INDEX
S. No. Content
1 Introduction
2 Aim of the Project
3 Objectives
4 Electromagnetic Induction
5 Concept of Self Induction
6 Faraday’s Laws
7 Lenz’s Law
8 Coefficient of Self Induction
9 Factors Affecting Self Inductance
10 Mathematical Theory & Derivation
11 Experimental Setup
12 Experimental Procedure
13 Observations
14 Result
15 Applications of Self Induction
16 Precautions & Errors
17 Conclusion
1. INTRODUCTION
Physics plays a crucial role in understanding the natural
phenomena governing our universe. One such important
branch of physics is electromagnetism, which deals with
the relationship between electricity and magnetism.
Electromagnetic induction is one of the most significant
discoveries in this field.
The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction was
discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831. It explains how an
electromotive force (emf) can be induced in a conductor by
changing the magnetic field associated with it. This
discovery laid the foundation for the development of
modern electrical technology.
Self induction is a special case of electromagnetic induction
in which the induced emf is produced in the same circuit
due to a change in current flowing through it.
2. AIM OF THE PROJECT
The aim of this investigatory project is to study the
phenomenon of self induction and understand the
relationship between changing current and induced
electromotive force in a coil.
3. OBJECTIVES
The main objectives of this project are:
• To understand the basic principles of electromagnetic
induction
• To explain the concept of self induction in detail
• To study Faraday’s laws and Lenz’s law
• To identify factors affecting self inductance
• To observe self induction experimentally
• To understand real-life applications of self induction
4. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Electromagnetic induction refers to the phenomenon in
which an emf is induced in a conductor when the magnetic
flux linked with it changes. The magnetic flux may change
due to relative motion between the conductor and the
magnetic field or due to variation of current in a nearby
conductor.
This principle is widely used in electric generators,
transformers, induction cooktops, and many other
electrical devices. Without electromagnetic induction,
large-scale production and transmission of electrical
energy would not be possible.
Illustration: Diagram showing change in magnetic flux
through a conducting loop.
5. CONCEPT OF SELF INDUCTION
When current flows through a coil, it produces a magnetic
field around it. If the current changes, the magnetic field
also changes. Due to this change in magnetic flux linked
with the coil, an emf is induced in the same coil.
This induced emf always opposes the change in current
that produces it. Hence, it is also called back emf. Self
induction acts as a resistance to the change of current in
the circuit.
6. FARADAY’S LAWS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
First Law
Whenever the magnetic flux linked with a circuit changes,
an emf is induced in the circuit.
Second Law
The magnitude of induced emf is directly proportional to
the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the circuit.
E ∝ dΦ/dt
7. LENZ’S LAW
Lenz’s law states that the direction of induced emf is such
that it always opposes the cause producing it. This
opposition ensures the conservation of energy in
electromagnetic systems.
8. COEFFICIENT OF SELF INDUCTION
The coefficient of self induction (L) of a coil is defined as
the induced emf produced in the coil when the rate of
change of current is one ampere per second.
E = –L (dI/dt)
The SI unit of self inductance is Henry (H).
9. FACTORS AFFECTING SELF INDUCTANCE
Self inductance of a coil depends on the following factors:
• Number of turns of the coil
• Area of cross-section of the coil
• Length of the coil
• Nature of core material
• Magnetic permeability of the medium
10. MATHEMATICAL THEORY AND DERIVATION
The magnetic flux (Φ) linked with a coil is directly
proportional to the current (I) flowing through it.
Φ∝I
Φ = LI
Differentiating with respect to time:
E = –dΦ/dt = –L (dI/dt)
This equation shows that induced emf depends on the rate
of change of current.
11. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
Apparatus Required
• Solenoid
• Battery
• Plug key
• Rheostat
• Galvanometer
• Connecting wires
12. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
Close the key and observe the deflection in the
galvanometer.
Open the key and again observe the deflection.
Change the rheostat position and repeat the experiment.
Record all observations carefully.
13. OBSERVATIONS
• Momentary deflection is observed when the key is
closed.
• Reverse deflection is observed when the key is opened.
• Faster change in current produces greater deflection.
14. RESULT
It is concluded that a changing current in a coil induces an
emf in the same coil, thus verifying the phenomenon of
self induction.
15. APPLICATIONS OF SELF INDUCTION
Self induction has several important applications in daily
life and technology:
• Choke coils in fluorescent lamps
• Transformers
• Electric motors
• Ignition coils in automobiles
• Inductors in electronic circuits
Illustration: Symbol of inductor used in electrical circuits.
16. PRECAUTIONS AND SOURCES OF ERROR
Precautions
• Ensure all connections are tight
• Use low voltage supply
• Avoid heating of the solenoid
Sources of Error
• Loose connections
• External magnetic interference
• Instrumental limitations
17. CONCLUSION
Self induction is a vital concept in electromagnetism that
explains the opposition to change in current in electrical
circuits. The study of self induction helps in understanding
the working of various electrical and electronic devices
used in modern technology.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• NCERT Physics Textbook – Class XII
• CBSE Physics Laboratory Manual
• Wikipedia – Self Inductance