Introduction to Variable Speed Drives
Arwindra Rizqiawan
Why Electric Drives
• Electric drives are available in any power.
• They cover a wide range of torque and speed.
• Adaptable to almost any operating conditions.
• Electric drives are operable instantaneously.
• High efficiency.
• Easily controllable.
• Can be operated in all four quadrants.
• Can be built in a variety of designs.
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Limitations of Electric Drives
• The dependence on a continuous power supply causes
problems with vehicle propulsion.
• Due to the magnetic saturation, electric motors are
likely to have a lower power-to-weight ratio than high
pressure hydraulic drives.
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Why we need variable speed drives
• Some industrial process need variable speed drives
(robots, machine tools, conveyors, etc.)
• Some industrial machines will be more efficient if
driven by a variable speed drive (pumps, blowers, fans,
etc.)
• Vehicle propulsion system.
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Energy flow and typical losses
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Energy Team
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Energy Team
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Pumping System
• Variable –flow variable-pressure
• Constant-flow variable-pressure
• Variable-flow constant-pressure
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Pump Characteristics
Pump Power (kW) = k Flow(m 3 / h) head (m)
Pump Power (kW) = k Q H
Pump Energy (kWh) = k Q H t
E1 − E2 = k (Q1 H1 − Q2 H 2 ) t
Pump Power Speed 3
FLOW1 RPM1 PRESSURE1 RPM12
FLOW2 RPM2 PRESSURE2 RPM2 2
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Pumping System with Valve Control
FLOW
REFERENCE
SET-POINT
CONTROLLER
MOTORIZED
VALVE
STARTER
SENSOR
MOTOR
PUMP
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Variable-flow constant-pressure
SENSOR
STARTER
MAIN
VALVES
MOTOR PUMP
MOTORIZED
VALVE
SET-POINT
CONTROLLER
CONSTANT
PRESSURE
REFERENCE
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Pumping System with VSD
FLOW
REFERENCE
SET-POINT
CONTROLLER
SENSOR
MOTOR
PUMP
CONTROLLER
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Variable-flow variable-pressure Pumping
System
Throttled Operating
240
Point
30 40 50 60
70 75
200 78
80
100% SPEED
Total Head (FT)
160 Valve Losses
84% Speed
120 operating
Throttled Point
System
80 Curve Pump Output =
Unthrottled Power
System Curve Head (Ft.) x Flow (GPM) x Specific Gravity
40 3960
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
Flow (GPM)
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Energy input for variable-flow
variable-pressure pump
80
VALVE OPERATION
WITH STANDARD
70
EFFICIENTMOTOR
60
50
INPUT KW
40 ADJUSTABLE SPEED
OPERATION WITH
ENERGY EFFICIENT MOTOR
30
20
10
0
500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700
FLOW (GPM)
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Comparison of two pumping systems
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Benefits
• High availability
• Fast and precise control
• Minimized energy consumption
• Reduced emission
• Minimized actuator equipment
• Soft starting
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Power Consumption
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Investment and Energy Costs
Energy is calculating for 1300 kW motor and 3 years operation
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Fans
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Rotary screw air compressor
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Lifts
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Lift Energy Comparison
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Mechanical Variable Speed Drives
Operator-Controller
Potentiometer for
Speed Selection
Motorized
Speed Changer
Prime
Mover
Reduced-Speed
AC Output
Motor
Full-Speed Input PIV Transmission Box
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Conventional Variable Speed Drives
Full-Speed AC Motor
Full-Speed Shaft
Variable-Speed
Shaft
Magnetic field
for Flux Control
Field
Control
Speed Potentiometer
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Conventional Variable Speed DC Drives
Generator Motor
Motor
AC source
3 G M Load
Exciter
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Modern Variable Speed DC Drives
Four - Quadrant Converter Motor
AC source
M Load
Field supply
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Conventional Variable Speed AC Drives
• Pole changing
• Stator voltage control
• Rotor resistance control
• Slip-recovery drive system
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Modern Variable Speed AC Drive System
Variable - voltage
variable - frequency
AC supply
AC source
AC - AC Converter 3
AC Motor
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Advantages of Variable Speed AC Drives
• Commutatorless and brushless
• High-power and high-speed
• Simple design and robust
• High-efficiency
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Classifications of Variable Speed AC Drives
• Motor types : induction and synchronous motors
• Power supplies : inverter, cycloconverter, matrix
converter.
• Inverter types : voltage source, current source, square
type, PWM.
