4A Lesson Worksheet 6.0 (Refer to Book 4A P.6.

3)

Objective: To review the addition, subtraction and multiplication of polynomials, identities and
factorization of polynomials.

Polynomials

Complete the following table. [Nos. 1–2]
Review Ex: 1

No. of Coefficients of Constant

Polynomial Variable Degree
terms x 4
x 3
x 2
x term
3 2
1. 6x + 13x – 7x – 9
2. 1 – 4x2 + 9x3 – 16x4

Addition and Subtraction of Polynomials

Simplify the following expressions and arrange the terms in ascending powers of x. [Nos. 3–4]
3. (x + 5) + (x2 – 3x – 16) 4. (x2 – 12x + 7) – (2 – 9x – 3x2)
Review Ex: 2, 3
= x + 5 + x2 – ( )x – ( ) =
=
Order of terms:
constant, x, x2

Simplify the following expressions and arrange the terms in descending powers of x. [Nos. 5–6]
5. (x2 – 8x + 6) + (2x – 4) 6. (5x2 + 11x – 12) – (–3 + 4x + x2)
= x 2 – 8x + 6 + ( )x – ( ) =
=
Order of terms:
x2, x, constant

Multiplication of Polynomials

Expand the following expressions and arrange the terms in descending powers of x. [Nos. 7–10]
7. (x + 4)(x + 7) 8. (x – 3)(2x + 5)
Review Ex: 4
2
=x +( )x + ( )x + ( ) (x + 4)(x + 7) =
=

9. (7x + 1)(x2 – x + 2) 10. (x – 9)(x2 + 3x – 1)

= =

56
Identities

11. If x2 + ax + 13 ≡ x2 – 5x + b, find the values of a and b.
Review Ex: 5

a= ,b=

12. If (x – a)(x + 5) ≡ (x + 1)2 + b, find the values of a and b.

L.H.S. = x2 – ( )x + ( )x – ( ) First expand the L.H.S.
and the R.H.S.
=
R.H.S. =
∴ ≡
Comparing like terms on both sides, we have

Factorization of Polynomials

Factorize the following expressions. [Nos. 13–18]
Review Ex: 6

2 2
13. 4x – 25 a2 – b2 ≡ (a + b)(a – b) 14. x + 16x + 64 a2 + 2ab + b2 ≡ (a + b)2
= =

15. 9x 2 – 6x + 1 a2 – 2ab + b2 ≡ (a – b)2 16. x2 – 8x + 15 ( ) ( )

= = ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) = –8x

17. x2 – 5x – 14 18. 5x 2 + 4x – 1
= =

Level Up Question

19. (a) Factorize 3x2 + x – 2 and 3x2 + xy – 2y2.
(b) Factorize 3x2 + xy – 2y2 + 12x – 8y.

57
4A Lesson Worksheet 6.1A (Refer to Book 4A P.6.5)

Objective: To perform the division of polynomials by monomials.

Review: Division of Positive Integers

Find the quotient and the remainder in each of the following. [Nos. 1–2]
1. 84 ÷ 7 2. 635 ÷ 3

) )

∴ Quotient = ∴ Quotient =
Remainder = Remainder =

Dividing a Polynomial by a Monomial

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

Find the quotient and the remainder when Find the quotient and the remainder when 2x2 + 3x is
x2 + 3x + 1 is divided by x. divided by x.
x +3 Quotient
Divisor x ) x 2 + 3x + 1 Dividend (terms arranged )( ) x2 + ( )x
x2 in descending powers of x) ( ) x2
3x ( )x
3x ( )x
1 Remainder

∴ Quotient = x + 3 ∴ Quotient =
Remainder = 1 Remainder =

Find the quotient and the remainder in each of the following. [Nos. 3–6]
3. (4x2 + 4x + 7) ÷ x 4. (6x2 – 2x + 3) ÷ x

)( ) x2 + ( )x + ( ) )( ) x2 – ( )x + ( )
( ) x2 ( )
( )x ( )x
( )x
( )
∴ Quotient = ∴ Quotient =
Remainder = Remainder =
5. (5x2 + 3x – 1) ÷ x 6. (2x3 – 7x2) ÷ x
58
 )( ) x2 + ( )x – ( )

∴ Quotient =
Remainder =

Instant Example 2 Instant Practice 2

Find the quotient and the remainder when 2x2 – 6x Find the quotient and the remainder when
is divided by 2x. 9x2 + 3x + 8 is divided by 3x.
x –3
2x ) 2x 2 – 6x )( ) x2 + ( )x + ( )
2x 2 ( ) x2
–6x ( )x
–6x ( )x
( )
∴ Quotient = x – 3 ∴ Quotient =
Remainder = 0 Remainder =
Find the quotient and the remainder in each of the following. [Nos. 7–8]
7. (4x2 – 2x + 1) ÷ 2x 8. (3x2 + 3x – 4) ÷ 3x
Ex 6A: 1–3

Level Up Question

9. (a) Find the quotient and the remainder when 3x3 + 7x2 – x is divided by x.
(b) By using the results of (a), find the quotient and the remainder when 3(u + 2)3 + 7(u + 2)2 – u – 2
is divided by (u + 2).

59
4A Lesson Worksheet 6.1B (Refer to Book 4A P.6.7)

Objective: To perform the division of polynomials by polynomials.

Review: Dividing a Polynomial by a Monomial

Use long division to find the quotient and the remainder in each of the following. [Nos. 1–2]
1. (2x2 + 3x – 5) ÷ x 2. (4x2 – 4x + 1) ÷ 2x

)( ) x2 + ( )x – ( ) )( ) x2 – ( )x + ( )
( ) x2
( )x
( )x
( )
∴ Quotient = ∴ Quotient =
Remainder = Remainder =

Dividing a Polynomial by a Polynomial

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

Find the quotient and the remainder when Find the quotient and the remainder when x2 – 2x – 1
x2 + 3x + 2 is divided by x + 2. is divided by x – 4.
x +1
x + 2 ) x 2 + 3x + 2 x–( ) ) x2 – ( )x – ( )
x 2 + 2x  x(x + 2) = x2 + 2x x2 – ( )x
x+2 ( )x – ( )
x+2  1(x + 2) = x + 2 ( )x – ( )
In each step of division,
( )
∴ Quotient = x + 1 the aim is to eliminate
the left-most term of the
∴ Quotient =
Remainder = 0 dividend. Remainder =

Find the quotient and the remainder in each of the following. [Nos. 3–6]
3. (x2 + 5x – 12) ÷ (x – 3) 4. (2x2 + 9x – 5) ÷ (x + 5)
Ex 6A: 4–8, 11–14

) x2 + ( )x – ( )
x2 – ( )x
( )x – ( )

∴ Quotient =
Remainder =

60
5. (4x2 + 3x + 2) ÷ (4x – 1) 6. (–5x – 8 + 3x2) ÷ (3x + 4) Arrange the terms
of the dividend in
descending
powers of x.

