CONSTRUCTION OF 4-LANE FLYOVER AT MISSION

CHARIALI, TEZPUR

A report on summer internship submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements

for the degree of

Bachelor of Technology

in

Civil Engineering

Submitted by-

Name: Deepak Kumar

Roll No: CEB22051
CERTIFICATE

i
 ABSTRACT

This report summarizes the internship experience at the construction site of a 4-lane flyover
project at Mission Chariali, Tezpur, Assam. The project falls under the PWD Nagaon NH
Division and is part of a larger development initiative. During the internship, I gained firsthand
exposure to various aspects of civil engineering involved in flyover construction.
This included observing site preparation, foundation work, and reinforcement fabrication. I had
the opportunity to interact with engineers, supervisors, and construction workers, learning about
project planning, material selection, quality control procedures, and safety protocols.
To complement the field experience, I visited the project's materials testing laboratory. This
visit provided valuable insights into the quality assurance processes for construction materials
like steel, concrete, and aggregates. The internship allowed me to apply theoretical knowledge
from my studies to a real-world project, enhancing my understanding of construction
methodology and project management in the field.

ii
 DECLARATION

I, a student of Tezpur University, 6th semester, Department of Civil Engineering, hereby

declare that this project report on the construction of a 4-lane flyover project at Mission
Chariali, Tezpur, Assam, under PWD Nagaon NH Division, is my own work to the best of my
knowledge and belief, carried under the various guidance of Engineers.
This project is my original work and has not been presented in this manner earlier.

Deepak Kumar (CEB22051)

[Link] (6th Semester)
Civil Engineering
Tezpur University

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to sincerely thank all those whose support and guidance made my
internship a meaningful experience. First and foremost, I am grateful to the officials of the PWD
Nagaon NH Division, Nagaon, for providing me with this valuable opportunity.
My special thanks go to the Executive Engineer (Bilal Ahmed Borbhuiya) for accepting us as
interns into their esteemed organization.
I am also thankful to the Assistant Engineers Pulok Gogoi and Pronob Jyoti Saikia, Junior
Engineer, for sharing both a broad and in-depth understanding of the project.
I deeply appreciate the mentorship of Mr. Kshiti Sundar Roy, Senior Quality cum Material
Engineer, whose insights greatly enhanced my learning during the on-site training.
I am equally thankful to the lab technicians and other workers for their hands-on guidance in
the essential laboratory procedures and quality tests, and processes related to the project’s
construction.

At the outset, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my faculty coordinator, Mr.
Rituraj Buragohain, Department of Civil Engineering, for his enthusiasm and guidance
during my internship and also for his valuable time out of their busy schedule. I greatly
appreciate his care and valuable suggestions for my work, including my report.

I would also like to thank the Head of the Department of Civil Engineering, Dr Kamal
Uddin Ahamad, for his constant inspiration throughout the period of my internship and all the
faculty members of the Department of Civil Engineering. Tezpur University for their constant
engagement and support.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents
CERTIFICATE ....................................................................................................................... i
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... iii
DECLARATION .................................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................................... iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................... v
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................. 1
Chapter 1............................................................................................................................... 2
INTERNSHIP OUTLINE ...................................................................................................... 2
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE TRAINING PROGRAM ....................................... 2
1.2 PROJECT DETAILS ........................................................................................... 3
1.3 KEY STAGES OF THE PROJECT ..................................................................... 3
1.4 EPC MODE OF CONTRACT ............................................................................. 3
Chapter 2............................................................................................................................... 4
COMPONENTS OF THE STRUCTURE ............................................................................. 4
2.1 FOUNDATION .................................................................................................... 4
2.2 SUBSTRUCTURE ............................................................................................... 6
2.3 SUPERSTRUCTURE .......................................................................................... 9
2.3.1 GIRDERS ............................................................................................ 12
Chapter 3............................................................................................................................. 17
LABORATORY TESTS AND THEIR APPARATUS ....................................................... 17
3.1 CONSISTENCY, INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING USING VICAT
APPARATUS .................................................................................................... 17
3.2 DETERMINATION OF LIQUID LIMIT USING CASAGRANDE
APPARATUS .................................................................................................... 17
3.3 RAPID MOISTURE METER TEST ................................................................. 18
3.4 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST OF AGGREGATE USING WIRE MESH
BUCKET AND PYCNOMETER ...................................................................... 18
3.5 FLAKINESS AND ELONGATION TEST ....................................................... 19
Chapter 4............................................................................................................................. 20
PERFORMED LABORATORY TESTS ............................................................................. 20