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Variable Voltage Inverter System
Smoothing
inductor
AC Motor
AC source
3
Smoothing
capacitor
vout
Controlled Square - wave
rectifier inverter
• DC voltage is variable and controlled by the rectifier.
• The output voltage of inverter is quasi square-wave.
• The output frequency is determined by the inverter.
• The output voltage is determined by the rectifier.
• An LC filter is required in the dc link.
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PWM Inverter System
AC Motor
AC source
3
Smoothing
capacitor
vout
Uncontrolled PWM inverter
rectifier
• The dc voltage is constant. No controller is required by the rectifier.
• The inverter is controlled by pulse width modulation (PWM) technique.
• The output current is almost sinusoidal.
• The output voltage and frequency are controlled by the inverter.
• Only a dc capacitor is used as the filter in the dc link.
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Current Source Inverter System
Smoothing
inductor
AC Motor
AC source
3
iout
Controlled Square - wave
rectifier inverter
• The dc link current is controlled by the rectifier.
• The inverter output current is quasi square-wave.
• The output current frequency is controlled by the inverter.
• The magnitude of the output current is controlled by the rectifier.
• Only an inductor is used as the filter in the dc link.
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Six-Pulse CSI System
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Eighteen-Pulse CSI System
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PWM CSI System
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Cycloconverter System
AC source
AC Motor
• No dc link.
• The output voltage magnitude and frequency are controlled by the
cycloconverter.
• The output frequency is less than the ac supply frequency.
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Load Commutated Inverter
System Smoothing
inductor
AC Synchronous
Motor
AC source
3
iout
Controlled Load commutated
rectifier inverter
• The dc link current is controlled by the inverter.
• The output current waveform is quasi square-wave.
• The thyristors of inverter are commutated by the help of load voltage.
• The inverter frequency is determined by the motor speed.
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Large LCI System
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Slip Recovery Induction Drive
Wound rotor
induction motor
AC source
Inverter Rectifier
• Converter rating is smaller than motor rating
• Only subsynchronous operation is possible
• Wound rotor motor is required
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VSD with Unity Power Factor Rectifier
Cd
Lboost
Lin Cin
IM
• Input current waveform is almost sinusoidal and unity power
factor
• Insensitive to input voltage variation
• Applicable up to 100 kW
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VSD with PWM Rectifier
PWM rectifier PWM inverter
Cd
IM
AC source
• Power flow is bidirectional
• Input current waveform is almost sinusoidal
• Input power factor is adjustable
• Insensitive to input voltage variations
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Matrix Converter
AC source
IM
• No dc link
• Output frequency is less than the input frequency
• Input current is almost sinusoidal
• Input power factor is adjustable
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Additional Advantages of using VSD
• Soft starting (reducing system kVA requirement and
lengthening rotating equipment life).
• Increased motor life
• Shortened compressor startup time
• Process ride through
• Increased speed range
• Extended operating range before surge line
• Suitable for automation
• Can be used to overpowering the equipment without
endangering the motor
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Medium Voltage ABB Drives
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Toshiba System
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VSD Price
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Technical Barriers
• VSD may reduce the motor efficiency
• VSD draws nonsinusoidal input current
• VSD may induce overvoltage to motor winding when the cable
is longer than 50 meters
• VSD may induce bearing currents
• VSD may overloading shunt capacitor in the supply system
• Special technicians, engineers, and operators may required
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Motor efficiencies
100 HP
95 60 HZ
ENERGY EFFICIENT
MOTOR
60 HZ
30 HZ
90 60 HZ
100 HP 60 HZ
% EFFICIENCY
STANDARD EFFICIENT
MOTOR
85 30 HZ
80
0
0 25 50 75 100
% FULL-LOAD TORQUE
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Power Line Considerations
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Power Line Considerations
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Power Line Considerations
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Power Electronic Applications in
Transportation Industries
• High-Speed Trains
• Electric vehicles
• Elevators
• Airplanes
• Ships
• Unmanned vehicles
Electric Vehicles
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PWM Inverter for Electric Traction
Pantograph
PWM Inverter
Traction Motors
Shinkansen
Diesel Electric Locomotive
Electric Vehicle
The state-of-the-art of power electronics converters configurations in
electric vehicle technologies, Pandav Kiran Maroti
Hybrid and Pure Electric Vehicles
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Hybrid Vehicles
parallel
Split
Series
Toyota Hybrid Series
Mobility Portfolio
Power Configuration of Toyota Prius
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Well-to-Wheel Analysis
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Battery Development
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Battery Charger
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Thank You