International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics

Volume 119 No. 12 2018, 5651-5660

ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)
url: [Link]
Special Issue
[Link]

NON-LINEAR OPTICS MATERIAL HARMONIC GENERATION

K.Seevakan1, P.Myvizhi2
Assistant Professor 1 2
Department of Physics, BIST, BIHER, Bharath University, Chennai.
[Link]@[Link]

ABSTRACT:

Nonlinear optics is the study of the interaction of intense electromagnetic fields with

materials to produce modified field that are different from the input field in phase, frequency and

amplitude. Non-linear properties in optical region have been strikingly demonstrated by the

harmonic generation of light observed for the first time by Franken and Coworkers in 1961.

INTRODUCTION-NON-LINEAR OPTICS

Nonlinear optics is the study of the interaction of intense electromagnetic fields with

materials to produce modified field that are different from the input field in phase, frequency and

amplitude. Typically, only laser light is sufficiently intense to modify the optical properties of a

material system[1-5]. In fact, the beginning of the field of nonlinear optics is often taken to be

the discovery of second harmonic generation by Franken et al in 1961, shortly after the

demonstration of the first working of laser by Maiman in 1960. Nonlinear optical phenomena are

“nonlinear” in the sense that they occur when the response of a material system to an applied

optical field depends in nonlinear manner[6-9]. For example, second harmonic generation

occurs as result of the part of the atomic response that depends quadratically on the strength of

the applied optical field[10-15]. Consequently, the intensity of the light generated at the second

harmonic frequency tends to increase as the square of the intensity of the applied laser light.

5651
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

If the refractive index of a crystal is modulated by an alternating field, of frequency

2, then a beam with frequency 1 passing through the crystal will be phase modulated[16-19],

and this phase modulation will give rise to side bands at combination frequencies, such as the

sum frequency and the difference frequency. Thus we can create different frequencies by

modulating the parameters of the crystal[20-25]. This is why these interactions are often called

parametric frequency conversion.

HARMONIC GENERATION

Non-linear properties in optical region have been strikingly demonstrated by the harmonic

generation of light observed for the first time by Franken and Coworkers in 1961. They observed

ultraviolet light at twice the frequency of a ruby laser light ( = 6943 Å), when the light was

made to traverse a quartz crystal[26-31]. A simplest scheme for this experiment is shown in the

Fig.3.1

A Ruby laser beam ( = 6943 Å) with average power of the order of 10 KW was focused

on a quartz slab. The transmitted light was then passed through a filter, which cut off the red

light and allowed UV light to pass through[32-37]. The emerging light was incident on a

photocell and radiation with wave length  = 3471 Å and the power of the order of 1mW were

observed in the transmitted light.

Photocell
1

2
1 2 = 21
Ruly Laser
Filter for UV transmission
Quartzcrystal

Fig. 1 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF HARMONIC GENERATION EXPERIMENT

5652
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

A dielectric medium when placed in an electric field is polarized, if the medium does not

have a transition at the frequency of the field[38-41]. Each constituent molecule acts as a dipole,

with a dipole moment Pi . The dipole moment vector per unit volume P is given by

P   Pi ....(1)
i

Where the summation is over the dipoles in the unit volume. The orienting effect of the

external field on the molecular dipoles depends both on the properties of the medium and on the

field strength. Thus we can write[42-46],

P =  o E ...(2)

Where  is called the linear polarizability of dielectric susceptibility of the medium, o is

the permittivity of free space.

This relation is valid for the field strength of conventional sources. The quantity  is a

constant only in these sense of being independent of E, its magnitude is a function of the

frequency. Thus we can write.

P = o (1 E1 + 2 E2 + 3 E3..................) ... (3)

Where 1 is the same as in equation (2). The coefficient 2, 3 defines the second

and third order nonlinearity and are known as nonlinear susceptibilities, if the field is low, as it is

in the case of ordinary light sources[47-50], only the first term of the above equation can be

retained. It is for this reason that the pre-laser optic is known as linear optic. Higher the value of

the electric field, the higher order terms become more significant. It may be noted that optical

characteristics of a medium, such as dielectric permittivity, refractive index etc., expand upon

5653
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

susceptibility. They also become functions of the field strength E if it is sufficiently high.

