46 Pre-Medical

CELL : THE UNIT OF LIFE

CELL INTRODUCTION
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1. Who discovered the first living cell ? Anton Von leeuwenhoek
2. Who formulated the cell theory ? Schleiden and Schwann
3. Who gave the cell theory a final shape ? Rudolf Virchow
4. "Omnis cellula -e- cellula" phrase was given by :- Rudolf Virchow
5. Main arena of various cellular activities of the cell is :- Cytoplasm
6. Which non-membranous organelle is found in both prokaryotic Ribosome
and eukaryotic cell ?
7. Who first explained that cells divide and new cells are formed Rudolf Virchow
from pre-existing cells ?
8. Which non-membranous cell organelle is found in animal cell and Centriole
helps in cell division ?
9. Who is responsible for extensive compartmentalisation of Membrane bound cell organelles
cytoplasm in eukaryotic cell ?
FILL IN THE BLANKS ANSWERS
1. Some organisms are composed of a single cell and are called "A"
organisms while other organisms are composed of many cells are
called "B" organisms. A - unicellular, B - multicellular
2. __________, a British Zoologist, studied different types of animal
cells and reported that cells had a thin outer layer which is today
known as the plasma membrane. Theodore Schwann (1839)
3. Cell that has membrane bound nucleus is called "A" whereas
cell that lack membrane bound nucleus is called "B" . A-eukaryotic, B-prokaryotic
4. The largest isolated single cell is the __________. egg of an Ostrich
TRUE / FALSE ANSWERS
1. Anything less than a complete structure of a cell does not ensure
independent living True
2. Cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of living
organism True
3. Various chemical reactions occur in the cytoplasm to keep the
cell in the living state True
4. All living organisms have a cell wall surrounding the cell membrane False (absent in Animals)
5. All eukaryotic cells have similar shape False (Vary in shape and size)
6. Shape of the cell may vary with the function they perform True

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 Biology 47
CELL WALL
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1. Middle lamella is mainly composed of :- Ca-Pectate (some Mg pectate also)
2. In plants other than algae, cell wall is composed of :- Cellulose, Hemi cellulose,
Pectin, Protein
3. In algae cell wall is composed of :- Cellulose, galactans, mannan, CaCO3
FILL IN THE BLANKS ANSWERS
1. The cell wall and middle lamella may be traversed by ______ which plasmodesmata
connect the cytoplasm of neighbouring cells.
2. The cell wall of a young plant cell, the "A" is capable of growth, A- primary wall,
which gradually diminish as the cell matures and the "B" is B- secondary wall
formed on the inner side of the cell.
TRUE / FALSE ANSWERS
1. Cell wall not only gives shape to the cell, but it protect the
cell from mechanical damage & infection True
2. As cell mature the secondary wall is formed on the inner
(toward membrane ) side of the cell True
3. Middle lamella holds or glues the different neighbouring animal
cells together False (plant cells)
4. Cell wall is a living quasifluid structure forms an outer covering for
the plasma membrane of fungi and plants False (dead and rigid)
5. All eukaryotic cells are not identical True

CELL MEMBRANE

QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1. Fluid mosaic model was proposed by :- S.J. Singer & G.L. Nicolson
2. Na+/K+ pump is an example of :- Active transport
3. The ability of protein to move within the membrane is measured
as its :- Fluidity
4. Movement of water across the membrane by diffusion is :- Osmosis
5. The detailed structural study of cell membrane was possible after
the year:- 1950
6. The cell membrane is composed of lipids that are arranged in :- Bilayer
7. In the membrane of human RBC the percentage of lipid is
approximately :- 40%
8. The lipid component of cell membrane mainly consists of :- Phosphoglycerides
9. Cell membrane proteins can classified as integral or peripheral
on the basis of :- Ease of extraction
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48 Pre-Medical
FILL IN THE BLANKS ANSWERS
1. According to 'Fluid Mosaic Model', the quasi-fluid nature of
a enables the lateral movement of b within the bilayer. a-lipids, b-proteins
2. Transport of molecules across the membrane without any
requirement of energy is called ________. passive transport
3. Neutral solutes can move across the membrane by the process of
________. Simple diffusion
4. As a can not pass through the non polar lipid bilayer, they a-polar molecules,
require b to facilitate their transport across the membrane. b-carrier proteins
TRUE / FALSE ANSWERS
1. The fluid nature of cell membrane is helpful in functions like :-
(A) Formation of intercellular junctions True
(B) Cell growth True
(C) Cell division True
(D) DNA replication False
(E) Secretion True
(F) Ribosome synthesis False
2. The ratio of proteins and lipids is same in all cell membranes False
3. The integral proteins are partially or totally burried in the
membrane True
4. The lipids are arranged in the membrane with the polar heads
towards the inner side False
ER AND GOLGI BODY
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1. The network of tiny tubular structures scattered in the cytoplasm is
called :- ER
2. The endoplasmic reticulum bearing ribosomes on its surface is
called :- RER
3. In 1898 densely stained reticular structure near the nucleus in the
nerve cell of owl was first observed by :- Camillo Golgi
4. Which cell organelle is the major site for synthesis of lipid ? SER
5. Which cell organelle is the important site for synthesis of
glycoprotein and glycolipid ? Golgi apparatus
6. In animal cells lipid like steroid hormones are synthesised by which
cell organelle ? SER
7. Diameter of cisternae of Golgi apparatus is :- 0.5 µm - 1 µm
8. Which cellular structures are included in endomembrane system ? ER, Golgi body, lysosome, vacuole