Instant Example 2 Instant Practice 2

Find the quotient and the remainder when Find the quotient and the remainder when 2x2 – 7 is
5x2 + 1 is divided by x – 1. divided by x + 2.
5x + 5
x – 1 ) 5x 2 + 0x + 1  Insert a term with zero coefficient ) ( ) x2 + ( )x – ( )
5x 2 – 5x for the missing term in the ( ) x2 + ( )x
dividend.
5x + 1 ( )x – ( )
5x – 5 ( )x – ( )
6 ( )
∴ Quotient = 5x + 5 ∴ Quotient =
Remainder = 6 Remainder =

Find the quotient and the remainder in each of the following. [Nos. 7–8]
7. (2x3 + 5x2 + 3) ÷ (x + 3) 8. (1 – 7x + 9x3) ÷ (3x – 2)
Ex 6A: 9, 10, 15, 16

)( ) x3 + ( ) x2 + ( )x + ( )
( ) x3 + ( ) x2
( ) x2 + ( )x

∴ Quotient =
Remainder =

Level Up Question

9. Find the quotient and the remainder when x3 – x2 + 2x – 1 is divided by x2 + x + 1.

61
4A Lesson Worksheet 6.1C (Refer to Book 4A P.6.11)

Objective: To use the division algorithm to find the dividend and the divisor.

Review: Division of Integers

In each of the following, express the dividend in terms of the divisor, the quotient and the remainder. [Nos. 1–2]
1. 36 ÷ 5 7 Quotient 2. 58 ÷ 7
Divisor 5 ) 36 Dividend ) 58
35
1 Remainder
Dividend = divisor × quotient + remainder Dividend =
36 = ( ) × ( )+( ) =

Division Algorithm of Polynomials

Dividend = divisor × quotient + remainder
The degree of the remainder must be less than the degree of the divisor.

Find the dividend in each of the following. [Nos. 3–6]

3. Divisor = x + 1, quotient = 2x – 5, 4. Divisor = x – 2, quotient = 5x + 6,
remainder = 0 remainder = 5
Ex 6A: 17–19
Dividend = divisor × quotient + remainder Dividend =
=( )( )+( )
=

5. Divisor = x – 4, quotient = x2 + 3, 6. Divisor = 2x + 3, quotient = x2 + 5,

remainder = 6 remainder = –8

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

In a division of polynomials, the dividend is In a division of polynomials, the dividend is
x2 + 2x – 4, the quotient is x + 1 and the remainder x2 – 7x + 8, the quotient is x – 6 and the remainder
is –5. Find the divisor. is 2. Find the divisor.
Dividend = divisor × quotient + remainder Dividend = divisor × quotient + remainder
2
x + 2x – 4 = divisor × (x + 1) + (–5) x +1 ( ) = divisor × ( )+( )
x + 1) x2 + 2x + 1
x2 + 2x + 1 = divisor × (x + 1) x2 + x =
2 x+1
Divisor = (x + 2x + 1) ÷ (x + 1) x+1
=x+1
62
Find the divisor in each of the following. [Nos. 7–10]
7. Dividend = 2x2 + 3x – 5, quotient = x + 3, 8. Dividend = 6x2 – 9x – 8, quotient = 2x – 5,
remainder = 4 remainder = 7
Ex 6A: 20–23
Dividend = divisor × quotient + remainder
=

9. Dividend = 8x2 – 18x + 3, quotient = 4x – 1, 10. Dividend = x3 + 11x2 + 21x – 7, quotient = x + 2,

remainder = –1 remainder = –13

11. When 3x2 + ax + b is divided by x – 8, the 12. When ax2 + 2x + b is divided by 2x – 1, the
quotient is 3x + 1 and the remainder is 5. quotient is 4x + 3 and the remainder is 4.
Find the values of a and b. Find the values of a and b.
Ex 6A: 37–39
Dividend = divisor × quotient + remainder
=

∴ 3x + ax + b ≡
2

Comparing like terms on both sides, we have

a= ,b=

Level Up Question

13. When a polynomial P is divided by x + 4, the quotient is 7x – 1 and the remainder is –2.
(a) Find P. (b) Find the quotient and the remainder of P ÷ (x – 1).

63
New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 4A

6 More about Polynomials

Consolidation Exercise 6A

Level 1
Find the quotient and the remainder in each of the following. [Nos. 1–20]
1. (8x2 + 10x) ÷ (2x) 2. (6x2 + 6x − 3) ÷ (2x)

3. (15x2 − 12x + 4) ÷ (3x) 4. (12x2 + 8x − 5) ÷ (4x)

5. (x2 + 5x − 6) ÷ (x + 1) 6. (2x2 + 7x + 8) ÷ (x − 1)

7. (2x2 − 3x − 11) ÷ (2x − 1) 8. (4x2 + 8x − 15) ÷ (2x + 3)

9. (2x2 − 11) ÷ (x + 3) 10. (4x2 + 8) ÷ (x − 2)

11. (x3 + 2x2 − 3x + 1) ÷ (x − 3) 12. (2x3 − x2 − 5x − 12) ÷ (2x + 1)

13. (6x2 − 6x + 3x3 − 13) ÷ (x + 2) 14. (−x2 + 6x3 − 6 + 7x) ÷ (3x − 2)

15. (8x − 5 − 6x2 + 4x3) ÷ (2x − 3) 16. (7x2 + 6x3 + 2x + 5) ÷ (6x − 5)

17. (x3 − 3x2 + 9) ÷ (4 − x) 18. (9x3 − 7x − 1) ÷ (1 − 3x)

19. (x3 + 4) ÷ (x + 1) 20. (8x3 − 7) ÷ (2x + 1)