Suppose now that the field incient on a medium has the form,

E = Eocost ...(4)

Substituting in equation(3)

P = o1Eocost + o2 Eo2 cos2t + o3 Eo3 cos3t ...(5)

Using trigonometric relations

Cos2 = 1 + cos2 / 2 ; cos3 = cos3  + 3cos / 4 ...(6)

We can trans form equations(5)to the form

P = ½ o2 Eo2+ o (1 + ¾ 3 Eo2) Eocost + ½ o2 Eo2 cos2t + ¼ 3 Eo3 cos3t + ... ...(7)

The first term is a constant term. The second follows the external polarization and is

called the first or fundamental harmonic of polarization. The third oscillates with the frequency

2 and is called the second harmonic polarization. The fourth is called the third harmonic

polarization and so on.

SECOND HARMONIC GENERATION

A polarization oscillating at frequency 2 radiates an electromagnetic wave of the

same frequency, which propagates with the same velocity as that of the incident wave. The

wave, thus, produced, as the as the same characteristics of directionality and monochromaticity

as the incident wave and is emitted in the same direction. This phenomenon is known as the

second harmonic generation.

In most crystalline materials, the nonlinear polarizability2 depends on the direction of

propagation, polarization of the electric field and the orientation of the optic axis of the crystal.

Since in such crystalline materials the vectors P and E are not necessarily parallel the co-

5654
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

efficient  must be treated as tensors the second order polarization, therefore, may be respected

by the relation of the type

Pi2 = o2ijkEjEk ...(8)

Where i,j,k, represent the coordinated X,Y,Z most of the co-efficient ijk however, are

ususlly zero and we have to deal only with one or two compounds. Second harmonic generation

occurs only in certain type of crystals. For such materials

P = o1 E + o2 E2 + ... ...(9)

and the medium is said to have second order nonlinearity.

THIRD HARMONIC GENERATION

In case of Centrosymmetic materials, the expression (3) will lack terms in even powers

of E and it will reduce to

P = o1 E + o 3E3 + ... ...(10)

or in vector notation.

P = o1 E + o 3E2 .E + ... ...(11)

for simplicity we have used P and E as scalar quantities.

Third harmonic generation (TGH) is therefore, possible in crystals that exhibit inversion

symmetry. The development of Q- Switched lasers had made it possible to generate third

harmonic in crystals. However, the energy conversion efficiency in such cases is very low.

CONCLUSION:

5655
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

A polarization oscillating at frequency 2 radiates an electromagnetic wave of the

same frequency, which propagates with the same velocity as that of the incident [Link]

harmonic generation (TGH) is therefore, possible in crystals that exhibit inversion symmetry.

The development of Q- Switched lasers had made it possible to generate third harmonic in

crystals. However, the energy conversion efficiency in such cases is very low.

REFERENCES

References

1. R. N. Singh, Madhu, R. Awasthi, S. K. Tiwari, Int. J. Hydrogen energy. 34, 4693

(2009).
2. S. D. M. Jacques, O. Leynaud, D. Strusevich, A. M. Beale, G. Sankar, C. M. Martin,
P. Barnes, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45, 445 (2006).
3. W. X. Kuang, Y. N. Fan, Y. Chen, Langmuir, 16, 5205 (2000).
4. A. W. Sleight, B. L. Chamberland, Inorg. Chem. 7, 1672 (1968).
5. U. Kersen, L. Holappa, Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Process. 85, 431 (2006).
6. Ramamoorthy, R., Kanagasabai, V., Kausalya, R., Impact of celebrities' image on
brand, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-18 Special
Issue, PP-251-253, 2017
7. Ramamoorthy, R., Kanagasabai, V., Vignesh, M., Quality assurance in operation
theatre withreference to fortis malar hospital, International Journal of Pure and
Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-14 Special Issue, PP-87-93, 2017
8. Ramya, N., Arthy, J., Honey comb graphs and its energy, International Journal of Pure
and Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-18 Special Issue, PP-83-86, 2017
9. Ramya, N., Jagadeeswari, P., Proper coloring of regular graphs, International Journal
of Pure and Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-16 Special Issue, PP-531-533, 2017
10. Ramya, N., Karunagaran, K., Proper, star and acyclic coloring of some graphs,
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-16 Special Issue, PP-
43-44, 2017
11. Ramya, N., Muthukumar, M., On coloring of 4-regular graphs, International Journal of
Pure and Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-16 Special Issue, PP-491-494, 2017
12. Ramya, N., Muthukumar, M., On star and acyclic coloring of graphs, International
Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-16 Special Issue, PP-467-469,
2017

