Class 12 Chemistry – Solutions

Important Questions with Answers

A. Very Short Answer (1 Mark)

What is a solution?

👉 A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

What is a binary solution?

👉 A solution having two components.

Example of solid in liquid solution.

👉 Sugar in water.

Define molarity (M).

👉 Number of moles of solute per litre of solution.

Formula of molality (m).

👉 m = moles of solute / kg of solvent

What is mole fraction?

👉 Ratio of moles of one component to total moles of solution.

State Henry’s law.

👉 Solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to its partial pressure.

Unit of Henry’s constant.

👉 atm or bar.

Which solutions obey Raoult’s law?

👉 Ideal solutions.

Define vapour pressure.

👉 Pressure exerted by vapour in equilibrium with its liquid.

B. Short Answer (2 Marks)

👉 A solution that obeys Raoult’s law over entire concentration range.

One example of ideal solution.

👉 Benzene + toluene.

Define non-ideal solution.

👉 A solution that does not obey Raoult’s law.

What are colligative properties?

👉 Properties depending only on number of solute particles, not their nature.

Name four colligative properties.

• Relative lowering of vapour pressure

• Elevation in boiling point

• Depression in freezing point

• Osmotic pressure

What is osmotic pressure?

👉 Pressure required to stop osmosis.

Why molality is preferred over molarity?

👉 Because molality is temperature independent.

What is van’t Hoff factor (i)?

👉 Ratio of observed colligative property to calculated value.

Formula of van’t Hoff factor.

👉 i = observed colligative property / calculated property

What is azeotrope?

👉 Mixture having constant boiling point and composition.

C. Short Answer (3 Marks)

👉 Molarity depends on volume; molality depends on mass.

👉 Molarity changes with temperature; molality does not.

Define Raoult’s law.

👉 Partial vapour pressure of a component is proportional to its mole fraction.

Positive deviation from Raoult’s law.

👉 Vapour pressure is higher than expected due to weak A–B interactions.

Example: Ethanol + acetone.

Negative deviation from Raoult’s law.

👉 Vapour pressure is lower due to strong A–B interactions.

Example: Acetone + chloroform.

Define isotonic solutions.

👉 Solutions having same osmotic pressure.

What is reverse osmosis?

👉 Flow of solvent from concentrated to dilute solution under pressure.

Why osmotic pressure is best colligative property?

👉 Can be measured accurately even in dilute solutions.

Define abnormal molar mass.

👉 Molar mass different from expected value.

Effect of electrolyte on colligative properties.

👉 Increases colligative properties due to ionization.

What are azeotropes used for?

👉 Separation by fractional distillation.

D. Numericals (Solved)

Calculate molarity:
5 g NaCl in 500 mL solution

Moles = 5/58.5 = 0.085

Volume = 0.5 L

👉 M = 0.17 M

Calculate molality:

18 g glucose in 250 g water

Moles = 18/180 = 0.1

Mass solvent = 0.25 kg

👉 m = 0.4 m

Calculate van’t Hoff factor for NaCl.

NaCl → Na⁺ + Cl⁻

👉i=2

Calculate elevation in boiling point:

m = 0.2, Kb = 0.52

ΔTb = Kb × m

👉 ΔTb = 0.104 K

Calculate depression in freezing point:

m = 0.5, Kf = 1.86

👉 ΔTf = 0.93 K

Calculate osmotic pressure:

M = 0.01, T = 300 K

π = MRT

👉 π = 0.246 atm

E. Assertion / Reason (Answers)

Why gas solubility decreases with temperature?

Why electrolytes show abnormal molar mass?

👉 Due to ionization.

Why vapour pressure decreases on adding solute?

👉 Solute reduces number of solvent molecules at surface.

Why molality is temperature independent?

👉 Depends on mass, not volume.

Why osmotic pressure increases with temperature?

👉 Directly proportional to temperature.

F. Long Answer (5 Marks – Key Points)

Explain Raoult’s law.

∝Partial vapour pressure ∝ mole fraction

👉 Applies to ideal solutions

👉 p₁ = x₁p₁⁰

Explain non-ideal solutions.

👉 Show positive or negative deviation

👉 Due to change in intermolecular forces

Explain depression in freezing point.

👉 Addition of solute lowers freezing point

👉 ΔTf = Kf × m

Explain elevation in boiling point.

👉 Boiling point increases due to lowering of vapour pressure

👉 ΔTb = Kb × m

Applications of osmotic pressure.