Find the dividend in each of the following. [Nos. 21–24]

21. Divisor = x − 2, quotient = 2x + 3, remainder = 5

22. Divisor = 2x + 1, quotient = 3x + 7, remainder = −9

23. Divisor = 3x − 5, quotient = x2 − 3x − 8, remainder = −6

24. Divisor = 3 − x, quotient = 2x2 − 4x + 3, remainder = 11

64
Find the divisor in each of the following. [Nos. 25–28]
25. Dividend = 2x2 + 8x − 3, quotient = 2x, remainder = −3

26. Dividend = x2 − 7x − 5, quotient = x + 1, remainder = 3

27. Dividend = x3 − 6x2 + 13x − 19, quotient = x − 5, remainder = 21

28. Dividend = 2x3 − x2 + 4x + 10, quotient = 2x + 3, remainder = −5

Level 2
Find the quotient and the remainder in each of the following. [Nos. 29–38]
29. (x3 + 4x2 − 5x + 8) ÷ (x2 + 2x − 1) 30. (2x3 − 3x2 + 9x − 4) ÷ (x2 − x + 3)

31. (4x3 − 6x2 + x + 5) ÷ (2x2 − 2x − 5) 32. (3x3 + 7x2 − 10x + 6) ÷ (3x2 − 2 + x)

33. (x3 + 2x2 + 5x − 11) ÷ (x2 + 3) 34. (2x3 − 4x2 − 5x + 3) ÷ (2x2 − 1)

35. (6x3 − 3x2 + 4x − 2) ÷ (3x2 + 2) 36. (9 − 5x + x3) ÷ (x2 − 2x − 1)

37. (7x2 − 3x3 − 15) ÷ (2 − x2) 38. (5x + 4x2 − 6x3) ÷ (−3 + 2x2)

Find the divisor in each of the following. [Nos. 39–42]

39. Dividend = x3 + 6x2 + 9x − 8, quotient = x + 3, remainder = 2x − 2

40. Dividend = 2x3 + 7x2 − 11x − 5, quotient = x2 + 3x − 7, remainder = 2

41. Dividend = 4x3 − 16x2 + 21x − 3, quotient = 2x2 − 5x + 3, remainder = 6

42. Dividend = 3x3 + 2x2 − 19x − 1, quotient = (3x − 1)(x + 3), remainder = −7

43. When x2 + ax − 4 is divided by x − 2, the quotient and the remainder are x + 5 and 6 respectively. Find
the value of a.

44. When x3 + 5x2 + 7x + 6 is divided by x + b, the quotient and the remainder are x2 + 2x + 1 and 3
respectively. Find the value of b.

45. When x2 + ax + b is divided by x + 4, the quotient and the remainder are x − 2 and −7 respectively.
Find the values of a and b.

65
46. When 2x2 + 5x + b is divided by 2x + c, the quotient and the remainder are x + 3 and −2 respectively.
Find the values of b and c.

47. When 3x2 + mx − 5 is divided by 3x − 2, the quotient and the remainder are x + n and 3 respectively.
Find the values of m and n.

48. When 2x3 + Ax2 + Bx + C is divided by 2x2 − 3x + 2, the quotient and the remainder are x − 3 and x + 2
respectively. Find the values of A, B and C.

49. When 6x3 − 17x2 − x + A is divided by 3x2 − Bx − 5, the quotient and the remainder are 2x − 1 and
Cx − 3 respectively. Find the values of A, B and C.

50. When a polynomial P is divided by 2x2 − 3, the quotient and the remainder are x − 5 and x − 2
respectively.
(a) Find P.
(b) Find the quotient and the remainder of P ÷ (x − 1).

51. When f (x) = x3 + x2 − 2x + 1 is divided by x2 + 2x − 5, the quotient is h(x) and the remainder is 5x − 4.
(a) Find h(x).
(b) Find the quotient and the remainder when f (x) is divided by h(x).

52. When f (x) = 6x2 + hx − 8 is divided by 2x + 3, the quotient and the remainder are 3x + k and −14
respectively.
(a) Find the values of h and k.
(b) Find the quotient and the remainder of f (x) ÷ (3x − 4).

53. When f (x) = 2x3 + Ax2 + 8 is divided by x2 + 3x + B, the quotient and the remainder are 2x + 1 and
Cx + 10 respectively.
(a) Find the values of A, B and C.
(b) Find the quotient and the remainder of f (x) ÷ (x + 2).

54. When x3 + 6x2 + ax − 3 is divided by x2 + x − 2, the remainder is a constant k.

(a) Find the value of a.
(b) Find the value of k.

55. When 2x3 − 9x2 + ax + 10 is divided by x2 − 2x + b, the remainder is 0. Find the values of a and b.

56. (a) Find the remainder when 2x3 + x2 − 6x − 3 is divided by x2 − x − 2.

(b) Let f (x) = (2x3 + x2 − 6x − 3) + (ax + b). When f (x) is divided by x2 − x − 2, the remainder is 0.
Find the values of a and b.

