans,
considering waypoints, altitudes, and current information on navigation aids, weather, and
airspace restrictions.
Approach and Landing: GPS-based navigation systems provide precise guidance during
approach and landing, even in low visibility. This enhances safety and reduces reliance on
ground-based navigation aids.
Air Traffic Management: GPS is integrated into air traffic management systems,
improving airspace efficiency, reducing congestion, optimizing routing, and enhancing
aircraft tracking and situational awareness for controllers.
Collision Avoidance: GPS contributes to collision avoidance systems like TCAS and ADS-
B. These systems use GPS data to track nearby aircraft, provide alerts, and ensure safe
separation.
Flight Data Recording: GPS data is often recorded by flight data recording systems,
aiding post-flight analysis, accident investigation, and overall flight safety
[Link] technology has revolutionized aircraft navigation and has become an
integral part of modern aviation. It provides accurate positioning, enhances safety,
improves operational efficiency, and contributes to the overall advancement of the aviation
industry.

Comparing Birds and Aircrafts with GPS Technology for Navigation

Dr Shobha G, Assistant Professor, Department of Basic Science and Humanities, KSIT Page 14 of 27
 Module - 4 NATURE-BIOINSPIRED MATERIALS AND MECHANISMS (QUALITATIVE) BFE
Echolocation (ultrasonography, sonars), Photosynthesis (photovoltaic cells, bionic leaf). Bird flying (GPS and aircrafts),
Lotus leaf effect (Super hydrophobic and self-cleaning surfaces), Plant burrs (Velcro), Shark skin (Friction reducing swim
suits), Kingfisher beak (Bullet train). Human Blood substitutes - hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) and
perflourocarbons (PFCs).

Table: Comparison between birds and aircraft with GPS technology for navigation
Criteria Aircrafts Birds
Mechanism GPS technology in aircraft Birds use a combination of visual cues,
relies on signals received magnetic fields, landmarks, and celestial
from satellites to determine navigation to navigate and orient
precise position, velocity, and themselves during flight.
time.
Accuracy GPS technology provides Birds have remarkable navigational
highly accurate position abilities but may not possess the same level
information with a margin of of accuracy as GPS. However, birds can
error typically within a few adjust their flight path based on real-time
meters. environmental cues, which allows for more
dynamic and adaptable navigation.
Sensory GPS technology relies solely Birds integrate various sensory inputs for
Input on receiving satellite signals. navigation. They can perceive and interpret
visual cues, such as landmarks and the
position
of the sun or stars, and they may also have
sensitivity to Earth's magnetic field,
enabling them to navigate across vast
distances.
Adaptability GPS technology in aircraft Birds, on the other hand, demonstrate
provides consistent and remarkable adaptability in their navigation
reliable navigation regardless abilities. They can adjust their flight paths
of the environmental based on changing weather conditions,
conditions or time of day. wind patterns, and other factors, which
allows for efficient long-distance migration
and navigation through complex
landscapes.
Evolutionary GPS technology is a Birds, however, have evolved over millions
Aspect humanmade innovation of years, developing specialized neural and
designed to enhance physiological adaptations that enable them
navigation and safety to navigate and fly efficiently in diverse
in aircraft. habitats.

B] Aircraft Technology
What is the basic principle of the flying of the bird and aircraft / Bio Mimicking Birds Fly
for Aircraft Technology? Explain.
The basic principle of the flying of the bird and aircraft is same.

Dr Shobha G, Assistant Professor, Department of Basic Science and Humanities, KSIT Page 15 of 27
 Module - 4 NATURE-BIOINSPIRED MATERIALS AND MECHANISMS (QUALITATIVE) BFE
Echolocation (ultrasonography, sonars), Photosynthesis (photovoltaic cells, bionic leaf). Bird flying (GPS and aircrafts),
Lotus leaf effect (Super hydrophobic and self-cleaning surfaces), Plant burrs (Velcro), Shark skin (Friction reducing swim
suits), Kingfisher beak (Bullet train). Human Blood substitutes - hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) and
perflourocarbons (PFCs).

 Both birds and aircraft uses their wings to produce lift, which allows them to rise into air
and stay. In addition to lift, both birds and airplanes use their wings or engines to
generate thrust, which propels them forward towards the air.