v
 4.1 AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE TEST IS 2386 PT4 ..................................... 20
4.2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE CUBE IN CTM IS 516 ........ 22
4.3 DETERMINATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF HYDRAULIC
CEMENT OTHER THAN MASONRY CEMENT IS4031 (Part 6) 1988. ....... 22
4.4 SILT CONTENT TEST IS2386 PT1 ................................................................. 24
Chapter 5............................................................................................................................. 25
IS10262 AND MORTH ....................................................................................................... 25
Chapter 6............................................................................................................................. 26
CONCRETE BATCHING PLANT ..................................................................................... 26
Chapter 7............................................................................................................................. 27
CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................... 27
REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 28
APPENDIX I ........................................................................................................................ 29
APPENDIX II ...................................................................................................................... 32

vi
 LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Aggregate Impact Value Test Data .......................................................................................... 21
Table 2 Compressive Strength of Concrete Cube ................................................................................. 22
Table 3 Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement ............................................................................ 23
Table 4 Silt Content Test Data .............................................................................................................. 24

1
 Chapter 1

INTERNSHIP OUTLINE

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE TRAINING PROGRAM

The internship was conducted in “Mission Chariali, Tezpur” from 05/06/2025 to 05/07/2025
under the supervision of Assistant Engineers Pulok Gogoi and Junior Engineer, Pronob Jyoti
Saikia. The Mission Chariali Flyover Project is being constructed under the supervision of
the Public Works Department, NH Division.

The project is carried out by Isan Corporation is in a Joint Venture (JV) with Chaitanya
Projects Consultancy Pvt. Ltd and Shree Bhawani Consultancy Pvt. Ltd, started from
July 2021 and expected completion time is Dec 2026. ANPL-AD (JV) has been awarded
the contract for construction of the flyover.

The internship involved estimation, execution, engineering drawing, site visit, laboratory
tests etc along with special emphasis on Parts of a Flyover, Girders, Prestressing, Grouting,
Bar Bending Schedule, Mixed Design etc.

Hence, through site visits, machinery observations, and working at the laboratory, we the
were able to acquire practical knowledge and a deeper appreciation for the complexities
involved in such large-scale infrastructure projects.

2
1.2 PROJECT DETAILS

The Public Works Department, NH Division (Assam Government) is undertaking the

construction of a 4-lane flyover at the Mission Chariali junction point in Tezpur. The Flyover
constructed will have 3.76km length and 16.5m width. It will span from NH37 at CH-23.130
km to NH15 at CH-134.500 km, along with other urban arterial roads under the Scheme for
Overall Development (SOPD) by Nagaon NH-Division.

Isan Corporation is in a Joint Venture (JV) with Chaitanya Projects Consultancy Pvt.
Ltd and Shree Bhawani Consultancy Pvt. Ltd is providing consultancy services for the
project, while ANPL-AD (JV) has been awarded the contract for construction. The estimated
cost of the project is ₹413 crores.

1.3 KEY STAGES OF THE PROJECT

The key stages of a bridge project, as managed by the Public Works Department (PWD) under
the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH), typically involve planning, design,
construction, and maintenance. These stages are further detailed below.
 Planning and Feasibility Study
 Design and Engineering
 Procurement and Contracting
 Construction
 Maintenance and Operation

1.4 EPC MODE OF CONTRACT

Engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) contracts (a type of turnkey contract)

are a type of contract used to undertake construction works by the private sector on large-
scale and complex infrastructure projects.

EPC contracts cover the following issues.

 Engineering functions
 Procurement functions
 Construction functions

3
 Chapter 2

COMPONENTS OF THE STRUCTURE

2.1 FOUNDATION

The foundation of structures is divided into two categories, which are grouped as under

o Shallow Foundation (Depth <= Width): Spread footing, Wall Footing,

Combined Footing and Raft foundation.

o Deep Foundation (Depth > Width): Pile foundation and Well foundation.

 The type used at the site is a Pile foundation. It is a type of deep foundation used
when surface soil is too weak to support a structure's weight, or when there are heavy
loads or in areas with high groundwater tables.

Figure 1 Dimension and Detail Reinforcement of pile

Source: Official NHAI Design plan

4
The components of a pile foundation are as follows,

 Piles are long, slender columns typically made of concrete, steel, or timber that are
driven into the ground to transfer loads to a deeper, more stable rock layer
underneath.