66
Answers
Consolidation Exercise 6A
1. quotient = 4x + 5, remainder = 0 32. quotient = x + 2, remainder = −10x + 10
2. quotient = 3x + 3, remainder = −3 33. quotient = x + 2, remainder = 2x − 17
3. quotient = 5x − 4, remainder = 4 34. quotient = x − 2, remainder = −4x + 1
4. quotient = 3x + 2, remainder = −5 35. quotient = 2x − 1, remainder = 0
5. quotient = x + 4, remainder = −10 36. quotient = x + 2, remainder = 11
6. quotient = 2x + 9, remainder = 17 37. quotient = 3x − 7, remainder = −6x − 1
7. quotient = x − 1, remainder = −12 38. quotient = −3x + 2, remainder = −4x + 6
8. quotient = 2x + 1, remainder = −18 39. x2 + 3x − 2
9. quotient = 2x − 6, remainder = 7 40. 2x + 1
10. quotient = 4x + 8, remainder = 24 41. 2x − 3
2
11. quotient = x + 5x + 12, remainder = 37 42. x − 2
12. quotient = x2 − x − 2, remainder = −10 43. 3
2
13. quotient = 3x − 6, remainder = −1 44. 3
14. quotient = 2x2 + x + 3, remainder = 0 45. a = 2, b = −15
2
15. quotient = 2x + 4, remainder = 7 46. b = −5, c = −1
16. quotient = x2 + 2x + 2, remainder = 15 47. m = 10, n = 4
2
17. quotient = −x − x − 4, remainder = 25 48. A = −9, B = 12, C = −4
18. quotient = −3x2 − x + 2, remainder = −3 49. A = 2, B = 7, C = 2
2
19. quotient = x − x + 1, remainder = 3 50. (a) 2x3 − 10x2 − 2x + 13
20. quotient = 4x2 − 2x + 1, remainder = −8 (b) quotient = 2x2 − 8x − 10, remainder = 3
21. 2x2 − x − 1 51. (a) x − 1
22. 6x2 + 17x − 2 (b) quotient = x2 + 2x, remainder = 1
23. 3x3 − 14x2 − 9x + 34 52. (a) h = 13, k = 2
24. −2x3 + 10x2 − 15x + 20 (b) quotient = 2x + 7, remainder = 20
25. x + 4 53. (a) A = 7, B = −2, C = 1
26. x − 8 (b) quotient = 2x2 + 3x − 6, remainder = 20
27. x2 − x + 8 54. (a) 3 (b) 7
28. x2 − 2x + 5 55. a = 6, b = −2
29. quotient = x + 2, remainder = −8x + 10 56. (a) x + 3
30. quotient = 2x − 1, remainder = 2x − 1 (b) a = −1, b = −3
31. quotient = 2x − 1, remainder = 9x

67
 F4A: Chapter 6B
Date Task Progress

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68
4A Lesson Worksheet 6.2 (Refer to Book 4A P.6.15)

Objective: To use the Remainder Theorem to find remainders.

Review: Division Algorithm of Polynomials And Values of a Function

1. When a polynomial f(x) is divided by x – 2, 2. When a polynomial f(x) is divided by 2x – 1, the

. the remainder is 5.
the quotient is 4x + 1 and quotient is 2x2 + x – 3 and the remainder is –4.
Find f(2). 1
Find f   .
Dividend = divisor × quotient + remainder 2
f(x) = ( )( )+( ) Dividend = ( )×( )+( )
∴ f(2) = f(x) =

Remainder Theorem
(a) When a polynomial f(x) is divided by x – a, the remainder is f(a). If x – a = 0, then x = a.
 n  If mx – n = 0, then x =
n
.
(b) When a polynomial f(x) is divided by mx – n, the remainder is f   . m
 m

If f(x) is a polynomial, write down the remainder in the form f(a) in each of the following. [Nos. 3–6]
3. f(x) ÷ (x – 1) x – 1= 0 4. f(x) ÷ (x + 4)
Ex 6B: 1
Remainder = x = ___ Remainder =
5. f(x) ÷ (2x – 5) 2x – 5 = 0 6. f(x) ÷ (3x + 2)
Remainder = Remainder =
x = ___

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

Find the remainder when f(x) = 2x2 + 4x – 1 is Find the remainder when f(x) = 4x2 – x + 3 is divided
divided by x – 2. by x + 1.
Remainder = f(2) Remainder = f( )
x + 1= 0
2
= 2(2) + 4(2) – 1 = 4( )2 – ( )+3 x = ___

=8+8–1 =
= 15 =

Use the Remainder Theorem to find the remainder in each of the following. [Nos. 7–10]
7. (x3 – 7x – 2) ÷ (x – 3) 8. (5x3 + 3x2 – x + 1) ÷ (x + 2)
Ex 6B: 2–13
3
Let f(x) = x – 7x – 2. Let f(x) = .
Remainder = f( ) Remainder = f( )
3
=( ) – 7( )–2 =
=
=

69
9. (4x3 + 3x2 + 3x – 1) ÷ (2x – 1) 10. (3x3 + 6x2 – 5) ÷ (3x + 4)
2x – 1 = 0

x = ___

Instant Example 2 Instant Practice 2

When x2 + kx + 2 is divided by x – 3, the remainder When x2 + kx – 5 is divided by x + 2, the remainder
is 8. Find the value of k. is 11. Find the value of k.
Let f(x) = x2 + kx + 2. Let f(x) = .
f(3) = 8 f( )=
32 + k(3) + 2 = 8
11 + 3k = 8
3k = –3
k = –1

11. When kx2 + 4x – 2 is divided by x + 3, the 12. When x2 – 2x + 3k is divided by x + 4, the

remainder is 13. Find the value of k. remainder is 9. Find the value of k.
Let f(x) = .
Ex 6B: 14–19

f( )=

Level Up Question

13. Let f(x) = x2 + bx + c, where b and c are integers. When f(x) is divided by x – 1, the remainder is 0.
Write down a set of possible values of b and c. Explain your answer.

70
New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 4A

6 More about Polynomials

Consolidation Exercise 6B

Level 1
1. If f (x) is a polynomial, write down the remainder in the form of f (a) in each of the following.
(a) f (x) ÷ (x − 5) (b) f (x) ÷ (x + 6)
(c) f (x) ÷ (5x − 2) (d) f (x) ÷ (4x + 9)
(e) f (x) ÷ (3x) (f) f (x) ÷ (−8x)

Use the Remainder Theorem to find the remainder in each of the following. [Nos. 2–15]
2. (x2 − 6x + 3) ÷ (x − 1) 3. (x3 + x2 + 2) ÷ (x + 1)

4. (x3 + 3x2 − 2x) ÷ (x − 2) 5. (x3 + 4x2 − x + 5) ÷ (x + 3)

6. (x3 + x2 − 3x + 2) ÷ (x − 3) 7. (3x3 − 2x2 − 7) ÷ (x + 2)

8. (2x3 − 5x − 1) ÷ (2x − 1) 9. (4x3 − 2x2 + 8) ÷ (2x + 3)

10. (3x3 − 8x2 + 2) ÷ (3x + 1) 11. (4x3 + 5x2 + 6x − 4) ÷ (4x − 3)

12. (3x3 + 7x2 + x − 4) ÷ (1 − x) 13. (4x3 − 4x2 − 7x + 9) ÷ (3 − 2x)

14. (4x3 + 3x2 − 10x − 1) ÷ x 15. (5x3 − 8x2 + 6x − 6) ÷ (−3x)

16. When x2 + kx − 5 is divided by x − 3, the remainder is 13. Find the value of k.

17. When 2x2 + 7x + k is divided by x + 2, the remainder is −4. Find the value of k.

18. When bx2 − 2x + 3 is divided by 2x − 1, the remainder is 3. Find the value of b.

19. When 3x2 − (k − 1)x − 1 is divided by 3x + 2, the remainder is 1. Find the value of k.

20. When x3 + 3x2 − kx − 8 is divided by x + 3, the remainder is −2. Find the value of k.

21. When ax2 − 2x3 − x + 7 is divided by 2x + 1, the remainder is 9. Find the value of a.

71
22. When 2x3 + bx2 − 5x + 2b is divided by x − 3, the remainder is 6. Find the value of b.

