Module

Turn to Section 1 - Module 1 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this module.

The questions in this section address a number of important reading and writing skills. Each question
includes one or more passages, which may include a table or graph. Read each passage and question
carefully, and then choose the best answer to the question based on the passage(s).
All questions in this section are multiple-choice with four answer choices. Each question has a
single best answer.

1 3
The following text is from Mark Twain’s 1876 novel The financial situation of playwrights in Elizabethan
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Tom, a child, has theater was often ______, but being as commercially
been told by his aunt to paint their house’s fence. successful as he was early in his career likely granted
Tom appeared on the sidewalk with a bucket of William Shakespeare security that contributed to his
whitewash and a long-handled brush. He ability to later create Hamlet, Antony and Cleopatra,
surveyed the fence, and all gladness left him and a and other works still revered today.
deep melancholy settled down upon his spirit. Which choice completes the text with the most
Thirty yards of board fence nine feet high. logical and precise word or phrase?
As used in the text, what does the word “surveyed” A) predictable
most nearly mean? B) justifiable
A) Organized C) indecipherable
B) Adjusted D) precarious
C) Examined
4
D) Complimented
The ______ of horse populations across Eurasia
2 today reflects the competitive advantages of the
The Apollo Moon landings (1969–1972) brought highly mobile DOM2 breed that emerged through
solar wind sensors and mirrors to measure the domestication and selective breeding in the 3rd
distance from Earth to the Moon and produced large millennium BCE. DOM2 spread quickly and
amounts of data, much of which was stored on extensively, completely supplanting other horse
technologies that are now obsolete. A data-transfer breeds in places like Zambujal, Portugal, and Kittsee,
project is working to ______ these data so that the Austria, by the end of the 2nd millennium BCE.
information is available to researcher Tom Murphy, Which choice completes the text with the most
who is investigating drift in the orbit of the Moon. logical and precise word or phrase?
Which choice completes the text with the most A) variability
logical and precise word or phrase? B) ubiquity
A) simplify C) homogeneity
B) salvage D) profusion
C) amend
D) improve

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5 7
Microhistories tackle “big questions” about broad To capitalize on famous authors’ popularity,
phenomena via narrow subjects. The questions they publishers may release works these authors wrote at a
ask are often ______. Distinct strains of microhistory young age. But only a serious fan would purchase the
emerged at different times in France, Russia, and adolescent writings of George Eliot, such as her novel
elsewhere, for example, and while microhistories of Edward Neville written when she was 14. It’s true that
the 1980s reflected the era’s interest in women’s some notable novels were written by young authors:
history, the “global turn” in recent historiography Christopher Paolini published Eragon when he was
sparked a wave of globally contextualized 19. But most works written in youth by even very
microhistories. talented writers are not especially compelling or
Which choice completes the text with the most worth attention.
logical and precise word or phrase? Which choice best describes the function of the
A) peripheral to the practitioner’s discipline underlined portion in the text as a whole?
B) indicative of the practitioner’s ingenuity A) It compares the childhood writings of
C) controversial within the practitioner’s specialty contemporary authors with those of prominent
D) contingent on the practitioner’s milieu nineteenth-century authors discussed earlier in
the text.
6 B) It concedes that some works by young authors
In vascular plants, leaf veins are crucial for such may be more popular than the quality of their
functions as carbohydrate transport and gas content justifies.
exchange. Emerging approximately 340 million years C) It acknowledges that there are exceptions to the
ago (MYA) during the Carboniferous Period, the first claim made in the text about works created at a
vascular plants had relatively simple branched vein young age.
structures, but beginning around 320 MYA, D) It presents a generalization about the writings of
reticulate (netlike) venation evolved multiple times in Christopher Paolini that is expanded on later in
different lineages despite greater associated energy the text.
costs. Since reticulation is linked to increased
robustness against ecological stressors, one
hypothesis posits that the relatively CO2-depleted
atmosphere of the Carboniferous may explain this
trait’s evolution.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the
text?
A) To introduce a hypothesis about the emergence of
leaf vasculature in Carboniferous plants and
summarize experimental evidence that
substantiates the hypothesis
B) To outline a scientific debate about the timing of
various adaptations found in vascular-plant
lineages and evaluate the merits of these
competing interpretations
C) To compare the different functions served by two
types of venation patterns found in Carboniferous
vascular plants and explain why vascular plants
are now more common than nonvascular plants
are
D) To provide an overview of the evolutionary
history of a particular adaptation found in some
leaf venation structures and identify a potential
driver of this adaptation