 Both birds and aircraft use their tail feathers or tail surface to control pitches, or the
angle at which they fly relative to the ground. By adjusting the angle of their tail feathers or
tail surface, they can raise or lower the nose of their body, allowing them to climb or
descend in the air.

MECHANISM
Lift, Drag, and Thrust:

Figure: Representing Bernoulli’s Principle

The fundamentals of bird flight are similar to those of aircraft, in which the aerodynamic
forces sustain flight lift, drag, and thrust.
Lift force
 Is produced by the action of airflow on the wing, which is an airfoil.
 The wings of the bird are shaped to provide lift and reduce drag and aircraft wings
are designed in a similar manner.
 The airfoil is shaped such that the air provides a net upward force on the wing,
while the movement of air is directed downward.

Dr Shobha G, Assistant Professor, Department of Basic Science and Humanities, KSIT Page 16 of 27
 Module - 4 NATURE-BIOINSPIRED MATERIALS AND MECHANISMS (QUALITATIVE) BFE
Echolocation (ultrasonography, sonars), Photosynthesis (photovoltaic cells, bionic leaf). Bird flying (GPS and aircrafts),
Lotus leaf effect (Super hydrophobic and self-cleaning surfaces), Plant burrs (Velcro), Shark skin (Friction reducing swim
suits), Kingfisher beak (Bullet train). Human Blood substitutes - hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) and
perflourocarbons (PFCs).

 The curved shape of bird wings creates a pressure differential that allows the bird to
generate lift and stay aloft. This concept is applied in the design of aircraft wings,
which are typically curved on the top surface and flat on the bottom to create a
similar pressure differential and generate lift.
 Another example is the use of flaps and slats on aircraft wings, which can be
extended or retracted to alter the shape of the wing and improve aerodynamic
performance. Birds also adjust the shape of their wings during flight such as
changing the angle of the wing or adjusting the position of their feathers.
Aerodynamic drag
 is the force opposite to the direction of motion, and hence the source of energy loss
in flight.
 The drag force can be separated into two portions, lift-induced drag, which is the
inherent cost of the wing producing lift (this energy ends up primarily in the wingtip
vortices), and parasitic drag, including skin friction drag from the friction of air and
body surfaces and form drag from the bird's frontal area. The streamlining of the
bird's body and wings reduces these forces.
Thrust
Unlike aircraft, which have engines to produce thrust, birds flap their wings with a given
flapping amplitude and frequency to generate thrust.
LOTUS LEAF EFFECT (SUPER HYDROPHOBIC AND SELF-CLEANING SURFACES)
Describe the application of Lotus leaf inspired surface (Super hydrophobic and self-
cleaning surfaces)
Introduction
The lotus leaf effect, also known as the "lotus effect," refers to the ability of lotus leaves to
repel water and self-clean through their unique surface structure. This effect has inspired
the development of super hydrophobic and self-cleaning surfaces, which have a wide range
of applications in various industries.
The lotus leaf surface has a microscale and nanoscale structure that consists of numerous
small bumps and wax-coated hairs. This structure creates a high contact angle between the
water droplets and the surface, causing the droplets to roll off and carry away any dirt or

Dr Shobha G, Assistant Professor, Department of Basic Science and Humanities, KSIT Page 17 of 27
 Module - 4 NATURE-BIOINSPIRED MATERIALS AND MECHANISMS (QUALITATIVE) BFE
Echolocation (ultrasonography, sonars), Photosynthesis (photovoltaic cells, bionic leaf). Bird flying (GPS and aircrafts),
Lotus leaf effect (Super hydrophobic and self-cleaning surfaces), Plant burrs (Velcro), Shark skin (Friction reducing swim
suits), Kingfisher beak (Bullet train). Human Blood substitutes - hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) and
perflourocarbons (PFCs).

debris. This self-cleaning property is due to the lotus leaf's ability to repel water and resist
adhesion.