23. If x2 + kx + 5 is divided by x + 2 and x − 4 respectively, the remainders are the same. Find the value
of k.

24. If 4x2 − 2x + k is divided by 2x + 3 and 2x − 3 respectively, the sum of the remainders is zero. Find the
value of k.

Level 2
Use the Remainder Theorem to find the remainder in each of the following. [Nos. 25–28]
25. [(x + 2)(2x − 5)] ÷ (2x − 1) 26. [x(2x − 3)(2 − x) + 2] ÷ (x + 2)

27. (x2 014 − 20x − 14) ÷ (x + 1) 28. (x1 999 + 1 999x2 − 4) ÷ (−5x)

29. It is given that f (x) = (x − 3)3 − 2(x − 3)2 + k and f (1) = −6.
(a) Find the value of k.
(b) Find the remainder when f (x) is divided by x − 2.

30. When −x2 + 6x − 3 is divided by x − k, the remainder is 2. Find the value(s) of k.

31. When x2 + 4x + b is divided by x + b, the remainder is 4. Find the value(s) of b.

32. When 2x2 + 5x − 6 is divided by x − m, the remainder is 2m − 1. Find the value(s) of m.

33. When (2x + 3)(x − k) + k is divided by x + k, the remainder is 6. Find the value(s) of k.

34. When (x − 4)(2x − 3) − 2k is divided by x − k, the remainder is 4 − 3k. Find the value(s) of k.

35. When a polynomial f (x) is divided by x − 4, the quotient is x2 + 3. It is given that f (4) = −4. Find f (x).

36. When a polynomial f (x) is divided by x + 1, the quotient is 2x2 − x − 9. It is given that f (−1) = 2.
Find f (x).

37. When a polynomial f (x) is divided by x + 2, the quotient is 2x2 − 5x + 16. It is given that f (−2) = −15.
(a) Find f (x).
(b) Find the remainder when f (x) is divided by 2x − 1.

38. (a) Find the remainder of (x88 + x + 4) ÷ (x + 1).

(b) Using the result of (a), find the remainder of (688 + 10) ÷ 7.

72
39. Let f (x) = x2 + ax + b. When f (x) is divided by x + 2 and x − 1, the remainders are −6 and 0
respectively. Find the values of a and b.

40. Let f (x) = x3 − mx2 + nx − 5. When f (x) is divided by x − 2 and x − 3, the remainders are −7 and −5
respectively. Find the values of m and n.

41. When x2 + ax − b is divided by x + 2, the remainder is −8. When bx2 − ax + 1 is divided by 2x − 1, the
remainder is −1. Find the values of a and b.

42. Let f (x) = x3 − mx2 − x + n. When f (x) is divided by x − 1 and x − 2 respectively, the remainders are
the same. When f (x) is divided by x + 2, the remainder is −5. Find the values of m and n.

43. When 2x3 − px2 + qx − 5 is divided by x + 1, x − 2 and 2x − 3 respectively, the remainders are the same.
Find the values of p and q.

44. When f (x) = 2x2 − 7x + 10 and g(x) = 3x2 − 2x − 4 are divided by x − k, the remainders are the same.
(a) Find the value(s) of k.
(b) If k > 0, find the remainder when f (x) is divided by x − k.

45. When f (x) = x3 + 4x2 − 7x − 9 is divided by x − m, the remainder is R, where R is a constant. When
g(x) = 2x3 + 11x2 + 19x + 12 is divided by x − m, the remainder is 2R. Find the value(s) of m.

46. (a) Let p and q be positive integers. Find the values of p and q such that 3p + q = 7.
(b) When x3 + ax2 + bx − 10 is divided by x − 3, the remainder is 38. If a and b are positive integers
and a < b, find the values of a and b.

47. When a polynomial f (x) is divided by x2 − x − 2, the remainder is 2x + 1. Find the remainder when f (x)
is divided by x + 1.

48. When a polynomial f (x) is divided by 2x2 + x − 6, the remainder is ax − 5. When f (x) is divided by
2x − 3, the remainder is 1. Find the value of a.

49. When f (x) = a(x + 2)2 + b(3x + 4) − 6 is divided by x + 1, the remainder is −5. When f (x) is divided by
x − 2, the remainder is 16.
(a) Find f (x).
(b) When f (x) is divided by 2x + m and x + n respectively, the remainders are the same. If both m and
n are positive integers and m ≠ 2n, how many sets of possible values of m and n are there?
Explain your answer.

73
Answers
Consolidation Exercise 6B
1. (a) f (5) (b) f (−6) 5 3
32. 1, − 33. 2, −
 2  9 2 4
(c) f   (d) f  − 
5  4 34. 1, 4
(e) f (0) (f) f (0) 35. x3 − 4x2 + 3x − 16
2. −2 3. 2 36. 2x3 + x2 − 10x − 7
4. 16 5. 17 37. (a) 2x3 − x2 + 6x + 17
6. 29 7. −39 (b) 20
13 38. (a) 4 (b) 4
8. − 9. −10
4 39. a = 3, b = −4
10. 1 11. 5
40. m = 4, n = 3
12. 7 13. 3
41. a = 5, b = 2
14. −1 15. −6
42. m = 2, n = 9
16. 3 17. 2
43. p = 5, q = −1
18. 4 19. 2
44. (a) −7, 2 (b) 4
20. 2 21. 5
45. −1, −10
22. −3 23. −2
46. (a) p = 1, q = 4 ; p = 2, q = 1
24. −9 25. −10
(b) a = 1, b = 4
26. 58 27. 7
47. −1
28. −4
48. 4
29. (a) 10 (b) 7
49. (a) 2x2 + 5x − 2 (b) 2
30. 1, 5 31. −1, 4

74
 F4A: Chapter 6C
Date Task Progress

○ Complete and Checked

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(Full Solution)

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Consolidation Exercise ○ Problems encountered
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Maths Corner Exercise
○ Problems encountered
Teacher’s ___________
1A Level 1
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Signature ( )
Maths Corner Exercise ○ Complete and Checked Teacher’s
1A Level 2 ○ Problems encountered Signature ___________

75
 ○ Skipped ( )
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○ Problems encountered
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1A Multiple Choice
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E-Class Multiple Choice
○ Problems encountered
Self-Test
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76
4A Lesson Worksheet 6.3A (Refer to Book 4A P.6.23)

Objective: To use the Factor Theorem to factorize polynomials (with integral coefficients).