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 Biology 49
FILL IN THE BLANKS ANSWERS
1. Materials to be packaged in the form of vesicles from the ER fuse A-cis (forming/convex),
with "A" face of Golgi apparatus and move towards the "B" face. B-trans (maturing/concave)
2. In the absence of ribosomes ER appear smooth and are called ____. SER
TRUE / FALSE ANSWERS
1. The Golgi apparatus remain in close association with the
endoplasmic reticulum True
2. RER is extensive and continuous with the inner membrane of
nucleus False (Outer nuclear membrane)
3. ER divides the intracellular space into luminal and extra luminal part True
4. Varied number of cisternae are present in Golgi apparatus True
5. Cis and trans face of Golgi apparatus are completely same False (Entirely different)
6. Golgi apparatus principally perform the function of packaging of
materials to be delivered either to the intracellular targets or True
secreted outside the cell
7. Chloroplast is the part of endomembrane system because its
function is same as the mitochondria False
8. ER, Golgibody, lysosome and vacuole is included in
endomembrane system because their function are coordinated. True
LYSOSOME & VACUOLE
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1. Which cell organelle is formed by ER and Golgi apparatus and
has hydrolytic enzymes. Lysosome
2. Which cell structure stores water, sap, excretory product and other
materials not useful for the cell ? Vacuole
3. Which membrane is responsible for setting up higher concentration
of ions in the vacuole as compare to cytoplasm. Tonoplast
4. Which structure is responsible for excretion in Amoeba ? Contractile vacuole
TRUE / FALSE ANSWERS
1. Lysosomal vesicles have been found to be very rich in almost all
types of hydrolytic enzymes True
2. Hydrolytic enzymes present in lysosomes are optimally active at
basic pH False (Acidic pH » 5)
3. Hydrolytic enzymes are capable of digesting carbohydrates,
proteins, lipids and nucleic acids True
4. In plant cells the vacuoles can occupy upto 90% of the volume of
the cell True
5. In many cells, as in protists, food vacuoles are formed by engulfing
the food particles True

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MITOCHONDRIA AND CHLOROPLAST

