Chapter 4: Synthesis of deriving point

functions (one port networks)

Department of Electrical Engineering

Elementary Synthesis procedures of one port networks

It involves basic components and techniques that can be used

to design, implement and optimize systems.

The synthesis of driving-point(dp) functions is to break up

a positive real (p.r) function.

Z(s) into a sum of simpler p.r functions Z1 (s), Z2 (s), .....Zn (s)

Then to synthesize these individual Zi (s) as elements of the

overall network whose dp impedance is

Z(s) = Z1 (s) + Z2 (s) + ... + Zn (s) (1)

Chapter 4
Breaking up process

Decomposing or analyzing the network to understand its

characteristics or simplify the design process.

One important restriction is that all Zi (s) must be PR.

If we were given all the Zi (s), we could synthesize a network

whose dp impendance is Z(s) by simply connecting the Zi (s)
in series.

However, if we were to start from Z(s) alone, how do we

decompose Z(s) into Zi (s)?

Chapter 4
Removing a pole at s=0

If there is a pole at s=0, we can write Q(s) as

Q(s) = sG(s) (2)

Hence,Z(s) becomes

D
Z(s) = + R(s) = Z1 (s) + Z2 (s) (3)
s
Z1 (s) is a capacitor and it is positive real.

The poles of Z2 (s)are also poles of Z1 (s),

hence,Z2 (s) doesn’t’ have poles on the right hand side of the
s plane and no multiple poles on the jω axis ,Z2 (s) is p.r

Chapter 4
Removing a pole at s=∞
If Z(s) has a pole at s = ∞, we can write Z(s) as

Z(s) = Ls + R(s) = Z1 (s) + Z2 (s) (4)

Z1 (s) is an inductor

Removing complex conjugate poles on the jω axis

If Z(s) has complex conjugate poles on the jω axis, Z(s)
can be expanded in to
2ks
Z(s) = + Z2 (s) (5)
s2 + ω 2
2kjω
Re( )=0 (6)
s2+ ω2
Re(Z2 (s)) = Re(Z(s)) > 0 (7)

Z2 (s) is p.r
Chapter 4
Removing a constant K

If Re(Z(jω)) is minimum at some point ω i , and

if Re(Z(jω i )) = ki

Z(s) = Ki + Z2 (s) (8)

Z2 (s) is p.r, and this is essentially removing a resistor
Constructing
We connectZ1 (s) and Z2 (s) in series as shown on the figure

Chapter 4
Example 1

Synthesize the following p.r. function

s2 + 2s + 6
Z(s) = (9)
s(s + 3)

Solution:Note that we have a pole at s=0. Lets remove it.

A Bs + c
Z(s) = + (10)
s s+3
A=2,B=1,C=0
2 s
Z(s) = + (11)
s s+3
Note that 2/s is a capacitor, while s/(s + 3) is a parallel
connection of a resistor and an inductor.

Chapter 4
Example 1..

2/s is a capacitor with C=1/2.

While s/(s+3) is a R=1 connected in parallel with an induc-
tor L=1/3
Note that 2/s is a capacitor, while s/(s + 3) is a parallel
connection of a resistor and an inductor.

Chapter 4
Synthesis of 1 port networks with 2 kinds of elements

Synthesis only L-C, R-C or R-L elements.

L-C imittance functions:

These networks have only inductors and capacitors.

The average power consumed in networks is zero, L and C

don’t dissipate energy.

The driving point impedance/admittance of an L-C network

is even/odd or odd/even

Chapter 4
Synthesis of L-C networks

Simple imaginary zeros and poles on the jω axis

Poles and zeros interlace on the jω axis. , ....pole,zero,pole,zero....

Order of the numerator and denominator differ by 1

Either a zero or a pole at origin or infinity

There are two kinds of network realization types for two

element only networks.
Foster and

Cauer

Chapter 4
Foster synthesis

Uses decomposition of the given F(s) into simpler two ele-

ment impedances/admittances.

For an L-C network with system function F(s).

K0 2Ki s
F (s) = + K∞ s + + ... (12)
s s + ωi2

This is because F (s) has poles on the jω axis only.