4.4.1 Super Hydrophobic Effect

Principle
 The super hydrophobic effect refers to the ability of certain surfaces to repel water
and resist wetting. Super hydrophobic surfaces are characterized by a high contact
angle between water droplets and the surface, typically over 150 degrees, and a low
contact angle hysteresis, meaning that the droplets roll off the surface with ease.
 The super hydrophobic effect is achieved through the use of various techniques.
These techniques create a surface structure that traps air between the surface and
the water droplets, reducing the contact area between them and making it more
difficult for the droplets to wet the surface.
Materials and Examples
Super hydrophobic surfaces are created by modifying the surface chemistry and structure
of materials to achieve extremely high water repellency. Several materials and coating
techniques are used to prepare super hydrophobic surfaces.
Materials Used: Fluoropolymers, silica nanoparticles , Carbon-based Materials, Metal-
based Materials
Techniques:
Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), Sol-Gel Method, Electrochemical Methods, Plasma
Treatment
Engineering Applications of Super Hydrophobic Surfaces
1. Electronics Industry:
Waterproofing Electronics
Moisture Resistance
Self-Cleaning Displays
2. Automobile Industry:
Anti-Fogging Windows and Mirrors
Self-Cleaning Surfaces

Dr Shobha G, Assistant Professor, Department of Basic Science and Humanities, KSIT Page 18 of 27
 Module - 4 NATURE-BIOINSPIRED MATERIALS AND MECHANISMS (QUALITATIVE) BFE
Echolocation (ultrasonography, sonars), Photosynthesis (photovoltaic cells, bionic leaf). Bird flying (GPS and aircrafts),
Lotus leaf effect (Super hydrophobic and self-cleaning surfaces), Plant burrs (Velcro), Shark skin (Friction reducing swim
suits), Kingfisher beak (Bullet train). Human Blood substitutes - hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) and
perflourocarbons (PFCs).

Fuel Efficiency
3. Aerospace Industry:
Anti-Icing and Deicing
Drag Reduction
Corrosion Resistance
4.4.2 Self-Cleaning Surfaces
Self-cleaning surfaces are surfaces that are able to clean themselves without the need for
manual cleaning. These surfaces are typically super hydrophobic and have a high contact
angle with water, which causes water droplets to bead up and roll off the surface, carrying
away any dirt or debris.
Principle of Self Cleaning Surfaces
The principle of self-cleaning surfaces is based on two main mechanisms: the reduction of
surface energy and the modification of surface texture. These mechanisms work together to
minimize the adhesion of dirt, water, and other contaminants, enabling the self-cleaning
effect.
Materials and examples of self cleaning surfaces
Self-cleaning surfaces are designed to minimize the adhesion of dirt, dust, and other
contaminants, making them easier to clean or allowing them to self-clean when exposed to
external forces like water or sunlight.
Materials:
Photocatalytic Coatings
Super hydrophobic Coatings
Self-Cleaning Glass
Applications
Architecture and Building Materials
Solar Panels: Self-cleaning coatings on solar panels prevent the accumulation of dust and
dirt on the surface, ensuring optimal energy efficiency. By repelling contaminants,
selfcleaning surfaces help maintain the transparency and effectiveness of solar panels.
Automotive Industry
Electronics

Dr Shobha G, Assistant Professor, Department of Basic Science and Humanities, KSIT Page 19 of 27
 Module - 4 NATURE-BIOINSPIRED MATERIALS AND MECHANISMS (QUALITATIVE) BFE
Echolocation (ultrasonography, sonars), Photosynthesis (photovoltaic cells, bionic leaf). Bird flying (GPS and aircrafts),
Lotus leaf effect (Super hydrophobic and self-cleaning surfaces), Plant burrs (Velcro), Shark skin (Friction reducing swim
suits), Kingfisher beak (Bullet train). Human Blood substitutes - hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) and
perflourocarbons (PFCs).