QUESTIONS ANSWERS

1. The inner compartment of mitochondria is called :- matrix

2. Which organelle perform aerobic respiration in cell ? Mitochondria

3. Which type of leucoplast store oil and fat ? Elaioplast

4. Which membrane of chloroplast is more permeable ? Outer membrane

5. Arrangement of thylakoids like piles of coin is known as :- grana

6. Which type of ribosomes are found in mitochondria ? 70S

FILL IN THE BLANKS ANSWERS

1. The number of mitochondria per cell is variable depending on the

_______ activity of cell. physiological

2. Mitochondria is typically ______ shaped. sausage/cylindrical

3. Mitochondrial membranes divide its lumen into two ______

compartments. aqueous

4. Colour giving pigments are present in _______ type of plastid. chromoplast

5. Chloroplast contain _____ type of ribosomes 70S

6. Foldings of mitochondrial inner membrane are called a present

towards b . a-cristae, b-matrix

7. Mitochondria divide by ________. fission

8. Mitochondria's diameter is a and length is b . a - 0.2-1.0 µm (average 0.5 mm),

b - 1.0-4.1 µm

9. In chromoplast fat soluble ______ pigments are present. carotenoids

TRUE / FALSE ANSWERS

1. Mitochondria store food, waste materials and minerals False

2. Mitochondria does not produce ATP False

3. Mitochondria is a single membrane bound structure False (double)

4. The stroma lamellae connect the thylakoid of different grana True

5. The space limited by the inner membrane of chloroplast is

called stroma True

6. Mitochondria are the site of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration False (only aerobic)

7. Plastids are found in plants True

8. Carotene and chlorophyll are fat soluble pigments True

9. Aleuroplast stores protein True

10. Chlamydomonas contains 20–40 chloroplasts in a cell False (one per cell)

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RIBOSOME
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1. Ribosomes are the granular structures first observed under the
electron microscope as dense particles by :- George Palade (1953)
2. Which type of ribosomes are present in prokaryotic cells ? 70S
3. What is the function of ribosomes ? Protein synthesis
4. What is the size of prokaryotic ribosomes ? 15 nm to 20 nm.
5. Several ribosomes may attach to a single mRNA and form a chain,
this chain is called :- polyribosome or polysome
6. What are the two sub units of prokaryotic ribosomes? 50S and 30S
7. Ribosomes are composed of which components? r-RNA and protein
TRUE / FALSE ANSWERS
1. Sedimentation coefficient is an indirect measurement of density
and size True
2. Microbodies are membrane bound vesicles, that contain various
enzymes, are present in both plant and animal cells True
CILIA AND FLAGELLA, CENTRIOLE
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1. A network of filamentous proteinaceous structures present in the
cytoplasm is called :- cytoskeleton
2. Which cell organelle is surrounded by amorphous pericentriolar
material ? Centriole
3. Cilia and flagella are emerge from centriole - like structure called :- basal bodies
4. Which small structures of cell work like oars ? Cilia
5. How many radial spokes are present in internal structure of cilia ? 9
6. In axoneme of cilia how many radially arranged peripheral doublet
of microtubules are present ? 9
7. Which cellular structure organisation is like the cartwheel ? centriole
8. Which cellular structure is responsible for rising of spindle
apparatus during cell division in animal cell ? Centriole
9. In centriole radial spoke is made of :- protein
10. Arrangement of axonemal microtubules in cilia or flagella is :- 9+2
FILL IN THE BLANKS ANSWERS
1. In cilia the central tubules are connected by __A__ and is also A - central bridge
enclosed by a __B__, which is connected to one of tubule of each B - central sheath
peripheral doublet by a __C__ :- C - radial spoke
2. Both the centrioles in a centrosomes lie _______ to each other. perpendicular
3. In centriole each peripheral fibril is a _______. triplet
4. The central part of the proximal region of the centriole is A-hub, B-radial spokes
proteinaceous and called the "A" , which is connected with
tubules of the peripheral triplet by "B" .

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TRUE / FALSE ANSWERS
1. Eukaryotic flagellum is comparatively smaller than cilia False
2. Bacteria possess flagella but these are structurally different
from that of the eukaryotic flagella True
3. The cytoskeleton in a cell is involved in mechanical support and
motility True
4. In cilia, peripheral doublets are interconnected by radial spoke False (Linkers)
5. The electron microscopic study of a eukaryotic cilium shows that
they are covered with plasma membrane True
6. Centriole is made of nine unevenly spaced peripheral fibrils of
tubuline protein False (evenly spaced)
NUCLEUS
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1. The interphase has highly extended and elaborate nucleoprotein
fibres called :- chromatin
2. What is the name of basic protein present in chromatin ? Histone
3. What is the approximate length of DNA in a single human cell ? 2.2 metre
4. Which constriction is essentially present in every chromosome ? Primary constriction
5. Other name of primary constriction is Centromere
6. Sometimes a few chromosomes have non staining secondary
constriction at a constant location, this gives the appearance of
a small fragment called the :- satellite
7. Nucleus was first described by :- Robert Brown
8. Chromatin name was given by :- Flemming
9. Space between the two parallel membranes of nucleus is called :- perinuclear space
10. The outer membrane of nucleus usually remains continuous with
which cell organelle ? ER
11. Nucleolus is a main site for synthesis of :- ribosomal RNA
12. Give the name of two mature eukaryotic cells that lack nucleus :- (i) RBC (Erythrocytes) of many
mammals (ii) Sieve tube cells
13. Diameter of space between two parallel membranes of nucleus is :- 10 to 50 nm
14. The spherical structure present in the nucleoplasm is :- nucleolus
15. Metacentric, submetacentric, telocentric and acrocentric
chromosomes are classified on the basis of :- position of centromere
16. Name the type of chromosome which has a terminal centromere :- Telocentric
17. In which chromosome the centromere is situated close to its end
forming one extremely short and one very long arm ? Acrocentric
18. In which chromosome, centromere is situated middle of
chromosome and forming two equal arms ? Metacentric