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8 9
The fecal-steroidal profile of mule deer is clearly The following text is from Angeline Boulley’s 2021
distinct from those of other ungulates. By contrast, novel Firekeeper’s Daughter. The narrator is an
bison dung cannot be distinguished from elk dung Ojibwe teenager who runs in the morning before
based solely on their fecal-steroidal profiles, as both going to school. Levi is her younger brother.
contain similar levels of cholestanone and My brother complains about my lengthy warm-
stigmatanol, among other sterols. The relative levels up routine whenever he runs with me. I keep
of fecal zoostanols (steroids with animal origins), telling Levi that my longer, bigger, and therefore
such as epi-coprostanol and 24-ethyl-epi- vastly superior muscles require more intensive
coprostanol, in layers of lake bed sediments at preparation for peak performance. The real
Buffalo Ford Lake in Yellowstone National Park reason, which he would think is dorky, is that I
show that bison, elk, or both have been the dominant recite the correct anatomical name for each
ungulate species in the lake’s watershed for at least muscle as I stretch.
the last 2,000 years.
©2021 by Angeline Boulley
Which choice best describes the function of the
What is the main topic of the text?
underlined portion in the text as a whole?
A) The narrator’s feelings about moving to a new
A) It provides information that explains why the
town
data from Buffalo Ford Lake allow for multiple
B) The narrator’s warm-up routine before running
possibilities regarding the dominant ungulate
C) The job that the narrator’s brother wishes to have
species in the watershed.
in the future
B) It offers context that helps account for the finding
D) A high school teacher who encourages the
that the dominant ungulate species in the Buffalo
narrator
Ford Lake watershed have been largely
unchanged for at least 2,000 years.
C) It describes an assumption about two types of
ungulates’ fecal-steroidal profiles that the
research on Buffalo Ford Lake sediment calls into
question.
D) It presents an observation that supports an
argument about why the dominant ungulate
species in the Buffalo Ford Lake watershed shifted
over the course of the last 2,000 years.

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10 11
Mushrooms, including Amanita muscaria and species It may seem that works of art are best experienced in
from the genus Hortibolettus, are known to use the person. However, in an online collection from the
process of evapotranspiration to maintain internal Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, in Boston,
temperatures below ambient temperatures. This Massachusetts, people can zoom in on a high-quality
hypothermic behavior is enhanced by the many thin image of the painting Dos Mujeres (Salvadora y
gills (lamellae) on the fungi’s caps, with substantial Herminia) by Frida Kahlo. A student argues that
surface area contributing to capacity for evaporation. viewers usually can’t examine works of art in a
Examining fungal thermoregulation mechanisms, museum as carefully as they can examine works in
Radames Cordéro et al. determined that molds and online collections.
yeasts also engage in evaporative cooling to facilitate Which statement, if true, would most directly
hypothermia and suggest that, lacking features support the underlined argument?
analogous to lamellae, these unicellular fungi
A) Most museums have signs that provide basic
aggregate into colonies to derive the benefit of
information about the works of art on display.
greater surface area.
B) Museums don’t always put works by different
Which choice best states the main idea of the text? artists together in one room.
A) Despite significant differences in their biological C) Many museums have started adding images of
structures, mushrooms, molds, and yeasts have works from their collections to their websites.
been observed to utilize the same D) Most museums don’t allow visitors to get very
thermoregulation process to achieve a particular close to the works of art on display.
effect.
B) Although a certain thermoregulation process has 12
been observed in colonies of unicellular fungi, it The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is a 1900 novel by L.
has yet to be observed at the individual organism Frank Baum. In the novel, Dorothy, who is from
level. Kansas, finds herself in an unfamiliar place called Oz.
C) A recent analysis of specimens of Amanita Kansas is presented as being less appealing than Oz,
muscaria and species from the genus Hortibolettus as is clear when ______.
substantiated the findings of earlier studies of
Which quotation from The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
thermoregulation mechanisms in several types of
most effectively illustrates the claim?
fungi.
D) A study of a fungal thermoregulation mechanism A) a character says to others, “But it will take more
determined that it is used more efficiently by than imagination to carry Dorothy back to
molds and yeasts than by mushrooms and other Kansas, and I’m sure I don’t know how it can be
multicellular fungi due to variances in colony done.”
size. B) a character says to Dorothy, “I cannot understand
why you should wish to leave this beautiful
country and go back to the dry, gray place you
call Kansas.”
C) the narrator states, “They walked along listening
to the singing of the brightly colored birds and
looking at the lovely flowers which now became
so thick that the ground was carpeted with them.”
D) the narrator states, “[Dorothy] lay down at once,
and with Toto beside her soon fell into a sound
sleep.”