Textiles
Medical Equipment
Kitchen and Bathroom Surfaces
Outdoor Signage and Billboards
PLANT BURRS (VELCRO)
Explain the biomimicry of Plant burrs (Velcro) / Velcro design is the inspiration from
Plant Burrs? Explain
Velcro is a popular hook-and-loop fastening system invented by Swiss engineer George de
Mestral in 1941
Principle: Is based on the principle of plant burrs, which have small hooks that can latch
onto clothing, fur.
Velcro, which consists of two strips of nylon fabric, one with tiny hooks and the other with
small loops. When pressed together, the hooks latch onto the loops, creating a strong bond
that can be easily detached by pulling the two strips apart.
Materials Used in Velcro Technology/Working
Velcro technology uses two main materials: nylon and polyester.
The nylon is extruded to create tiny hooks that are then cut and shaped into the familiar
hook shape. These hooks are designed to latch onto the loop side of the Velcro.
The loop side of Velcro is made of polyester. Polyester is a synthetic fabric that is strong
and durable. The polyester is woven into a fabric that has many tiny loops. When the loops
are pressed against the hook side of the Velcro, the hooks latch onto the loops, creating a
secure attachment.
Engineering Applications of Velcro Technology
 Clothing and footwear: for closures and adjustable straps. It can be easily opened
and closed, making it convenient for users with limited dexterity or mobility.
 Medical devices: Velcro is used in medical devices such as braces, splints, and
compression garments for its adjustable and secure fastening capabilities.
 Aerospace equipment: Velcro is used in aerospace equipment, such as satellites
and spacecraft, to secure components in place and prevent them from vibrating or
shifting during launch or flight.

Dr Shobha G, Assistant Professor, Department of Basic Science and Humanities, KSIT Page 20 of 27
 Module - 4 NATURE-BIOINSPIRED MATERIALS AND MECHANISMS (QUALITATIVE) BFE
Echolocation (ultrasonography, sonars), Photosynthesis (photovoltaic cells, bionic leaf). Bird flying (GPS and aircrafts),
Lotus leaf effect (Super hydrophobic and self-cleaning surfaces), Plant burrs (Velcro), Shark skin (Friction reducing swim
suits), Kingfisher beak (Bullet train). Human Blood substitutes - hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) and
perflourocarbons (PFCs).

 Automotive industry: Velcro is used in the automotive industry for a range of

applications, such as securing carpets and headliners, and attaching door panels and
seat cushions.
 Packaging industry: Velcro is used in the packaging industry for resealable
closures on bags, pouches, and other types of packaging.
 Sports equipment: Velcro is used in sports equipment, such as helmets and gloves,
for its ability to provide a secure and adjustable fit.
SHARK SKIN (FRICTION REDUCING SWIM SUITS)
Shark skin reduces the friction. Explain the structure/mechanism of shark skin and its
application (Friction reducing swim suits)
Structure and mechanism of shark skin:
 Shark skin refers to the dermal denticles that cover the body of sharks.
 These denticles are small, tooth like scales or tiny bumps or ridges and are
covered in tiny grooves or ridges that run parallel to the long axis of the scale.
 These grooves are filled with mucus layer that helps to reduce the drag and
prevent the growth of microorganism.
 The shape and orientation of the scales help to minimize drag turbulence as
shark moves through water by breaking up the interface between skin and water,
reducing the friction between the two entities. As a result, sharks can swim faster
and with less effort compared to other fish
Frictionless Swim Suits
Friction-reducing swim suits use a similar structure to that of shark skin to reduce drag
and improve swimmer performance. These suits are made from high-tech materials that
mimic the properties of shark skin, such as the shape and size of the denticles.
Materials Used
1. Polyurethane
2. Lycra/Spandex
3. High-tech fabrics
Examples
 Speedo Fastskin

Dr Shobha G, Assistant Professor, Department of Basic Science and Humanities, KSIT Page 21 of 27
 Module - 4 NATURE-BIOINSPIRED MATERIALS AND MECHANISMS (QUALITATIVE) BFE
Echolocation (ultrasonography, sonars), Photosynthesis (photovoltaic cells, bionic leaf). Bird flying (GPS and aircrafts),
Lotus leaf effect (Super hydrophobic and self-cleaning surfaces), Plant burrs (Velcro), Shark skin (Friction reducing swim
suits), Kingfisher beak (Bullet train). Human Blood substitutes - hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) and
perflourocarbons (PFCs).