Review: Dividing a Polynomial by a Polynomial

Complete the following calculations. [Nos. 1–2]

1. 2x 2 + 2.
x + 1 ) 2x 3 + 3x 2 + 2x + 1 x – 2 ) 3x3 – 4x2 – 2x + 3
2x 3 + 2x 2
x2 +

Factor Theorem
(a) If f(x) is a polynomial and f(a) = 0, then x – a is a factor of f(x).
Conversely, if x – a is a factor of the polynomial f(x), then f(a) = 0. If x – a = 0, then x = a.
 n  If mx – n = 0, then x =
n
.
(b) If f(x) is a polynomial and f   = 0, then mx – n is a factor of f(x). m
 m
 n 
Conversely, if mx – n is a factor of the polynomial f(x), then f   = 0.
 m

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

Let f(x) = 2x3 + 3x2 – 5. Use the Factor Theorem to Let f(x) = 3x3 + x2 – x + 1. Use the Factor Theorem
determine whether x – 1 is a factor of f(x). to determine whether x + 1 is a factor of f(x).
f(1) = 2(1)3 + 3(1)2 – 5  Check whether f(1) = 0. f( ) = 3( )3 + ( )2 – ( )+1
=0 =( )
∴ x – 1 is a factor of f(x). ∴
In each of the following, determine whether the expression in brackets is a factor of the polynomial f(x).
[Nos. 3–8]
Ex 6C: 1–7

3. f(x) = x3 – 2x2 – 3x + 6 [x – 2] 4. f(x) = x3 – 4x2 + x + 2 [x – 3]

3 2
f( )=( ) – 2( ) – 3( )+6 f( )=
=( ) =
∴
∴ x – 3 ( is / is not ) a factor of f(x).
5. f(x) = x3 + 5x2 – x + 1 [x + 2] 6. f(x) = 2x3 + 7x2 + 2x – 3 [x + 3]

77
7. f(x) = 12x3 – x2 + 2x – 1 [3x – 1] 8. f(x) = 6x3 + x2 – 4x + 6 [2x + 3]
3x – 1 = 0

x = ___

9. Let f(x) = x3 + 4x2 + x – 6. 10. Let f(x) = x3 + 3x2 – 4.

(a) Show that x + 2 is a factor of f(x). (a) Show that x – 1 is a factor of f(x).
(b) Factorize f(x). (b) Factorize f(x).
Ex 6C: 8–11
(a) f( )= (a)

(b) Using long division, (b)

)
Insert a term with
zero coefficient for
the missing term in
the dividend.

f(x) = ( )( )
=( )( )( )

Level Up Question

11. It is given that x – 2 is a factor of f(x) = 2x3 – x2 – 8x + k.
(a) Find the value of k.
(b) Factorize f(x).

78
4A Lesson Worksheet 6.3B (Refer to Book 4A P.6.27)

Objective: To use the Factor Theorem to factorize polynomials with integral coefficients (without known
factors).

Factorization of Polynomials with Integral Coefficients

Factorize f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, where a, b, c and d are integers.
Step 1: Use all the factors of a and d to list all the possible linear factors of f(x).
Step 2: Use the Factor Theorem to find one of the factors mx + n of f(x).
Step 3: Use long division to find the quotient Q(x) of f(x) ÷ (mx + n). Hence, f(x) = (mx + n)Q(x).
Step 4: Further factorize f(x) if possible.

List all the possible linear factors of each of the following polynomials. [Nos. 1–2]
1. x 3 – 3x + 2 2. 2x3 + x2 – 4x – 3

3. Find one of the factors of 4. Find one of the factors of

f(x) = x3 + 5x2 + 3x – 9. f(x) = x3 – 4x2 + x + 6.
The possible linear factors of f(x) are The possible linear factors of f(x) are
. .
f( ) = __________________ = ____
∴ ( ) is a factor of f(x).

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

Factorize f(x) = x3 + 5x2 + 7x + 3. Factorize f(x) = x3 + 2x2 – 7x + 4.
The possible linear factors of f(x) are The possible linear factors of f(x) are
 Step 1  Step 1
x ± 1 and x ± 3. .

f(–1) = (–1)3 + 5(–1)2 + 7(–1) + 3  Step 2 f( ) = ___________________________  Step 2

=0 =0
∴ x + 1 is a factor of f(x). ∴ _________ is a factor of f(x).
Using long division,  Step 3 Using long division,  Step 3

x 2 + 4x + 3
x + 1 ) x 3 + 5x 2 + 7x + 3 )
x3 + x2
4x 2 + 7x
4x 2 + 4x
3x + 3
3x + 3

f(x) = (x + 1)(x2 + 4x + 3) f(x) = ( )( )

= (x + 1)(x + 1)(x + 3)  Step 4 =  Step 4
= (x + 1)2(x + 3)

79
Factorize the following polynomials. [Nos. 5–8]
5. f(x) = x3 – 3x2 – 9x – 5 6. f(x) = x3 + 2x2 – 4x – 8
Ex 6C: 16–23
f( )=
∴ _________ is a factor of f(x). The possible linear The possible linear
factors of f(x) are factors of f(x) are
Using long division,

. .

7. f(x) = x3 + 6x2 + 3x – 10 8. f(x) = x3 + 2x2 – 9x – 18

The possible linear The possible linear

factors of f(x) are factors of f(x) are

. .