 Pile caps are concrete slabs that connect the tops of the piles and distribute loads
evenly.

Figure 2 Elevation of Pier Shaft and Pile Cap Section A

Source: Official NHAI Design plan

Figure 3 Elevation of Pier Shaft and Pile Cap Section B

Source: Official NHAI Design plan

5
  Pile Casings are temporary or permanent casings that maintain the borehole
structure during pile construction (no collapse).
 The pile cut-off level is the specific elevation at which the top of a concrete pile is
trimmed to allow for proper connection with the pile cap

 Helical reinforcing bar is used as a stirrup or hoop for the steel reinforcing cage in
a concrete structure
Figure 4 Reinforcement Cage

2.2 SUBSTRUCTURE

The substructure of a bridge consists of all parts that support the superstructure and transfer
loads to the foundation. The substructure distributes loads from the superstructure to the
foundation. It provides vertical and lateral support to the bridge.

 The End supports of a bridge superstructure are called Abutments. These abutments
are constructed using various materials, including brick masonry, stone masonry,
mass concrete, precast concrete blocks, or reinforced concrete (RCC).

6
 An Abutment cap, also referred to as a bridge seat, serves as the connection point
between the beginning and end structures of the bridge. In the bridge or Flyover,
one side of the girder is supported by the Abutment cap, while the other side carries
the Pile Cap, which rests on the pedestal via bearings, to help distribute loads evenly
to keep the bridge stable and safe.

Figure 5 Abutment Pile Cap Plan

Source: Official NHAI Design plan

 In a bridge, the Wing walls serve as retaining walls and are located next to the
abutments. They are often made of the same material as abutment construction. The
wing walls may be independent of the abutment or linked to it.

Figure 6 Elevation of Dirt Wall

Source: Official NHAI Design plan

7
 Figure 7 Abutment Pile Elevation

Source: Official NHAI Design plan

 In order to maintain earth pressure in the approach bank, wing walls are erected at
both ends of the abutments. Their design is determined by the embankment’s
characteristics rather than the kind or components of the bridge.

 Pier cap (deck beam) is designed as a cantilever on a pier, and the cap looks like a
hammer. The Pier is designed for the axial dead load and live load from the slab,
girders and deck beam.

 Pier is an intermediate support for the superstructure of multi-span bridges. It

typically comprises two main components: a column shaft and the foundation.

8
2.3 SUPERSTRUCTURE

The superstructure of a bridge is the part that sits above the bearings and supports the traffic
loads, transferring them to the substructure. It supports the dynamic loads imposed by vehicles
and pedestrians and the load due to various forces like wind, earthquakes, and traffic.

It includes

 Bridge bearings are used to transfer forces from the superstructure to the
substructure, allowing the following types of movements of the superstructure:
Translational and Longitudinal directions. These are caused by wind, self-weight,
earthquake, temperature, etc.

 Bearing Pedestal is a reinforced concrete structure that sits above the pier and supports
the bridge bearings and girders. It serves to transfer the load from the bridge deck and
girders down to the supporting substructure

 Expansion joints are provided between bridge spans or at the ends of the deck. They
help absorb the expansion and contraction caused by heat or cold

 Seismic arrestors/stoppers are characterised by their function to bear the impact of

seismic forces on a bridge structure and the direction of forces it must bear.

Figure 8 Seismic Stopper Plan

Source: Official NHAI Design plan

9
o Deck is the surface on which vehicles and pedestrians travel.

Figure 9 Section of Deck Slab

Source: Official NHAI Design plan

Figure 10 View of Superstructure and Substructure of the bridge

10
 Girders are the horizontal structural elements that support the deck

 Girder anchorage refers to the system used to connect and secure prestressing tendons
or cables to a concrete girder, transferring the tension force into the concrete structure.

Figure 11 Elevation of Anchorage

Source: Official NHAI Design plan

11
2.3.1 GIRDERS
Three types of girders are used in this project.

[Link] RCC GIRDER

 RCC I-girders have an I-shaped cross-section to optimize material usage and resist bending
and shear forces effectively. They are commonly used for short to medium-span flyovers
and bridges, typically up to 20 meters.
 They are cast in situ or precast, depending on site conditions. RCC girders are economical
for spans where pre-stressing isn’t required. Due to their simplicity and ease of
construction, RCC I-girders are widely used in small highway and rural bridge projects.