5656
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

13. Ramya, N., Pavi, J., Coloring of book and gear graphs, International Journal of Pure
and Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-17 Special Issue, PP-401-402, 2017
14. Ramya, P., Hameed Hussain, J., Alteration framework for integrating quality of
service in internet real-time network, International Journal of Pure and Applied
Mathematics, V-116, I-8 Special Issue, PP-57-61, 2017
15. Ramya, P., Sriram, M., Tweet sarcasm: Peep, International Journal of Pure and
Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-10 Special Issue, PP-231-235, 2017
16. Sabarish, R., Meenakshi, C.M., Comparision of beryllium and CI connecting rod using
ansys, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-17 Special
Issue, PP-127-132, 2017
17. Sabarish, R., Rakesh, N.L., Outcome of inserts for enhancing the heat exchangers,
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-17 Special Issue, PP-
419-422, 2017
18. Sangeetha, M., Gokul, N., Aruls, S., Estimator for control logic in high level synthesis,
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-20 Special Issue, PP-
425-428, 2017
19. Sangeetha, M., Gokul, N., Aruls, S., Image steganography using a curvelet
transformation, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-20
Special Issue, PP-417-422, 2017
20. Saraswathi, P., Srinivasan, V., Peter, M., Research on financial supply chain from
view of stability, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-17
Special Issue, PP-211-213, 2017
21. Saravana Kumar, A., Hameed Hussain, J., Expanding the pass percentage in semester
examination, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-15
Special Issue, PP-45-48, 2017
22. Saravana, S., Arulselvi, S., AdaBoost SVM based brain tumour image segmentation
and classification, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-20
Special Issue, PP-399-403, 2017
23. Saravana, S., Arulselvi, S., Dynamic power management monitoring and controlling
system using wireless sensor network, International Journal of Pure and Applied
Mathematics, V-116, I-20 Special Issue, PP-405-408, 2017
24. Saravana, S., Arulselvi, S., Clustered morphic algorithm based medical image
analysis, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-20 Special
Issue, PP-411-415, 2017
25. Saravana, S., Arulselvi, S., Networks, International Journal of Pure and Applied
Mathematics, V-116, I-20 Special Issue, PP-393-396, 2017
26. Saritha, B., Chockalingam, M.P., Adsorptive removal of heavy metal chromium from
aqueous medium using modified natural adsorbent, International Journal of Civil
Engineering and Technology, V-8, I-8, PP-1382-1387, 2017
27. Saritha, B., Chockalingam, M.P., Adsorptive removal of brilliant green dye by
modified coconut shell adsorbent, International Journal of Pure and Applied
Mathematics, V-116, I-13 Special Issue, PP-211-215, 2017