Level Up Question

9. When f(x) = 2x3 + kx2 – 3x – 2 is divided by x + 1, the remainder is 2.
(a) Find f(x). (b) Factorize f(x).

80
New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 4A

6 More about Polynomials

Consolidation Exercise 6C

Level 1
1. Let f (x) = x3 − x + 6.
(a) Find the value of f (−2).
(b) Determine whether x + 2 is a factor of f (x).

2. Let f (x) = x3 − 4x2 + 2x + 1.

(a) Find the value of f (3).
(b) Determine whether x − 3 is a factor of f (x).

3. Let g (x) = x3 + 6x2 − 5.

(a) Find the value of g (−1). (b) Is x + 1 a factor of g (x)?

4. Let g (x) = 3x3 + 2x2 − 5x + 8.

(a) Find the value of g (−2). (b) Is g (x) divisible by x + 2?

5. In each of the following, determine whether the expression in brackets is a factor of the polynomial
f (x).
(a) f (x) = x3 – 3x2 + 2x – 6 [x – 3]
(b) f (x) = 2x3 – x2 + x – 2 [x + 1]
3
(c) f (x) = x – 4x + 5 [x + 2]

6. Let f (x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 11x + 6. Determine whether each of the following is a factor of f (x).
(a) x − 2 (b) x + 2

7. Let g (x) = 6x3 + 13x2 + 4x − 3. Determine whether each of the following is a factor of g (x).
(a) 3x − 1 (b) 2x − 3

8. Let f (x) = x3 – 4x + 3.
(a) Find the value of f (1).
(b) Factorize f (x).

9. Let f (x) = x3 + 2x2 – 5x − 6.

(a) Find the values of f (−1), f (2) and f (−3).
(b) Hence, factorize f (x).

81
10. Let f (x) = x3 + x2 – 10x + 8.
(a) Show that f (2) = 0.
(b) Factorize f (x).

11. Let f (x) = 2x3 − 15x2 + 22x + 15.

(a) Show that x − 5 is a factor of f (x).
(b) Factorize f (x).

12. Let f (x) = 3x3 + 13x2 + 8x − 12.

(a) Is x + 3 is a factor of f (x)?
(b) Factorize f (x).

13. If x − 4 is a factor of x2 − 7x − 6a, find the value of a.

14. If x + 2 is a factor of x3 + 4x2 − px − 6, find the value of p.

15. If 2x3 – kx2 − 23x + 12 is divisible by x + 3, find the value of k.

16. If 2x3 − mx2 – 2x + m is divisible by 2x − 1, find the value of m.

Factorize the following polynomials. [Nos. 17–24]

17. x3 + 3x2 – 9x + 5 18. x3 + 3x2 − 6x − 8

19. x3 + 6x2 + 3x – 10 20. x3 + 5x2 – 8x – 12

21. x3 − 6x2 − x + 30 22. x3 − 13x + 12

23. x3 + 3x2 − 10x − 24 24. x3 + 11x2 + 32x + 28

25. It is given that x − 2 is a factor of f (x) = x3 + mx2 − 3x + n, where m and n are integers. Is it possible to
have a set of values of m and n such that m + n = 6? Explain your answer.

Level 2
26. In each of the following, show that the expression in brackets is a factor of the polynomial f (x).
(a) f (x) = 4x3 − 15x2 + 17x − 6 [4x − 3]
(b) f (x) = 5x3 − 12x2 − 36x + 16 [5x − 2]
3 2
(c) f (x) = x + (k + 3)x + kx − 6k [x + 3]
(d) f (x) = x3 + (k + 1)x2 − k2 [ x + k]
3 2
(e) f (x) = 3x − (1 + 6k)x + (2k − 2)x + 4k [x − 2k]

82
27. Let g(x) = 4x3 − 12x2 + 5x + 6.
(a) Determine whether each of the following is a factor of g(x).
(i) x + 2
(ii) 2x + 1
(b) Factorize g(x).

28. Let p(x) = 6x3 − x2 − 11x + 6.

(a) Determine whether each of the following is a factor of p(x).
(i) x − 1
(ii) 3x + 2
(b) Factorize p(x).

29. If x2 − 3x + k − 5 is divisible by x + k, find the value(s) of k.

30. If x3 − (k − 2)x2 + 3x − 2 is divisible by x − k, find the value(s) of k.

31. If 3x − a is a factor of 3x2 + (a + 1)x − 12, where a is an integer, find the value of a.

32. If x + p is a factor of 2x3 + (2p + 1)x2 − x − 6, where p is an integer, find the value(s) of p.

33. It is given that f (x) = 2x3 − 5x2 + kx + 18 and x + 2 is a factor of f (x).

(a) Find the value of k.
(b) Find the remainder when f (x) is divided by 2x + 1.

34. Let f (x) = 6x3 + mx2 − 4x + 4. It is given that f (x) is divisible by 2x − 1.

(a) Find the value of m.
(b) Find the remainder when f (x) is divided by 3x − 1.

35. It is given that x − 4 is a factor of f (x) = x3 − kx2 − 5x + 4.

(a) Find the value of k.
(b) Factorize f (x).

36. It is given that 2x + 5 is a factor of f (x) = 2x3 + mx2 − 2x − m.

(a) Find the value of m.
(b) Factorize f (x).

37. Let f (x) = x3 + 4x2 + x − 6k.

(a) If f (x) is divisible by x + 3, find the value of k.
(b) If f (x − k) is divisible by x + k, find the value(s) of k.

83
38. Let f (x) = 2x3 − kx2 − 9x + 18.
(a) If f (x) is divisible by 2x − 3, find the value of k.
(b) If f (x + 4) is divisible by x + 3, find the value of k.

39. It is given that x − 2 and x + 3 are factors of f (x) = x3 + 3x2 + ax − b.

(a) Find the values of a and b.
(b) Find the remaining factor of f (x).

40. It is given that 2x2 + x − 1 is a factor of f (x) = px3 − 5x2 − 4x + q.

(a) Find the values of p and q.
(b) Find the remaining factor of f (x).

41. It is given that f (x) = x3 + ax2 − x + b is divisible by x + 2. When f (x) is divided by x + 1, the
remainder is −3. Find the values of a and b.

42. It is given that x − 3 is a factor of f (x) = 2x3 − 5x2 − 2px + 3q. When f (x) is divided by x − 2, the
remainder is 3. Find the values of p and q.