👉 Determination of molar mass

👉 Desalination

ASSERTION–REASON QUESTIONS (with Answers)

(Choose correct option)

A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

B. Both A and R are true, but R is NOT the correct explanation of A

C. A is true, R is false

D. A is false, R is true

1.

Assertion (A): Molality is preferred over molarity for expressing concentration.

Reason (R): Molality is independent of temperature.

✅ Answer: A

Explanation: Molality depends on mass, not volume.

2.

Assertion: Vapour pressure of a solution is lower than that of pure solvent.

Reason: Number of solvent molecules on surface decreases.

✅ Answer: A

3.

Assertion: Electrolytes show abnormal molar mass.

Reason: Electrolytes dissociate into ions in solution.

✅ Answer: A

4.

Assertion: Osmotic pressure is a colligative property.

Reason: It depends on number of solute particles.

✅ Answer: A
5.

Assertion: A solution showing positive deviation has higher vapour pressure.

Reason: A–B interactions are weaker than A–A or B–B.

✅ Answer: A

6.

Assertion: NaCl solution shows greater depression in freezing point than glucose solution of same
molality.

Reason: NaCl dissociates into ions.

✅ Answer: A

7.

Assertion: Reverse osmosis is used in desalination of water.

Reason: Pressure greater than osmotic pressure is applied.

✅ Answer: A

8.

Assertion: Henry’s law constant increases with increase in temperature.

Reason: Solubility of gas decreases with increase in temperature.

✅ Answer: A

9.

Assertion: Ideal solutions show zero enthalpy change on mixing.

Reason: Intermolecular forces remain unchanged.

✅ Answer: A

10.

Assertion: Urea shows normal molar mass in aqueous solution.

Reason: Urea neither associates nor dissociates.

✅ Answer: A

CASE-BASED QUESTIONS (with Solutions)

Two liquids A and B form a solution. Vapour pressure of pure A is 100 mm Hg and that of pure B is 80
mm Hg. Mole fraction of A in solution is 0.6.

(a) Calculate partial vapour pressure of A.

👉 pₐ = 0.6 × 100 = 60 mm Hg

(b) Calculate partial vapour pressure of B.

👉 xᵦ = 0.4

👉 pᵦ = 0.4 × 80 = 32 mm Hg

(c) Total vapour pressure of solution?

👉 P = 60 + 32 = 92 mm Hg

(d) Name the law applied here.

👉 Raoult’s law

Case-Based Question 2: Colligative Properties

Two solutions have same concentration. One contains NaCl and other contains glucose.

(a) Which solution has higher boiling point?

👉 NaCl solution

(b) Give reason.

👉 NaCl dissociates into ions.

(c) Name the factor responsible.

👉 van’t Hoff factor

(d) Value of van’t Hoff factor for NaCl?

👉i=2

Case-Based Question 3: Osmosis

A student prepares two solutions A and B of same solute. Solution A has higher concentration.

(a) Direction of solvent flow?

👉 From B to A
(b) Name the phenomenon.

👉 Osmosis

(c) If pressure is applied to stop flow, name it.

👉 Osmotic pressure

(d) Write formula of osmotic pressure.

👉 π = MRT

Case-Based Question 4: Abnormal Molar Mass

An electrolyte solution shows higher colligative property than expected.

(a) Reason for abnormal behavior?

👉 Ionization

(b) Name the factor correcting it.

👉 van’t Hoff factor

(c) Relation between i and degree of dissociation.

👉 i = 1 + α(n − 1)

(d) For CaCl₂, value of n?

👉n=3

Case-Based Question 5: Henry’s Law

Solubility of CO₂ in water increases with pressure.

(a) Name the law governing this.

👉 Henry’s law

(b) Write mathematical form.

👉 p = kH × x

(c) What happens to solubility at high temperature?

👉 Decreases

(d) Give one application of Henry’s law.

Case-Based Question 6: Freezing Point Depression

A solution freezes at −2°C while pure water freezes at 0°C.

(a) Name the property involved.

👉 Depression in freezing point

(b) Is solute volatile or non-volatile?

👉 Non-volatile

(c) Write formula.

👉 ΔTf = Kf × m

(d) Nature of this property.

👉 Colligative.

Additional Numericals – Chapter: Solutions

1. Molarity

Q1. Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving 9.8 g of H₂SO₄ in enough water to make
500 mL solution.

Answer:

Moles = 9.8 / 98 = 0.1

Volume = 0.5 L

👉 M = 0.2 M

Q2. How many grams of NaOH are present in 250 mL of 0.5 M NaOH solution?