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13
Minimum and Maximum Depths of Stony Coral Species in Caribbean and
Indo-Pacific Waters
Minimum depth Maximum depth
Species Location
(meters) (meters)
Agaricia fragilis Caribbean 10 102
Isophyllia rigida Caribbean 3 20
Acropora papillare Indo-Pacific 1 5
Indophyllia
Indo-Pacific 20 25
macassarensis
A marine biologist is researching four stony coral
species in Caribbean and Indo-Pacific waters,
focusing on sightings of these species in the shallow
zone (less than 30 meters below the surface) and the
mesophotic zone (30 to 150 meters below the
surface). Consulting the table, she notes that the
smallest maximum depth is located in ______.
Which choice most effectively uses data from the
table to complete the statement?
A) Caribbean waters in the shallow zone.
B) Indo-Pacific waters in the mesophotic zone.
C) Indo-Pacific waters in the shallow zone.
D) Caribbean waters in the mesophotic zone.

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14
Four European High-Speed Rail Hubs
Hub Country Hub type
distributed services
Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe Germany
(urban periphery)
León Spain existing hub (urban)
Madrid Puerta de
Spain multihub (urban)
Atocha
Reggio Emilia AV distributed services
Italy
Mediopadana (urban periphery)
Installing a new high-speed rail (HSR) hub in an area
has the potential to boost residential development
nearby, though the amount and type of development
vary considerably by location. This potential is
greatest when HSR hubs are established in areas far
away from city centers, as these locations tend to
have more available land for redevelopment into
residential areas.
Which statement is best supported by information
from the text and table?
A) The area around León has greater potential for
residential development than the area around
Madrid Puerta de Atocha does.
B) The area around Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe has
greater potential for residential development than
the area around Reggio Emilia AV Mediopadana
does.
C) The area around León has greater potential for
residential development than the area around
Reggio Emilia AV Mediopadana does.
D) The area around Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe has
greater potential for residential development than
the area around León does.

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15 16
Vancouver, Canada, has installed shoreline- Keanna and Amadeus are professional dancers and
hardening structures—mainly breakwalls—along were instructors at Culture Shock Dance Troupe in
75% of its shoreline to protect infrastructure from ______ this dance academy, instructors guide
sea-level rise and other hazards. To evaluate the aspiring young dancers through both basic and
responses of waterbirds at sites in the Chesapeake advanced hip-hop dance techniques.
Bay on the US East Coast to shoreline hardening and Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
other landscape alterations, Diann Prosser et al. to the conventions of Standard English?
surveyed waterbird communities consisting of sixty-
A) Las Vegas. At
four species, including the wood duck and the
B) Las Vegas, at
mallard. Utilizing the Index of Waterbird
C) Las Vegas at
Community Integrity (IWCI), on which a low score
D) Las Vegas? At
corresponds to low community integrity, the
researchers concluded that shoreline hardening more
17
negatively affects waterbirds than does land
development for uses such as housing or agriculture. Museo del Deporte de Puerto Rico, a sports museum
in Guaynabo, Puerto Rico, is one of more than eighty
Which finding, if true, would most directly challenge
museums in the US territory. Puerto Rico’s museums
the researchers’ conclusion?
______ everything from the territory’s sports to its
A) Waterbird communities at Margothy, a site with a architecture to its coffee.
relatively low percentage of developed land and a
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
relatively high percentage of hardened shoreline,
to the conventions of Standard English?
had lower average IWCI scores than did
waterbird communities at Back River, a site with A) showcase
a higher percentage of developed land and a lower B) is showcasing
percentage of hardened shoreline. C) showcases
B) Waterbird communities at Stony and Curtis, two D) has showcased
sites with relatively high percentages of developed
18
land and hardened shoreline, had similar IWCI
scores, whereas waterbird communities at Ware Since 1948, U.S. News & World Report has produced
and Honga, two sites with relatively low data-driven reports on various aspects of culture and
percentages of developed land and hardened society, including an annual ranking of the best jobs
shoreline, had widely differing IWCI scores. in the United States. In January 2021, the publication,
C) Waterbird communities at Old Road, a site with a using such metrics as median salary and work-life
relatively high percentage of developed land and balance, ______ that dental hygienists had the thirty-
hardened shoreline, had lower average IWCI second best job in the country.
scores than did waterbird communities at Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
Onancock, a site with a relatively low percentage to the conventions of Standard English?
of developed land and hardened shoreline.
A) has concluded
D) Waterbird communities at Mill, a site with a
B) concludes
relatively low percentage of developed land and a
C) is concluding
relatively high percentage of hardened shoreline,
D) concluded
had higher average IWCI scores than did
waterbird communities at Langford, a site with a
higher percentage of developed land and a lower
percentage of hardened shoreline.