[Link] PSC GIRDER

 Pre-stressed I-girders are concrete girders where internal stresses are induced by high-
tension steel strands before applying external loads. This technique counters tensile stresses,
allowing the girder to span longer distances (up to 40–50 meters) with smaller cross-
sections and minimal cracking.

Figure 12 Welding of Girder Reinforcement

12
 Figure 13 Girder Reinforcement and Ducts

 In the Pre-Stressed Concrete Girder, they provided 4 ducts inside each girder with 18 and
19 strands of High Tensile Steel (HTS) in the upper and lower 2 ducts, respectively.
 A pre-tensioning girder duct pipe is used in pre-tensioned prestressed concrete girders to
hold and guide the prestressing steel wires or strands in position during casting.

Figure 14 After casting of Girder Figure 15 HT Steel Strands inside Ducts

13
[Link] STEEL I-GIRDER
 Steel I-girders are fabricated from structural steel plates and shaped into an "I" section by
welding or bolting. They offer high strength-to-weight ratios and are ideal for medium to
long spans (up to 100 meters or more).

Figure 16 Grouting

GROUTING
o Grouting is done to fill the voids and spaces in between the strands.
o Mix Design of Cementous grout is as per 2800 MORTH.
o Usually, the W/C ratio should be as low as possible, consistent with workability. This
ratio should not typically exceed 0.45.
o A mechanically powered grout mixer is generally used for the best results.

CEMENT
o Cement used was Dalmia OPC 53
WATER:
o Clean potable water, free from impurities, shall be used, where seawater shall
be strictly avoided. Usually, the temperature of the grout mix should be 25 °C
or less, depending upon the design/site requirement.

GROUT ADMIXTURE
o Admixture used was Ceebex100 plasticized expanding Grout.
o Grout admixture helps to compensate for plastic shrinkage and settlement in
properly designed mix cementitious grout.
o It reduces the grout mix’s water/cement ratio, ensuring low permeability and
long-term durability in service.

14
 o It provides high grout fluidity with a low W/C ratio, making the placement or
injection of the grout quick and effective.
GROUTING EQUIPMENT
o Mechanically powered grout mixer
o Grout pump
o Pressure gauge
o Nozzles and valves
GROUTING PROCEDURE
o The compressive strength of the grout cube (100 mm) should not be less than 17 MPa
at seven days.
o To restrict the exit of the grout mixture from the face of the bearing plates, they will
be suitably sealed. Nozzles and valves shall be fitted to the tube units at the grout
holes provided at only the end of the cable.
o The ducts shall be flushed either with water for cleaning or to make the surface wet.

Figure 17 Male Female Connectors for Grouting pipes

o The grout shall be prepared with ordinary Portland cement and potable water. Water
shall first be added and followed by cement& admixture (if specified).
o Mixing time shall be 2 to 3 minutes so that a uniform and thoroughly blended grout
is prepared. After mixing, the grout shall be kept in a grout agitation tank for
continuous movement.
o Grouting shall be commenced initially with a low pressure of injection until it comes

15
 out at the other end.
o Grouting of pre/post-tensioned cable ducts shall be allowed to flow freely from the
other end until the grout’s consistency becomes almost the same as that of the
injection end. The other end shall then be closed with a suitable plug. The air vents,
if provided, shall also be checked for grout flow, free of air bubbles and subsequently
plugged.

Figure 18 Plugging / Sealing of the Grout outlet Figure 19 Grout inlet of tube unit through
of the tube unit grouting which grouting mixture is passed through

16
 Chapter 3

LABORATORY TESTS AND THEIR APPARATUS

3.1 CONSISTENCY, INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING USING VICAT APPARATUS

Figure 20 Vicat Apparatus

 The standard consistency test determines the amount of water required to prepare a
cement paste of standard consistency, which is essential for conducting other tests like
setting time and soundness.

3.2 DETERMINATION OF LIQUID LIMIT USING CASAGRANDE APPARATUS

Figure 21 Casagrande Apparatus

 The liquid limit test determines the water content at which soil changes from a plastic
to a liquid state.

17
3.3 RAPID MOISTURE METER TEST

 The rapid moisture meter test quickly determines the moisture content of soil.

Figure 22 Rapid Moisturemeter Apparatus

3.4 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST OF AGGREGATE USING WIRE MESH BUCKET

AND PYCNOMETER

 A wire mesh bucket is used to find the specific gravity of coarse aggregates (>10mm).