Answer:

Moles = 0.5 × 0.25 = 0.125

Mass = 0.125 × 40

👉 Mass = 5 g

2. Molality

Q3. Calculate molality of a solution containing 20 g urea (M = 60) dissolved in 200 g water.
Answer:

Moles = 20 / 60 = 0.333

Mass of solvent = 0.2 kg

👉 m = 1.67 m

Q4. 10 g glucose is dissolved in 90 g water. Find molality.

Answer:

Moles = 10 / 180 = 0.056

Solvent = 0.09 kg

👉 m = 0.62 m

3. Mole Fraction

Q5. Calculate mole fraction of ethanol in a solution containing 46 g ethanol and 54 g water.

Answer:

Moles ethanol = 46 / 46 = 1

Moles water = 54 / 18 = 3

Total moles = 4

👉 X_ethanol = 0.25

Q6. Find mole fraction of water in above solution.

👉 X_water = 0.75

4. Raoult’s Law

Q7. Vapour pressure of pure benzene is 100 mm Hg. Calculate vapour pressure when its mole fraction is
0.8.

Answer:

p = x × p⁰

p = 0.8 × 100

👉 p = 80 mm Hg
Q8. Mole fraction of acetone in a solution is 0.3. Vapour pressure of pure acetone is 300 mm Hg. Find
partial pressure.

👉 p = 90 mm Hg

5. Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure

Q9. Calculate relative lowering of vapour pressure for a solution containing 1 mol sugar and 9 mol water.

Answer:

RLVP = n₂ / (n₁ + n₂)

= 1 / 10

👉 RLVP = 0.1

6. Elevation in Boiling Point

Q10. 18 g glucose is dissolved in 1 kg water. Calculate elevation in boiling point. (Kb = 0.52)

Answer:

Moles = 18 / 180 = 0.1

m = 0.1

ΔTb = Kb × m

👉 ΔTb = 0.052 K

Q11. What is boiling point of solution if water boils at 100°C?

👉 Boiling point = 100.052°C

7. Depression in Freezing Point

Q12. 10 g urea is dissolved in 250 g water. Calculate depression in freezing point. (Kf = 1.86)

Answer:

Moles = 10 / 60 = 0.167

Solvent = 0.25 kg

m = 0.668

ΔTf = 1.86 × 0.668

👉 ΔTf = 1.24 K
8. Molar Mass Determination

Q13. 2 g of a solute dissolved in 100 g water lowers freezing point by 0.372 K. Calculate molar mass. (Kf
= 1.86)

Answer:

m = ΔTf / Kf = 0.2

Moles = 0.2 × 0.1 = 0.02

Molar mass = 2 / 0.02

👉 M = 100 g mol⁻¹

9. Osmotic Pressure

Q14. Calculate osmotic pressure of 0.01 M solution at 300 K. (R = 0.082)

Answer:

π = MRT

= 0.01 × 0.082 × 300

👉 π = 0.246 atm

Q15. Calculate molar mass of a polymer if 2 g dissolved in 500 mL solution produces osmotic pressure of
0.082 atm at 300 K.

Answer:

πV = nRT

n = (0.082 × 0.5) / (0.082 × 300) = 1/600

M = 2 × 600

👉 M = 1200 g mol⁻¹

10. van’t Hoff Factor

Q16. Calculate van’t Hoff factor for CaCl₂.

Answer:

CaCl₂ → Ca²⁺ + 2Cl⁻

👉i=3
Q17. If van’t Hoff factor for K₂SO₄ is 2.6, calculate degree of dissociation.

Answer:

i = 1 + α(n − 1)

2.6 = 1 + α(3 − 1)

α = 0.8

👉 Degree of dissociation = 80%

11. Henry’s Law

Q18. Solubility of O₂ in water at 1 atm is 0.03 g/L. Find solubility at 5 atm.

Answer:

S₂ / S₁ = P₂ / P₁

S₂ = 0.15 g/L

👉 Solubility = 0.15 g/L

12. Mixed Practice (Board Level)

Q19. 11.7 g NaCl is dissolved in 1 kg water. Calculate depression in freezing point. (Kf = 1.86, i = 2)

Answer:

Moles = 11.7 / 58.5 = 0.2

m = 0.2

ΔTf = iKf m

👉 ΔTf = 0.744 K

Q20. Calculate boiling point of 0.5 m NaCl solution. (Kb = 0.52, i = 2)

👉 Boiling point = 100.52°C