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19 22
Fulfilling their myriad duties with grace and Generally, sleek vehicles are more aerodynamic than
goodwill, ______ in 2019. bulkier ones. The streamlined nose of the Cessna 310
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms jet, ______ helps it glide through wind with relative
to the conventions of Standard English? ease, while a boxy pickup truck encounters more
wind resistance, making it less aerodynamic.
A) flights at Sacramento International Airport were
boarded by a total of 6,454,329 departing Which choice completes the text with the most
passengers logical transition?
B) Sacramento International Airport saw a total of A) additionally,
6,454,329 departing passengers boarded by B) however,
employees C) meanwhile,
C) employees at Sacramento International Airport D) for example,
boarded a total of 6,454,329 departing passengers
D) a total of 6,454,329 departing passengers were 23
boarded by employees at Sacramento While researching a topic, a student has taken the
International Airport following notes:

20  The Great Salt Lake in Utah is one of the

world’s saltiest bodies of water.
Initially titled Sister Maggie, George Eliot’s novel  The northern portion of the lake has a higher
about a young girl named Maggie Tulliver was concentration of salt than the southern
ultimately published as The Mill on the Floss in portion.
______ the novel’s setting and social context, the new  Green algae called Dunaliella viridis live in the
title reflected the evolution of Eliot’s original vision southern portion.
for the story over the course of the writing process.  Bacteria called Bacillus live in the southern
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms portion.
to the conventions of Standard English? The student wants to emphasize a difference between
A) 1860 emphasizing Dunaliella viridis and Bacillus. Which choice most
B) 1860, emphasizing effectively uses relevant information from the notes
C) 1860, which emphasized to accomplish this goal?
D) 1860; emphasizing A) The northern portion of the Great Salt Lake has a
higher concentration of salt than does the
21
southern portion.
Forms of musical borrowing have been utilized in B) Dunaliella viridis and Bacillus both live in the
compositional techniques throughout Western music Great Salt Lake’s southern portion.
history, with creators from medieval monks to C) Dunaliella viridis are green algae that live in the
modern DJs incorporating existing material into new southern portion of the Great Salt Lake.
works. These widespread ______ the use of folk D) Dunaliella viridis and Bacillus are different types
melodies in classical symphonies, the adaptation of of organisms: Dunaliella viridis are green algae,
popular songs in jazz arrangements, and the whereas Bacillus are bacteria.
sampling of recorded tracks in contemporary mash-
ups, attest to the enduring appeal of innovating on
existing artistic traditions.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
to the conventions of Standard English?
A) practices include
B) practices included
C) practices have included
D) practices, including

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24 25
While researching a topic, a student has taken the While researching a topic, a student has taken the
following notes: following notes:
 Epazoyucan is a municipality in the state of  Lighthouses send out crucial light signals to
Hidalgo, Mexico. help ships and other watercraft navigate at
 It had a population of 16,285 in 2020. night.
 Tecozautla is a municipality in Hidalgo.  Before automation, lighthouses were run by
 It had a population of 38,010 in 2020. lighthouse keepers.
 Municipalities are governmental regions  Elizabeth Lusby was the lighthouse keeper at
responsible for providing many public services Turkey Point Light in Maryland.
to their residents.  She held this position from 1844 to 1862.
 Hidalgo is divided into 84 municipalities.  Fannie May Salter was the lighthouse keeper
The student wants to emphasize a similarity between at Turkey Point Light in Maryland.
Epazoyucan and Tecozautla. Which choice most  She held this position from 1925 to 1947.
effectively uses relevant information from the notes The student wants to emphasize a difference between
to accomplish this goal? the two lighthouse keepers. Which choice most
A) Both Epazoyucan and Tecozautla are effectively uses relevant information from the notes
municipalities in Hidalgo, Mexico. to accomplish this goal?
B) As a municipality of Hidalgo, Tecozautla is A) Elizabeth Lusby and Fannie May Salter both
responsible for providing many public services. played crucial roles in ensuring safe navigation
C) Epazoyucan is one of 84 governmental regions, for watercraft in past centuries.
known as municipalities, in Hidalgo, Mexico. B) From 1844 to 1862, the nighttime waters of
A) As of 2020, Epazoyucan was not as populous as Maryland were made more navigable thanks to
Tecozautla. Elizabeth Lusby.
C) As the lighthouse keeper at Turkey Point Light,
Fannie May Salter helped watercraft navigate at
night.
Elizabeth Lusby worked as a lighthouse keeper in
an earlier century than did Fannie May Salter.