Figure 23 Wire Mesh Bucket

18
  A pycnometer is used to find the specific gravity of fine aggregates (sand).

Figure 24 Pycnometers

3.5 FLAKINESS AND ELONGATION TEST

 The flakiness and elongation tests determine the shape characteristics of coarse
aggregates.

Figure 25 Elongation gauge

19
 Chapter 4

PERFORMED LABORATORY TESTS

4.1 AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE TEST IS 2386 PT4

Figure 26 Aggregates after tamping

OBJECTIVE:

o Determination of the toughness index of aggregate using the aggregate impact testing
machine.

INTRODUCTION:

o The test is designed to evaluate the toughness of stone in the sense that the resistance of the
aggregates to fracture under repeated impacts is called the impact test.

20
RESULT:

Description Test 1

Weight of Surface Dry Sample Passing 12.5 mm 385

retained on 10 mm sieve W1 (gm)

Weight of Fraction Passing 2.36 mm sieve after 85

the test W2 (gm)

Weight Fraction retained on 2.36 mm sieve after 300

the test W3 (gm)

W4 = W1 - (W2 + W3) (gm) 0

Aggregate Impact Value (AIV) = (W2/W1) x 100 22.08

Aggregate Value of AIV (%) 22.08

Table 1 Aggregate Impact Value Test Data

Figure 27 Aggregate Impact Testing Machine

21
 4.2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE CUBE IN CTM IS 516

RESULT:

SL Wt. of Density Date of Days Load in Comp. Avg. Remarks

No Cube (gm/cc) Testing KN Strength Comp.
(gm) (N/mm²) Strength
(N/mm²)

1 8415 2.493 16-06-25 28 1206 53.6

2 8516 2.523 16-06-25 28 1198 53.29 53.79

3 8549 2.533 16-06-25 28 1227 54.53

Table 2 Compressive Strength of Concrete Cube

4.3 DETERMINATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT
OTHER THAN MASONRY CEMENT IS4031 (Part 6) 1988.

Figure 28 Compression Testing Machine

OBSERVATION SECTION

1. Weight of cement = 200 gm

2. Weight of standard sand = 3 × 200 gm = 600 gm

3. % age of water for standard consistency = 20%

22
 4. Weight of water to be added = 84 gm

Avg.
Wt. of Comp.
Sr. Density Date of Load in Comp.
Cube Days Str. Remarks
No. g/cc Testing KN Str.
(g) N/mm²
N/mm²
20-
1 792 2.25 3 152 30.5 30.5
06-2025

Table 3 Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement

Figure 3 Vibration Machine Figure 30 Pinal Sand

23
 4.4 SILT CONTENT TEST IS2386 PT1

OBJECTIVE

This method of test deals with the procedure for determining the total quantity of material finer
than 75-micron IS Sieve in aggregates by washing.

RESULT

SERIAL NO. DETERMINATION 1.0

1.0 Total weight of sample in gms (W₁) 500

2.0 Weight of sample retained on 75-micron sieve in gms (W₂) 481

3.0 Silt & Clay content {[(W₁ - W₂)/W₁] × 100} % 3.21%

4.0 AVERAGE % 0.000

Table 4 Silt Content Test Data

24
 Chapter 5

IS10262 AND MORTH

IS 10262 – Concrete Mix Design Guidelines

o Issued by: Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)
o Purpose: Provides methodical steps for concrete mix design.
 Ensures optimum strength, workability, and durability of concrete.
 Helps proportion ingredients (cement, aggregates, water, admixtures) based on:
 Exposure conditions
 Desired grade (e.g., M30, M40, etc.)
 Workability requirements (slump)
 Reduces chances of shrinkage, cracking, and durability failure.
 Makes concrete economical by optimising cement content.
MoRTH– Ministry of Road Transport & Highways
o Full Form: MoRTH – Specifications for Road and Bridge Works
o Issued by: Government of India
o Acts as the standard reference document for all road and bridge projects under national and
state highways.
o Covers materials, design loads, construction techniques, and quality control.
o Includes detailed norms for:
 Foundations (pile, well, open)
 Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete bridges
 Bearings, expansion joints, drainage, and safety rails
 Formwork, curing, and finishing
o Ensures safety, uniformity, and quality in public infrastructure projects.
o Adherence is mandatory in most government contracts

25
 Chapter 6

CONCRETE BATCHING PLANT

 A concrete batching plant is a facility used to mix and produce concrete in controlled
proportions of cement, water, sand, aggregates, and admixtures. It ensures consistent
quality and volume of concrete for construction projects.
 Main Functions:
o Weighing and mixing of ingredients
o Storage and handling of materials
o Delivery of ready-mix concrete to the site
o Types of Concrete Batching Plants are Dry Mix Plant, Wet Mix Plant, Stationary
Batching Plant, Compact Batching Plant