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TRUE / FALSE ANSWERS
1. Nucleus controls the activities of organelles and play a major role
in heredity True
2. Material of the nucleus is stained by only acidic dye False
3. Nuclear matrix contains chromatin and one or more spherical
bodies called nucleoli True
4. Nuclear pores are the passage through which movement of RNA
and protein molecules take place in only one direction False (Both direction)
5. The inner membrane of nucleus usually remain continuous with
ER and also bears ribosomes on it False
6. Each and every cell of human body contain nucleus False
7. The content of nucleolus is not continuous with the rest of
nucleoplasm because it is bound by single membrane False
8. Larger and more numerous nucleoli are present in cells actively
carring out protein synthesis True
9. Some mature eukaryotic cells lack nucleus but yet these cells
consider as a living True
10. In submetacentric chromosomes centromere is situated slightly
away from the middle of the chromosome True
11. Secondary constriction essentially present in every chromosome False
12. Chromatin contain DNA, some acidic protein called histones
some non-histone protein and also RNA. False (histones = basic proteins)
13. Nucleolus is a main site for ribosomal protein synthesis False
FILL IN THE BLANKS ANSWERS
1. At a number of places the nuclear envelope is interrupted by minute
A , which are formed by the B of its two membranes. A-pores, B-fusion
2. During different stages of cell division, cells show structured ______
in place of the nucleus. chromosome
3. Every chromosome essentially has a "A" on the sides of which A-primary constriction
disc shaped structures called "B" are present. B-kinetochore
MATCH THE COLUMN ANSWERS
1. Match the Column-I with Column-II
A-iii, B-i, C-ii
Column-I Column-II
A Smallest cell i Nerve cell

B Longest cell ii Egg of an Ostrich

C Largest isolated iii Mycoplasma

single cell

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54 Pre-Medical

2. Column-I Column-II A-iii, B-v, C-i, D-vi, E-iv, F-ii

A Schleiden & i Fluid mosaic

Schwann model

B Anton Von ii Golgi body

Leeuwenhoek

C Singer & iii Cell theory

Nicolson

D Robert Brown iv Ribosome

E George v First living cell

Palade

F Camillo Golgi vi Nucleus

3. Column-I Column-II A-ii, B-i, C-iii

A Plasmodesmata i Holds the different

neighbouring cells
together

B Middle lamella ii Connect the

cytoplasm of
neighbouring cells.

C Primary cell wall iii Diminishes as the

cell mature

4. Column-I Column-II A-iv, B-iii, C-ii, D-v, E-i

A Vacuole i Protein synthesis and

secretion

B Lysosome ii Packaging of materials

C Golgi body iii Digestion

D SER iv Storage of water

E RER v Synthesis of steroidal

hormones

5. Consider the cell membrane and match the column-I with column-II

Column-I Column-II A - ii, B - i, C - iv, D - iii

A Lipid i 52%

B Protein ii 40%

C Fluid mosaic model iii Na+/K+ pump

D Active transport iv 1972

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6. Column-I Column-II A-ii, B-i, C-iv, D-iii

A Chromoplast i Svedberg unit

B Ribosome ii Carotenoids

C Food vacuole iii Important for

excretion

D Contractile iv Formed by
vacuole engulfing the
food particles

7. Column-I Column-II A-iv, B-i, C-ii, D-iii

A Power house of i Chlorophyll
cell

B Photosynthesis ii Starch

C Amyloplast iii Proteins

D Aleuroplast iv Mitochondria

8. Column-I Column-II A-iv, B-iii, C-i, D-ii

A Chromatin i Flat membranous sacs in

stroma.

B Cisternae ii Infoldings in mitochondria

C Thylakoids iii Disc shaped sacs in Golgi

apparatus

D Cristae iv Highly extended and

elaborate nucleoprotein fibres

DIAGRAM BASED QUESTIONS ANSWERS

1. Identify the following cells :-

(A) (B) (C)

(A) Red Blood cells
(B) White blood cells
(C) Columner epithelial cells
(D) Nerve cell
(E) Tracheid
(F) Mesophyll cells

(D) (E) (F)

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2. Given below is the diagram of plasma membrane. Identify the
parts labelled A,B,C,D & E.

A B

A Sugar
C
B Protein

E C Lipid bilayer

D Cholesterol

E Integral Protein
D

3. From the given figure identify the A,B,C and D

B A - Nuclear pore
B - Ribosome (RER)
C - SER
D - Cytoplasm
D
C

4. From the given figure identify the A,B,C,D,E and F

A A - Plasma membrane
B
B - Peripheral microtubule
C
C - Central sheath
D
D - Radial spoke
E - Central bridge

(a) E (b) F - Central microtubule

F

5. From the given figure identify A, B, C and D

D
C
B A - Cristae
B - Intermembrane space
C - Inner membrane
A
D - Outer membrane

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6. From the given figure identify A, B, C and D -

B A - Stroma
D B - Outer membrane
C C - Stroma lamella

A D - Thylakoid

7. Identify the parts labelled in given diagrams :-

(a) X - Kinetochore

(b) A ® Short arm,

B ® Long arm,
C ® Centromere

(c) A ® Satellite
B ® Secondary Constriction
C ® Centromere