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26 27
While researching a topic, a student has taken the While researching a topic, a student has taken the
following notes: following notes:
 The poem “haiku woman (La mujer de los  Bird Spirit is a 1981 black-and-white linocut
ojos)” is by African American writer Sonia print by Inuit artist Kootoo Munno.
Sanchez.  It depicts a tranquil, everyday scene (a pair of
 It was published in her 2010 poetry book long-necked birds).
entitled Morning Haiku.  ¡Sera toda nuestra! (“It will all be ours!”) is a
 The poem is written as a sequence of four 1977 color linocut print by Mexican American
haiku. artist Carlos Cortéz.
 According to the book’s publisher, Penguin  It features a scene with an explicitly political
Random House (PRH), the book “celebrates point of view (a group of laborers preparing to
the gifts of life and mourns the deaths of go on strike).
revered African American figures.”  Relief printing is a technique in which an
 According to Sanchez, she chose to write in image is carved onto a printing block, covered
the form of haiku because it helps “maintain in ink or paint, and stamped onto paper.
memory and dignity.”  Lino cutting is a type of relief printing that
The student wants to describe the format of “haiku uses linoleum tile as the printing block.
woman (La mujer de los ojos).” Which choice most The student wants to contrast the subject matter of
effectively uses relevant information from the notes the two prints. Which choice most effectively uses
to accomplish this goal? relevant information from the notes to accomplish
A) The poem “haiku woman (La mujer de los ojos)” this goal?
was published in the 2010 book Morning Haiku, A) Cortéz made ¡Sera toda nuestra! (“It will all be
which “celebrates the gifts of life and mourns the ours!”) in 1977, while Munno made Bird Spirit
deaths of revered African American figures.” later, in 1981.
B) The poems in Morning Haiku (2010) are each B) The scenes depicted in both works were first
written as a sequence of haiku. carved onto a printing block, then stamped onto
C) Sanchez chose the form used in the poem “haiku paper; however, one work is a linocut, while the
woman (La mujer de los ojos)” because it helps other is a relief print.
“maintain memory and dignity.” C) The print by Cortéz is a color linocut; by contrast,
D) The poem “haiku woman (La mujer de los ojos)” Munno’s is a relief print.
is written as a sequence of four haiku. D) Cortéz’s print expresses an explicitly political
point of view, while Munno’s depicts a tranquil,
everyday scene.

If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this module only.
Do not turn to any other module in the test.

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 Module

Turn to Section 1 - Module 2 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this module.

The questions in this section address a number of important reading and writing skills. Each question
includes one or more passages, which may include a table or graph. Read each passage and question
carefully, and then choose the best answer to the question based on the passage(s).
All questions in this section are multiple-choice with four answer choices. Each question has a
single best answer.

1 3
Several scholars of children’s literature recently Trellick Tower and other Brutalist buildings are
______ to discuss the work of Patricia C. McKissack, divisive, perhaps in part because they seem ______
author of such lauded books as The Dark-Thirty: their surroundings. Urban geographer Oli Mould
Southern Tales of the Supernatural. Once together, argues that most modern architecture is self-effacing,
they talked about her style, influences, and themes. but Brutalist structures strive for monumentality—
Which choice completes the text with the most they call attention to their own physical massiveness
logical and precise word or phrase? and can thus seem out of proportion with other
buildings in the vicinity.
A) convened
B) stipulated Which choice completes the text with the most
C) cited logical and precise word or phrase?
D) ascribed A) deferential to
B) inextricable from
2 C) germane to
Though Vasily Grossman’s novel Stalingrad is not as D) incommensurate with
beloved as his later work Everything Flows, some
4
critics commend it despite its mangling by Soviet
censors: Gary Saul Morson in The New York Review ______ the claim that the increase in patents in
of Books called it “remarkably bold.” Several draft recent decades signifies a rise in technological
versions have been ______, and translators consulted innovation, Yuen Yuen Ang et al. show that truly
those drafts when working on what they hoped novel patents—those, like a 2014 patent for a system
would be a definitive English edition. of satellite-linked deep-sea buoys, that combine
Which choice completes the text with the most previously unaffiliated technological domains—have
logical and precise word or phrase? been vastly outnumbered by nonnovel patents (e.g., a
2009 patent for a method of frying seeds).
A) debunked
B) preserved Which choice completes the text with the most
C) assigned logical and precise word or phrase?
D) hypothesized A) Typifying
B) Recapitulating
C) Tempering
D) Promulgating