Figure 31 Batching Plant

 Grade of cements: 43-53 OPC

 Grade of concrete:
o Pile - M35
o Pile Cap -M35
o Pedestal -M45
o Girder-M50

26
 Chapter 7

CONCLUSION

During our internship with the Public Works Department (PWD) in Assam, we received in-depth
training on flyover construction. This experience deepened our understanding of flyover
components, the use of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures, the machinery involved
on-site, and other various construction methodologies and technologies.

We also gained hands-on experience with laboratory equipment used for quality control tests
across various construction activities.

Gaining such technical skills was only possible due to guidance by experienced engineers and
supervisors at the site and lab.

This internship motivated us to work diligently and learn actively. By engaging in team tasks and
site visits, we improved our practical thinking and decision-making skills. As aspiring civil
engineers, we value the knowledge gained and are grateful for the experience.

27
 REFERENCES

o “How Are Bridges Built? A Visual Guide”, [Link]

bridges-built
o “Designing Bridges”,
[Link]
gning%20safe%20bridge%20structures,mathematical%20relationships%20to%20determ
ine%20the
o “IRC SP 054:2018”, [Link]
o “Parts of a Bridge: Learn Definitions, Diagrams, and Functions”,
[Link]
o “Bridge Components Explained: Backbone of Bridge Structures”
[Link]
backbone-of-bridge-structures/
o “COMPONENTS OF BRIDGES “, [Link]
of-a-bridge
o “PSC Girder Grouting Methodology - Construction Civil”,
[Link]
o MORT&H 5th Revision
o IRC: 18-2000 Design Criteria of Prestressed Concrete Road Bridges (Post-tensioned
Concrete
o “METHODOLOGY FOR PRESTRESSING - HIGHWAY GUIDE“,
[Link]
o Official NHAI Design plans

28
 APPENDIX I

MACHINERIES, TOOLS USED

 Excavator

 An excavator is a heavy construction machine used for digging, lifting, and moving
large materials like soil, rocks, and debris. It consists of a boom, stick (arm), bucket,
and a cab mounted on a rotating platform, often called the house, which sits on either
tracks or wheels.

 Excavators are widely used in construction, mining, demolition, forestry, and material
handling.

 Mobile crane

Figure 32 Mobile Crane at the site lifting a Concrete pump

 A mobile crane is a portable lifting machine mounted on a wheeled or tracked vehicle.

It is used to lift, lower, and move heavy loads on construction sites, factories, docks,
and more. Unlike tower cranes, mobile cranes can travel easily between job sites.
 Mobile cranes are valued for their flexibility, quick setup, and ability to work in tight
spaces. Common types include truck-mounted cranes, rough terrain cranes, and all-
terrain cranes.

29
 Transit concrete mixer

Figure 33 Transit Mixer

 A transit concrete mixer, also known as a truck mixer, is a special type of vehicle used
to transport ready-mix concrete from a batching plant to the construction site.
 Concrete Trailer pump

Figure 34 Concrete pump

 A concrete trailer pump, also called a stationary or line pump, is a machine used to
transport liquid concrete through steel or rubber hoses to the desired location. It is
mounted on a trailer and towed to the site.

 Electric bar bending machine

 An electric bar bending machine is a construction tool used to bend steel bars (rebars)
into required shapes and angles for reinforced concrete work.

30
 Welding Machinery

 A welding inverter is an advanced welding machine that uses electronic components

to convert high-voltage AC power into low-voltage, high-frequency current suitable
for welding.

 Electric Cement Grouting Pump

Figure 35 Grouting Pump View 2

Figure 36 Grouting Pump View 1

 An electric grouting pump is a machine used to inject grout (a mixture of cement, sand, water,
or chemicals) into cracks, cavities, or spaces in structures for strengthening and sealing
purposes.
 Girder Lifting Crane

 A girder launcher is a specialised construction equipment used to place precast girders

(beams) onto bridge piers during the erection of bridges and flyovers. It moves girders
from one pier to another without the need for ground-level cranes.

31
 APPENDIX II

IMAGES

Figure 37 Group Image at site 3 Figure 49 Group Image at site 5

Figure 40 Group Image at lab1

Figure 41 Group Image on the final day

32