UNIT 3 – LOGIC FAMILIES
What are IC Packages?
IC packages refer to the physical enclosures that protect integrated circuits (ICs)
and provide electrical connections to a printed circuit board (PCB). They protect
semiconductor material from physical damage and environmental factors. IC packages
also tell us how the IC connects to the rest of the circuit.
What is a Digital Circuit?
A circuit is a closed loop or path that allows electrical or electronic components to
be connected, enabling the flow of current.
A digital circuit is an electronic circuit that operates using discrete, or digital,
signals, which are typically represented in binary form (0s and 1s). These circuits are
fundamental building blocks for digital systems like computers, and they utilize logic
gates to perform computations and control operations.
Introduction to type of Logic families:
Classification of Digital Logic families are based on the type of transistors used
and how they are connected to implement logic gates. Key families include TTL
(Transistor-Transistor Logic), CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor),
BiCMOS (Bipolar Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) and ECL (Emitter-
Coupled Logic). Each family has its own characteristics, such as speed, power
consumption, and noise immunity, making them suitable for different applications.
[Link] (Transistor-Transistor Logic): This family uses bipolar junction
transistors as switching elements. TTL was very popular for a long time due to its speed
and compatibility. However, it tends to consume more power than CMOS. Examples:
7402 NOR Gate and 7400 NAND gate
[Link] (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor): CMOS uses both
NMOS and PMOS transistors, offering low power consumption, and high noise
immunity. It’s widely used in modern digital circuits, especially in VLSI (Very Large
Scale Integration) applications.
[Link] (Emitter-Coupled Logic): ECL is known for its very high speed, but it
also consumes a lot of power. It’s used in specialized applications where speed is critical.
[Link] (Bipolar Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor): BiCMOS
combines the high speed of bipolar transistors with the low power consumption of
CMOS, offering a good balance for certain applications.
Characteristics of TTL
[Link] Out: The maximum number of digital inputs that one IC output can drive
without affecting its performance. Typical fan out is 10. It means it can support at most
10 gates at its output that is it can directly control the inputs of up to 10 other TTL gates.
[Link] Dissipation: It represents the amount of power needed by the device. It is
measured in mW(milliWatt). A basic TTL device draws a power of almost 10mW, which
reduces with the use of Schottky devices.
[Link] Delay: The delay to make its transition in its output after applying
input. The average propagation delay is about 9ns.
[Link] Margin: It represents the amount of noise voltage or voltage fluctuation
allowed at the input, which doesn’t affect the standard output. The noise margin is about
0.4V.
5. Logic Level: Logic low level is at 0V to 0.8V. Logic high level is at 2V to 5V.
TTL Subfamilies:
[Link] TTL: This is the original TTL family with a balance of speed and
power consumption. Typical propagation delay is around 10ns (nano second), and it
operates with a 5V power supply. TTL IC’s starts with a specific number 74S or 54.
[Link] Power TTL: This subfamily reduces power consumption by using higher
resistance values, because of which they have slower switching speeds. Low-power TTL
operates with a 33ns switching speed with 1 mW power dissipation. Low Power TTL IC’s
starts with a specific number 74L.
3. High Power TTL: They offer higher speed with a faster switching speed of
6ns, achieved by using more transistors and lower resistance values, resulting in
increased power consumption with 22 mW of power dissipation. HIGH Power TTL IC’s
starts with a specific number 74H.
[Link] TTL: They use Schottky diodes to prevent transistor saturation which
leads to faster switching speeds compared to High Power TTL, but with similar power
consumption. They operate with 3ns switching speed with high power dissipation of 19
mW. Schottky TTL IC’s starts with a specific number 74S.
[Link]-Power Schottky TTL: Combines the speed improvements of Schottky
transistors with the lower power consumption of Low Power TTL. They operate with
9.5ns switching speed with high power dissipation of 2 mW. Schottky TTL IC’s starting
with a specific number 74LS.
[Link] Schottky TTL: Offers further improvements in speed and power
consumption compared to standard Schottky TTL. IC’s starting with a specific number
74ALS is Advanced Low Power Schottky family.
Characteristics of CMOS
[Link] Power Consumption: CMOS circuits draw minimal current as only one transistor
is on at any given time.
[Link] Noise Immunity: CMOS logic families offer strong noise margins, meaning
they can tolerate a significant amount of noise on the input signals.
[Link] Integration Density: CMOS technology allows for the creation of complex
circuits with a large number of transistors on a single integrated circuit (IC).
[Link] Range of Supply Voltages: CMOS devices can operate over a wide range of
supply voltages, making them suitable for various applications.
[Link] Switching Speed: It is generally slower than TTL in terms of switching speed.
[Link] Heat Dissipation: Due to low static current, CMOS devices generate less
heat compared to other logic families.