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5 6
Land art, or earth art, is characterized by its large Text 1
scale and the fact that it’s often placed in remote or Agriculture and other human activities are
surprising locations. Land art is also notable for the significant sources of atmospheric methane (CH4),
wildly diverse ways in which it is created: Nancy but, as Anuradha Verma and colleagues have shown,
Holt’s Sun Tunnels, for instance, was created by so too are naturally occurring emissions, such as
placing four tubes made of concrete in a Utah desert those from coastal lagoons. This biogenic CH4 is
to form an X and frame the sun, whereas for Circular challenging to monitor given natural sources’
Surface Planar Displacement Drawing, Michael Heizer variability and spatial diffusion, but one promising
made lines in a desert lake bed by driving a approach is to use CH4 flux data from extant
motorcycle in certain patterns. monitoring infrastructure as proxies for CH4 fluxes
Which choice best describes the overall structure of in unmonitored areas.
the text? Text 2
A) The text compares two works of art, then Sparkle Malone and colleagues examined the United
provides details about the lives of the artists who States’ network of eddy covariance (EC) towers—the
created them. equipment used to track CH4 fluxes—to evaluate the
B) The text conveys a definition of a kind of art, then utility of network data for quantifying biogenic CH 4.
addresses a well-established criticism of the art. Malone et al. found that EC towers are
C) The text outlines a common misconception about disproportionately concentrated in areas where
a kind of art, then offers an explanation for why biogenic CH4 emissions are known to be elevated, a
that misconception persists. pattern that seriously compromises the
D) The text describes a particular genre of art, then representativeness of network data.
cites examples illustrating an important Based on the texts, Malone et al. (Text 2) would most
characteristic of that genre. likely agree with which statement about the
“approach” described in Text 1?
A) It details evidence that contradicts a claim
mentioned earlier in the text about a long-
standing disagreement within a group of artists.
B) It considers and rebuts an interpretation of the
effect of a painting technique mentioned earlier in
the text on the perception of work by a group of
artists.
C) It establishes a contrast between the aesthetic
qualities of works by artists who were central to a
movement introduced earlier in the text and
those of an artist who was more peripheral to that
movement.
D) It explains how an artist mentioned earlier in the
text developed a distinctive style by adapting a
particular approach to painting originated by his
colleagues.

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7 8
Economist Gabriel Zucman finds that 8% of Average Total Agricultural
worldwide household wealth is held in tax havens Export Growth Rate, Five Years
(territories such as Singapore with low tax rates for Pre- and Post-FTA with the United States
investors who reside outside those territories). 20
Zucman also finds that use of tax havens differs
between countries—they are rarely used by investors 15

Growth rate (%)

living in Scandinavian countries, while many
10
investors who utilize tax havens reside in Saudi
Arabia or Venezuela. Ethicist Ingrid Robeyns 5
disapproves of the use of tax havens as a method of
tax avoidance that, though legally permissible, 0
nonetheless helps investors to sidestep payment
toward government upkeep. -5
Pre-FTA Post-FTA
Based on the text, what does Zucman’s research
Export growth
suggest about investors residing in Scandinavian
countries? Costa Rica (CAFTA-DR)
Mexico (NAFTA)
A) They are more likely than residents of Singapore
to utilize investment strategies that might yield Morocco (MAFTA)
greater returns but that might also result in To measure whether countries in free trade
greater losses. agreements (FTAs)—agreements among nations to
B) They are less likely than investors residing in reduce tariffs, duties, and other trade barriers—
Saudi Arabia to store wealth in Singapore. experience changes in total agricultural exports,
C) They are more likely than residents of Venezuela economist Kayode Ajewole and colleagues calculated
to engage in tax avoidance. average export growth rates for several countries over
D) They are engaging in investment practices that the five years before and the five years after entering
Robeyns would acknowledge as beneficial because an FTA with the United States. The graph shows the
they are legally permissible. results for three countries in the study. Consulting
the graph, a student claims that joining an FTA
increases the rate of growth of a country’s total
agricultural exports.
Which choice best describes data from the graph that
weaken the student’s claim?
A) All the countries shown had positive growth in
agricultural exports over the five years after
joining their respective FTAs, but their rates of
export growth varied.
B) Although agricultural exports from Morocco
grew over the five years after Morocco joined
MAFTA, their growth rate was even higher in the
five years before MAFTA.
C) Although agricultural exports from Mexico
decreased over the five years before NAFTA, a
reversal in this trend was observed over the five
years after Mexico joined NAFTA.
D) Over the five years after Costa Rica joined
CAFTA-DR, agricultural exports from Costa Rica
grew at a rate of about 13.5 percent, which is
higher than the rate over the five years before
Costa Rica joined the agreement.