 Arena Powerskin Carbon Ultra

 TYR Venzo
Application:
1. Replicate the dermal denticles in swimsuits for athletes as the riblets on the skin can
reduce drag and improve performance
2. Replicate the dermal denticles coating in bottom of ships or boats. Aircrafts that
reduces drag and increases fuel efficiency
When cargo ships can squeeze out even a single percent in efficiency, they burn less bunker
oil and don’t require cleaning chemicals for their hulls.
3. Sharkskin mechanism is also applied to create surfaces in hospitals that resist bacteria
growth since the bacteria can’t catch hold of the rough surface.
4. Replicate the dermal denticles in fabrics It is typically made with acetate and rayon
yarns, as well as with worsted wool and various synthetic blends. Lightweight and wrinkle-
free, sharkskin is ideal for curtains, tablecloths, and napkins.
5. Sharkskin fabric is popular for both men’s and women’s worsted suits, light winter
jackets, and coats. Sharkskin is commonly used as a liner in diving suits and wetsuits.
KINGFISHER BEAK (BULLET TRAIN)
Kingfisher beak is an analogy for Bullet train. Explain the analogy with
mechanism/Kingfisher beak is compared to Bullet train. Analyze the
analogy/KINGFISHER BEAK has been used as a source of inspiration for the
development of the bullet train Japan? Explain the comparison between them
The Strategy:
 The secret is in the shape of the kingfisher’s beak. The beak is long and straight,
with a sharp pointed tip.
 It is also much narrower and flatter. This streamlined shape helps reduce drag,
turbulence and allows the bird to enter the water with minimal disturbance.
 The beak is also equipped with specialized sensor that allow the kingfisher to detect
the exact location of the fish in water. These sensors are highly sensitive to changes
in water pressure which birds uses to calculate the distance to its prey.
 Once the fish is located the kingfisher is able to dive into the water with incredible
speed and accuracy, using this beak to spear the fish and bring it to the surface.

Dr Shobha G, Assistant Professor, Department of Basic Science and Humanities, KSIT Page 22 of 27
 Module - 4 NATURE-BIOINSPIRED MATERIALS AND MECHANISMS (QUALITATIVE) BFE
Echolocation (ultrasonography, sonars), Photosynthesis (photovoltaic cells, bionic leaf). Bird flying (GPS and aircrafts),
Lotus leaf effect (Super hydrophobic and self-cleaning surfaces), Plant burrs (Velcro), Shark skin (Friction reducing swim
suits), Kingfisher beak (Bullet train). Human Blood substitutes - hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) and
perflourocarbons (PFCs).

 The front of the bullet train is similar to the beak of the kingfisher which reduce air
resistance and noise. This design has helped to increase the speed of the train and
reduce noise levels making it more efficient and confortable.
A] The Physics behind the Kingfisher Beak
1. Streamlining:
The beak of a kingfisher is long, slender, and sharply pointed, which helps reduce drag or
air resistance as the bird dives into the water. The streamlined shape allows the kingfisher
to smoothly cut through the air and minimize the energy required for the dive.
2. Surface Tension:
When the kingfisher hits the water, it encounters the resistance caused by surface tension.
Surface tension is the cohesive force between water molecules that creates a "skin" on the
water's surface. The sharp beak of the kingfisher helps to pierce through the water's
surface, breaking the surface tension and reducing the force required to enter the water.
3. Minimizing Splash:
As the kingfisher dives, it needs to enter the water with minimal disturbance to avoid
scaring away the fish it intends to catch. The shape of the beak helps to reduce the splash
generated upon entry. The beak's narrow and pointed design helps create a smooth entry
by minimizing the disturbance of the water surface, allowing the kingfisher to enter silently
and effectively.
B] Technological Importance
Shinkansen bullet train of Japan is the best example which used the biomimicry of
kingfisher’s beak.
1. Aerodynamic Design:
The front of the Shinkansen is meticulously shaped to reduce air resistance and improve
aerodynamic performance. The streamlined design minimizes drag as the train travels at
high speeds, allowing it to maintain stability and efficiency. The smooth, tapered shape
reduces the pressure difference between the front and rear of the train, reducing noise and
vibration.
2. Pressure Wave Reduction:
When a high-speed train moves through a tunnel, it creates pressure waves that can cause

Dr Shobha G, Assistant Professor, Department of Basic Science and Humanities, KSIT Page 23 of 27
 Module - 4 NATURE-BIOINSPIRED MATERIALS AND MECHANISMS (QUALITATIVE) BFE
Echolocation (ultrasonography, sonars), Photosynthesis (photovoltaic cells, bionic leaf). Bird flying (GPS and aircrafts),
Lotus leaf effect (Super hydrophobic and self-cleaning surfaces), Plant burrs (Velcro), Shark skin (Friction reducing swim
suits), Kingfisher beak (Bullet train). Human Blood substitutes - hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) and
perflourocarbons (PFCs).