43. It is given that x − 2 is a common factor of f (x) = x2 − ax + b and g(x) = x2 + (2b − 1)x + 6a.
(a) Find the values of a and b.
(b) Factorize f (x) and g(x).

44. It is given that f (x) = 2x2 − ax + b is divisible by 2x + 1. When g(x) = x2 + bx − 2a is divided by x + 1,

the remainder is −6.
(a) Find the values of a and b.
(b) Factorize f (x) and g(x).

45. It is given that x − 2 is a factor of f (x) = 2x3 + mx2 − 8x + n. When f (x) is divided by x + 1, the
remainder is 15.
(a) Find the values of m and n.
(b) Factorize f (x).

46. When a polynomial f (x) is divided by x + 2, the quotient is 2x2 − 7x − 3. It is given that f (−2) = −6.
(a) Find f (x).
(b) Find the value of f (−1).
(c) Factorize f (x).

84
47. When a polynomial f (x) is divided by x − 3, the quotient is 2x2 + 7x + 6. It is given that f (3) = 20. Let
g(x) = f (x) − 20.
(a) Show that x − 3 is a factor of g(x).
(b) Factorize g(x).

48. When a polynomial f (x) is divided by 2x + 1, the quotient is x2 + 2x − 3. It is given that f (2) = 25. Let
p(x) = f (x) − (10x + 5).
(a) Is x − 2 a factor of p(x)? Explain your answer.
(b) Factorize p(x).

Factorize the following polynomials. [Nos. 49–56]

49. x3 − 5x2 − 2x + 24 50. x3 − 10x2 + 31x − 30

51. 2x3 + x2 − 13x + 6 52. 3x3 + 17x2 + 18x − 8

53. 4x3 − 12x2 − 19x + 12 54. 4x3 + 20x2 + 13x − 12

55. 12x3 + 27x2 − 3x − 18 56. 4x4 − 8x3 − 17x2 + 30x

57. It is given that f (x) = px3 − 4x2 − 11x + 6 is divisible by 2x + 3.

(a) Find the value of p.
(b) Solve the equation f (x) = 0.

58. Let f (x) = 2x3 − ax2 − 7x + 2b and g (x) = 2ax3 − 5x2 − 3bx + 18. It is given that f (x) and g (x) are
divisible by 2x − 3.
(a) Find the values of a and b.
(b) Find the values of x such that f (x) = g (x).

59. It is given that f (x) = 6x3 + (4 − 3k)x2 − 8x + k, where k ≠ 0. f (x) is divisible by 2x − k.

(a) Find the value of k.
(b) Are all the roots of the equation f (x) = 0 real numbers? Explain your answer.

60. (a) Find the value of k such that x − 2 is a factor of kx3 − 9x2 + 13x − 6.
(b) The figure shows the graph of y = 6x2 − 27x + 39. P is a variable
y
point on the graph in the first quadrant. Q and R are the feet of
y = 6x2 − 27x + 39
the perpendiculars from P to the x-axis and the y-axis
respectively.
(i) Let (a , 0) be the coordinates of Q. Express the area of the
rectangle OQPR in terms of a. R P
(ii) Are there three different positions of P such that the area of x
O Q
the rectangle OQPR is 18? Explain your answer.
85
Answers
Consolidation Exercise 6C
1. (a) 0 (b) yes 37. (a) 1 (b) 0, 1
2. (a) −2 (b) no 38. (a) 5 (b) 11
3. (a) 0 (b) yes 39. (a) a = −4, b = 12 (b) x + 2
4. (a) 2 (b) no 40. (a) p = 2, q = 3 (b) x − 3
5. (a) yes (b) no 41. a = 3, b = −6 42. p = 8, q = 13
(c) no 43. (a) a = 1, b = −2
6. (a) no (b) yes (b) f (x) = (x − 2)(x + 1), g(x) = (x − 2)(x − 3)
7. (a) yes (b) no 44. (a) a = 5, b = −3
8. (a) 0 (b) (x − 1)(x2 + x − 3) (b) f (x) = (x − 3)(2x + 1),
9. (a) f (−1) = 0, f (2) = 0, f (−3) = 0 g(x) = (x − 5)(x + 2)
(b) (x + 1)(x − 2)(x + 3) 45. (a) m = −3, n = 12
10. (b) (x − 2)(x − 1)(x + 4) (b) (x − 2)(x + 2)(2x − 3)
11. (b) (x − 5)(x − 3)(2x + 1) 46. (a) 2x3 − 3x2 − 17x − 12
12. (b) (x + 3)(x + 2)(3x − 2) (b) 0
13. −2 14. −1 (c) (x + 1)(x − 4)(2x + 3)
15. 3 16. 1 47. (b) (x − 3)(x + 2)(2x + 3)
17. (x − 1)2(x + 5) 48. (a) yes
18. (x + 1)(x − 2)(x + 4) (b) (x − 2)(x + 4)(2x + 1)
19. (x − 1)(x + 2)(x + 5) 49. (x − 3)(x − 4)(x + 2)
20. (x + 1)(x − 2)(x + 6) 50. (x − 2)(x − 3)(x − 5)
21. (x + 2)(x − 3)(x − 5) 51. (x − 2)(2x − 1)(x + 3)
22. (x − 1)(x − 3)(x + 4) 52. (x + 2)(x + 4)(3x − 1)
23. (x + 2)(x + 4)(x − 3) 53. (x − 4)(2x − 1)(2x + 3)
2
24. (x + 2) (x + 7) 54. (2x − 1)(2x + 3)(x + 4)
25. no 55. 3(x + 1)(x + 2)(4x − 3)
27. (a) (i) no (ii) yes 56. x(x + 2)(2x − 3)(2x − 5)
(b) (x − 2)(2x + 1)(2x − 3) 57. (a) 4
28. (a) (i) yes (ii) no 3 1
(b) − , ,2
(b) (x − 1)(3x − 2)(2x + 3) 2 2
58. (a) a = 1, b = 3
1
29. −5, 1 30. −2, 3
2 (b) −2,
2
31. 4 32. −3, 2 59. (a) 3
33. (a) −9 (b) 21 (b) yes
5
34. (a) −11 (b) 60. (a) 2
3
(b) (i) 6a3 − 27a2 + 39a
35. (a) 3 (b) (x − 4)(x2 + x − 1)
(ii) yes
36. (a) 5 (b) (2x + 5)(x − 1)(x + 1)

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