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9
Myoglobin (Mb) Levels in the Cardiac Tissue of Three Teleost Species
Heart Standard Number of
Average
Species tissue deviation of Mb healthy fish
Mb level
color level observed
Amatitlania
red 16.10 2.58 4
nigrofasciata
Gnathonemus
red 13.58 2.25 4
petersii
Pantodon
white 0.02 0.01 4
buchholzi
Myoglobin (Mb) is a protein that primarily aids in
oxygen storage and diffusion across the
mitochondrial membrane in cardiac muscle cells;
these are necessary functions in aerobic organisms,
including teleost fish. Carrying out these functions
typically requires Mb to be expressed at high levels,
evidenced by red heart tissue. The table shows the
average Mb levels and their standard deviations
(indicating how dispersed the Mb levels of individual
fish are in relation to the average) of three teleost fish
species, as calculated by Daniel J. Macqueen et al.
Based on the data, the researchers concluded that for
some teleost species, oxygen storage and diffusion
may occur with negligible assistance from Mb.
Which choice most effectively uses data from the
table to support Macqueen et al.’s conclusion?
A) Greater average Mb levels in a certain species
were associated with greater variance in Mb levels
among individuals of that species.
B) P. buchholzi had very low Mb levels in their
cardiac tissue.
C) Less variation in Mb levels was observed among
P. buchholzi individuals than among A.
nigrofasciata and G. petersii individuals.
D) On average, A. nigrofasciata had higher Mb levels
in their cardiac tissue than G. petersii and P.
buchholzi had.

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10 11
For brands of mineral water sold in the United In an analysis of medieval urbanization in
Kingdom, the mean line length—the number of Canterbury, Bourges, and other European
products sharing a brand name—is 7.6, while for settlements, researchers drew on modern urban
brands of deodorants, the mean line length is 19.5. scaling theory, which posits that population density
Koushyar Rajavi and colleagues examined 203 in core urban areas increases as a city grows larger.
months of economic data to investigate whether line Hypothesizing that this typical relationship would
length mediates the effects of economic expansions have differed in medieval settlements because of the
and contractions on brand equity (the value, constraining influence of strong hierarchical social
manifesting as a price premium, that a brand has in structures (which are much less pronounced in
consumers’ minds due to its perceived quality and modern cities) on social networking and economic
other associations). They noted that it becomes more integration—drivers of urban agglomeration—the
difficult for consumers to evaluate brand quality as team created a model that accounted for the presence
line length increases and that consumers show high of restrictive institutions. They found that the
risk aversion during economic downturns. Rajavi typically expected density-size relationship held for
and colleagues would thus expect that ______ each of the 173 medieval settlements whose growth
Which choice most logically completes the text? they analyzed, suggesting that ______

A) brands of mineral water will likely have higher Which choice most logically completes the text?
brand equity than brands of deodorants will A) although there tends to be a positive relationship
during economic contractions but not during between population size and development of core
economic expansions. urban areas for both medieval settlements and
B) brand-related price premiums for mineral water modern cities, social institutions likely limited the
are more likely to be maintained during economic rate at which population density increased in
contractions than are such premiums for medieval settlements.
deodorants. B) the social and economic dynamics that affect
C) brand-related price premiums for mineral water urban agglomeration were likely much different
will likely show less variation across economic in medieval settlements than in modern cities,
contractions and expansions than such premiums despite the similarity across time in population
for deodorants will. density patterns.
D) brands of mineral water are more likely to C) despite a change in the role of social structures
increase their line lengths during economic over time, there is likely a notable consistency
contractions than brands of deodorants are. between medieval settlements and modern cities
in underlying elements of the social and
economic interactions among individuals that
shape the development of core urban areas.
D) the constraining influence of hierarchical
medieval institutions likely had a significant effect
on individuals in some social groupings but little
to no effect on members of other social
groupings.