noise and discomfort for passengers. The nose of the Shinkansen is designed to reduce
these pressure waves by effectively managing airflow and minimizing the compression and
expansion of air as the train enters and exits tunnels. This reduces the noise level and
enhances passenger comfort.
HUMAN BLOOD SUBSTITUTES - HEMOGLOBIN-BASED OXYGEN CARRIERS (HBOCS)
AND PERFLOUROCARBONS (PFCS)
Explain the artificial substances that are used to replace lost blood (HBOCs and
PFCs)/Explain Human Blood substitutes

Basic Requirement for Human Blood Substitutes

 Effective Oxygen Transport
 Safety and Compatibility
 Storage and Transport
 Cost-Effectiveness and Scalability
1. Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers (HBOCs)

Dr Shobha G, Assistant Professor, Department of Basic Science and Humanities, KSIT Page 24 of 27
 Module - 4 NATURE-BIOINSPIRED MATERIALS AND MECHANISMS (QUALITATIVE) BFE
Echolocation (ultrasonography, sonars), Photosynthesis (photovoltaic cells, bionic leaf). Bird flying (GPS and aircrafts),
Lotus leaf effect (Super hydrophobic and self-cleaning surfaces), Plant burrs (Velcro), Shark skin (Friction reducing swim
suits), Kingfisher beak (Bullet train). Human Blood substitutes - hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) and
perflourocarbons (PFCs).

Dr Shobha G, Assistant Professor, Department of Basic Science and Humanities, KSIT Page 25 of 27
 Module - 4 NATURE-BIOINSPIRED MATERIALS AND MECHANISMS (QUALITATIVE) BFE
Echolocation (ultrasonography, sonars), Photosynthesis (photovoltaic cells, bionic leaf). Bird flying (GPS and aircrafts),
Lotus leaf effect (Super hydrophobic and self-cleaning surfaces), Plant burrs (Velcro), Shark skin (Friction reducing swim
suits), Kingfisher beak (Bullet train). Human Blood substitutes - hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) and
perflourocarbons (PFCs).

Advantages of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers

 Increased oxygen-carrying capacity
 Universal compatibility
 Longer shelf life
 Reduced risk of infections
 Availability in remote or challenging settings:
Examples of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs)
 Hemopure
 Oxyglobin
 Oxyglobin
2. Perflourocarbons (PFCs)

Dr Shobha G, Assistant Professor, Department of Basic Science and Humanities, KSIT Page 26 of 27
 Module - 4 NATURE-BIOINSPIRED MATERIALS AND MECHANISMS (QUALITATIVE) BFE
Echolocation (ultrasonography, sonars), Photosynthesis (photovoltaic cells, bionic leaf). Bird flying (GPS and aircrafts),
Lotus leaf effect (Super hydrophobic and self-cleaning surfaces), Plant burrs (Velcro), Shark skin (Friction reducing swim
suits), Kingfisher beak (Bullet train). Human Blood substitutes - hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) and
perflourocarbons (PFCs).

Advantages of PFCs
 High oxygen-carrying capacity
 Improved oxygen solubility
 Stability and long shelf life
 No blood typing or cross-matching required
 Reduced risk of infection transmission
 Compatibility with diagnostic tests
Limitations of PFCs
 Limited oxygen offloading
 Need for specialized administration methods
 Short half-life
 Clearance and elimination
 Side effects and toxicity-Adverse effects can include respiratory distress, immune
reactions, and potential organ toxicity.
 Regulatory considerations
Examples of PFCs
 Perftoran
 Oxycyte
 Hemopure-PFC
Difference Between:
HBOCs PFCs
hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs), PFCs are synthetic chemicals
which are based on natural proteins
They require modification from natural they do not require modification from
sources natural sources
HBOCs binds with hemoglobin and PFCs are able to dissolve oxygen and
transport it throughout the body, similar to transport it throughout the body, similar to
the way that red blood cells work. the way that red blood cells work.
PFCs typically require specialized
administration techniques, such as
emulsification or
encapsulation,
---------------------------------------------------X--END--X-------------------------------------------------

Dr Shobha G, Assistant Professor, Department of Basic Science and Humanities, KSIT Page 27 of 27