5657
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

28. Saritha, B., Chockalingam, M.P., Photodegradation of eriochrome black-T dye from
aqueous medium by photocatalysis, International Journal of Pure and Applied
Mathematics, V-116, I-13 Special Issue, PP-183-187, 2017
29. Saritha, B., Chockalingam, M.P., Photodradation of malachite green DYE using
TIO<inf>2</inf>/activated carbon composite, International Journal of Civil
Engineering and Technology, V-8, I-8, PP-156-163, 2017
30. Saritha, B., Chockalingam, M.P., Synthesis of photocatalytic composite Fe-C/TiO2 for
degradation of malachite green dye from aqueous medium, International Journal of
Pure and Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-13 Special Issue, PP-177-181, 2017
31. Saritha, B., Chockalingam, M.P., Removal of heavy X`X`l from aqueous medium
using modified natural adsorbent, International Journal of Pure and Applied
Mathematics, V-116, I-13 Special Issue, PP-205-210, 2017
32. Saritha, B., Chockalingam, M.P., Degradation of malachite green dye using a
semiconductor composite, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, V-
116, I-13 Special Issue, PP-195-199, 2017
33. Sartiha, B., Chockalingam, M.P., Photocatalytic
decolourisationoftextileindustrywastewaterby TiO2, International Journal of Pure and
Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-18 Special Issue, PP-221-224, 2017
34. Sartiha, B., Chockalingam, M.P., Study on photocatalytic degradation of Crystal
Violet dye using a semiconductor, International Journal of Pure and Applied
Mathematics, V-116, I-18 Special Issue, PP-209-212, 2017
35. Shanthi, E., Nalini, C., Rama, A., The effect of highly-available epistemologies on
hardware and architecture, International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, V-8, I-
3, PP-17082-17086, 2016
36. Shanthi, E., Nalini, C., Rama, A., Drith: Autonomous,random communication,
International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, V-8, I-3, PP-17002-17006, 2016
37. Shanthi, E., Nalini, C., Rama, A., A case for replication, International Journal of
Pharmacy and Technology, V-8, I-3, PP-17234-17238, 2016
38. Shanthi, E., Nalini, C., Rama, A., Elve: A methodology for the emulation of robots,
International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, V-8, I-3, PP-17182-17187, 2016
39. Shanthi, E., Nalini, C., Rama, A., Autonomous epistemologies for 802.11 mesh
networks, International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, V-8, I-3, PP-17087-
17093, 2016
40. Sharavanan, R., Golden Renjith, R.J., Design and analysis of fuel flow in bend pipes,
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-15 Special Issue, PP-
59-64, 2017
41. Sharavanan, R., Jose Ananth Vino, V., Emission analysis of C.I engine run by
diesel,sunflower oil,2 ethyl hexyl nitrate blends, International Journal of Pure and
Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-14 Special Issue, PP-403-408, 2017
42. Sharavanan, R., Sabarish, R., Design of built-in hydraulic jack for light motor
vehicles, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-17 Special
Issue, PP-457-460, 2017

5658
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

43. Sharavanan, R., Sabarish, R., Design and fabrication of aqua silencer using charcoal
and lime stone, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-14
Special Issue, PP-513-516, 2017
44. Sharmila, G., Thooyamani, K.P., Kausalya, R., A schoolwork on customer relationship
management with special reference to domain 2 host, International Journal of Pure and
Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-20 Special Issue, PP-199-203, 2017
45. Sharmila, S., Jeyanthi Rebecca, L., Anbuselvi, S., Kowsalya, E., Kripanand, N.R.,
Tanty, D.S., Choudhary, P., SwathyPriya, L., GC-MS analysis of biofuel extracted
from marine algae, Der Pharmacia Lettre, V-8, I-3, PP-204-214, 2016
46. Sidharth Raj, R.S., Sangeetha, M., Data embedding method using adaptive pixel pair
matching method, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-15
Special Issue, PP-417-421, 2017
47. Sidharth Raj, R.S., Sangeetha, M., Android based industrial fault monitoring,
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-15 Special Issue, PP-
423-427, 2017
48. Sidharth Raj, R.S., Sangeetha, M., Mobile robot system control through an brain
computer interface, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-
15 Special Issue, PP-413-415, 2017
49. Sivaraman, K., Sundarraj, B., Decisive lesion detection in digital fundus image,
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-10 Special Issue, PP-
161-164, 2017
50. Sridhar, J., Sriram, M., Cloud privacy preserving for dynamic groups, International
Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-8 Special Issue, PP-117-120, 2017

5659
5660