2Ki
K∞ , , L for impendance and C for admittance
ωi2
1 1
K0 , 2Ki , C for impendance and L for admittance

Chapter 4
Foster synthesis
Using the above decomposition, we can realize F(s) as
For a driving point impedance

For a driving point admittance

Chapter 4
Example

Synthesize as driving point impedance and admittance

2(s2 + 1)(s2 + 9)
F (s) = (13)
s(s2 + 4)

Solution: Decompose F(s) into simpler forms

12s2 + 18
Z(s) = 2s + (14)
s(s2 + 4)

12s2 + 18 A Bs
2
= + 2 (15)
s(s + 4) s s +4
9 15
2 2 s
Z(s) = 2s + + 2
(16)
s s +4

Chapter 4
Example
Note:for foster 1
as
Z(s) = (17)
s2
+b
inductor ,L= a/b and Cpacitor C=1/a
For driving point impedance

1
For driving point admittance (Y (s) = Z(s) )

Chapter 4
Cauer synthesis

Uses partial fraction expansion method.

It is based on removing pole at s=∞

Since the degree of the numerator and denominator differ by

only 1.

there is either a pole at s=∞or a zero at s=∞.

If a pole at s=∞, then we remove it.
If a zero at s=∞, first we inverse it and remove the pole at
s=∞

Chapter 4
Example...

Using Cauer realization synthesize

2s5 + 12s3 + 16s

F (s) = (18)
s4 + 4s2 + 3

Chapter 4
Example...

If we were given Y(s) instead our realization would be

Chapter 4
R-C driving point impedance/ R-L admittance

If F(s) is and R-C driving point impedance or RL driving

point admittance, it can be written as
K0 K1
F (s) = + K∞ + + ... (19)
s s + σi
1 1
k0 , ki ,.....Capaictors
for R - C impedance and inductor for
R - L admittance and ,k∞ , kσi ,..Represent resistors

Poles and zeros lie on the negative real axis.

The singularity nearest origin a pole and a zero near ∞.

The residues of the poles must be positive and real.

Poles and zeros must alternate on the negative real axis

Chapter 4
Synthesis of R-C impedance or R-L admittance, Foster

In foster realization we decompose the function into simple

imittances according to the poles.

That is we write F(s) as

Chapter 4
Synthesis of R-C impedance or R-L admittance,Foster

Example 1: Synthesize as R-C impedance and R-L admit-

tance in foster realization.
3(s + 2)(s + 4)
F (s) = (20)
s(s + 3)

Solution:

the singularity near origin is a pole and a zero near infinity.

The poles and zeros alternate

Chapter 4
Synthesis of R-C impedance or R-L admittance,Foster
We can expand F(s) as , using long division
8 1
F (s) = + +3 (21)
s s+3
R-C impedance

R-L admittance

Chapter 4
Synthesis of R-C impedance or R-L admittance ,Cauer

Cauer realization uses continued fraction expansion.

For R-C impedance and R-L admittance

we remove a resistor first.

Then invert and remove a capacitor

Then invert and remove a resistor . . .

Chapter 4
Example
Synthesize using Cauer realization as R-C impedance and
R-L admittance.

Note that the singularity near origin is a pole and near ∞ is

a zero.

The zeros and the poles alternate

3(s + 2)(s + 4)
F (S) (22)
s(s + 3)

Chapter 4
Example

Chapter 4
R-L impedance/R-C admittance

If F(s) is R-L impedance or R-C admittance, it can be writ-

ten as
Ki s
F (s) = K∞ s + K0 + + ... (23)
s + σi
1 ki
k∞ , σ ....Inductors
for R - L impedance and Capacitors for
R - C admittance, k0 , Ki ,..Represent resistors

Poles and zeros are on the negative real axis and they alter-
nate.

The nearest singularity near origin is zero and near infinity

is a pole.

The residues of the poles must be real and negative.

Chapter 4
Synthesis of R-L impedance and R-C admittance Foster

if we divide F(s) by s, we get

F (s) K0 Ki s
= + K∞ + + ... (24)
s s s + σi
Note that this is a standard R-C impedance [Link],
hence, the residues of the poles of F(s)/s will be positive.

Once we find ki and σ i we multiply by s and draw the foster

realization

Chapter 4
Example

Synthesize as R-L impedance and R-C admittance using Fos-

ter realization
2(s + 1)(s + 3)
F (s) = (25)
(s + 2)(s + 6)

Note that the singularity near origin is a zero.

The singularity near infinity is a pole.

The zeros and the poles alternate.

F(s) is R-L impedance or R-C admittance

Chapter 4
Example
We divide F(s) by s.

F (s) s(s + 1)(s + 3) 1/2 1/4 5/4

= = + + (26)
s s(s + 2)(s + 6) s s+2 s+6
1 s/4 5s/4
F (s) = + + (27)
2 s+2 s+6
R-L impedance

R-C admittance

Chapter 4
Synthesis of R-L impedance and R-C admittance Cauer

Using continued fractional expansion

We first remove R0 . To do this we use fractional expansion

method by focusing on removing the lowest s term first.

We write N(s) and M(s) starting with the lowest term first.

Example : Synthesize as R-L impedance and R-C admit-

tance using Cauer realization

2(s + 1)(s + 3)
F (s) = (28)
(s + 2)(s + 6)

p(s)
F (s) = (29)
q(s)
p(s) = 2s2 + 8s + 6, q(s) = s2 + 8s + 12 (30)

Chapter 4
Synthesis of R-L impedance and R-C admittance Cauer

Chapter 4
Synthesis of R-L impedance and R-C admittance Cauer

R-L impedance

R-C admittance

Chapter 4
Two port networks
A general two port network has two pairs of voltage and
current relationships

The variable are V1 , V2 , I1 , I2

Two independent variables and 2 dependent variables

there are six possible set of equations.

There are various ways to write these relationships, Z, Y, H

and ABCD parameters
Chapter 4
Open circuit impedance parameters (Z- parameters)

The individual z-parameters are defined as

All the z-parameters have unit of impedance.

The individual z-parameters are specified when the current

in one of the ports is zero. i.e. open circuit.

Hence, sometimes referred as open circuit parameters

Chapter 4
Open circuit impedance parameters (Z- parameters)

The individual z-parameters are defined as

Z11 relates the voltage and current in the first port.

Z22 relates the voltage and current in the second port

Z12 relates the voltage on the first port to the current in the
second port.

Z21 relates the voltage in second port with the current in

the first port

Chapter 4
Example

Find the open circuit impedances for the following T circuit

V1
Z11 = I1 ,since I2 = 0

V1
V1 = I1 (Za + Zb ) and Z11 = I1 = Za + Zb

V2 Zb I1
Z21 = = I1 =Zb
I1

Chapter 4
Example

V2
Z22 = I2 ,since I1 = 0

V2
V2 = I2 (Zb + Zc ) and Z22 = I2 = Zb + Zc

V1 Zb I2
Z12 = = I2 =Zb
I2
Note that in the previous example Z12 and Z21 hence, the
circuit is reciprocal.

Most passive time-invariant networks are reciprocal

Chapter 4
Short circuit Admittance (Y-parameters)

The Y-parameters are defined as

V1 and V2 at the 2 ports are the independent variables.

The currents through the two ports are the dependent vari-
ables.

Chapter 4
Short circuit Admittance (Y-parameters)

The individual Y-parameters are specified as

The individual Y-parameters are specified when the voltage

at one of the ports is zero. i.e. short circuit.

Hence, sometimes referred as short circuit parameters

Chapter 4
Example
Find the Y-parameters for the following π circuit

I1 = (YA + YC )V1 − YC V2 (31)

I2 = (YB + YC )V2 − YC V1 (32)

Chapter 4
H parameters

A set of parameters that are very useful in describing tran-

sistor circuits are h parameters.

H parameters are given by the following equation

I1 and v2 are the independent variables,

V1 and I2 are dependent variables

Chapter 4
H parameters
The individual h parameters are described as

h11 and h21 are short circuit parameters,

h12 and h22 are open circuit parameters

h parameters are sometimes called hybrid parameters since

they have both short circuit parameters and open circuit
parameters
Yilak A.,IoT,UoG Chapter 4
ABCD parameters or Transmission matrix

The ABCD parameters are given in matrix form as

H parameters are given by the following equation

Or in equation form

V1 = AV2 − BI2 (33)

I1 = CV2 − DI2 (34)

The matrix representation is called the transmission matrix

Chapter 4
ABCD parameters or Transmission matrix

V2 and I2 are the independent variables

V1 and I1 are the dependent variables

The individual A, B, C, D parameters are

Chapter 4
Example
Find the ABCD parameters for the pi circuit below

Chapter 4
Assignments

1 Discuss both Foster two and Cauer two forms for LC, RC
and RL Circuit.
2 Interconnection and Relationship between two port
networks.

Chapter 4