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12 13
To better understand consumer loyalty to specific Filazzola et al. synthesized data on the abundance of
online retailers, Vijoleta Vrhovac and colleagues wild vertebrates (e.g., lagomorphs) and invertebrates
created a survey using 58 statements as proxy (e.g., mosquitoes) in control sites with grazing by
indicators of customer experience with receiving cattle and other livestock and in experimental sites
goods purchased online. The statements are where livestock grazing had either been discontinued
categorized as relevant to one of six topics—e.g., or never occurred. They then calculated the log-
statement 24, “It takes less effort to have the goods response ratio (a measure of experimental effect),
delivered to me versus going to the store,” is where positive values indicated greater abundance in
categorized as relevant to the topic of convenience— experimental sites and negative values indicated
and respondents rate the importance of each greater abundance in control sites. The researchers
statement to their experience. The researchers found that values were positive for all vertebrates and
propose that the survey can be adapted for use by invertebrates except detritivores (consumers of dead
companies and other researchers, and they note that organic matter)—for which values were negative—
samecategory responses show very low same- with the greatest positive value observed for
participant heterogeneity, which suggests that vertebrate predators. This finding suggests that
______ ______
Which choice most logically completes the text? Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) responses to statements in the convenience topic A) where wild-animal abundance has decreased,
are highly predictive of responses in the other five eliminating livestock grazing will likely result in
topics. substantial population recovery for most wild
B) the reliability of the survey data for each topic vertebrates and invertebrates, especially
would be largely unaffected by the number of vertebrate predators, but only modest population
survey respondents. recovery for detritivores.
C) the six topics into which the 58 statements are B) in areas where livestock grazing has caused
grouped may actually represent more than six reduced abundance of wild animals, the decrease
different topics. may be reversible for most vertebrates and
D) it may be possible to collect meaningful data invertebrates but would likely occur at the
about all six customer experience topics without expense of detritivores.
using all 58 of the original statements. C) grazing by cattle and other livestock likely results
in decreased abundance of detritivores, but such
grazing likely has a favorable effect on the
abundance of nondetritivore vertebrates, such as
lagomorphs.
D) although livestock grazing is generally associated
with decreased wild-animal abundance, the
strength of the association varies depending on
whether the wild animal studied is classified as a
vertebrate or an invertebrate.

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14 17
Cut, bent, and welded from discarded metal Researchers Maureen Mahon and Tammy Kernodle
materials, the sculptures of London-based Nigerian have lent their expertise on Black history and music
artist Sokari Douglas Camp are meant to challenge to an important new ______ Timeline of African
viewers to consider their own relationships to American Music, a digital resource that traces the
material ______ her thought-provoking works in the development of individual musical genres (such as
1987 exhibition Sculpture in collaboration with jazz and swing) while also revealing the connections
Sekiapu Dance Troupe at the Commonwealth between them.
Institute in London were no different. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
to the conventions of Standard English? A) initiative; the
A) wastes B) initiative the
B) wastes; C) initiative. The
C) wastes, D) initiative: the
D) wastes and to
18
15
Was the Arakkal Kingdom, a Muslimsea power based
Straight Dosage and Sufficient Scent is a historical in Kerala in south India that reached its height
manuscript now archived in Timbuktu’s Attaher around 1600 CE, a thalassocracy? A British historian,
Mouaz Family Library. It and hundreds of thousands David Abulafia, established a somewhat restrictive
of other manuscripts are housed in the city’s definition of the term in his 2014 article ______ a
numerous ______ discussing a range of both secular thalassocracy is not merely a coastal state that
and religious topics, these manuscripts offer evidence possesses some overseas territories but a naval
of the city’s robust literary history. empire whose hegemony is maintained via military
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms control of sea routes.
to the conventions of Standard English? Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
A) libraries; to the conventions of Standard English?
B) libraries, A) “Thalassocracies” for Abulafia,
C) libraries and B) “Thalassocracies,” for Abulafia:
D) libraries that, C) “Thalassocracies,” for Abulafia,
D) “Thalassocracies”: for Abulafia,
16
19
The magazines Modern Electrics and Amazing Stories
served as complementary expressions of early According to a 2017 analysis by economist Jacob
twentieth-century publisher Hugo Gernsback’s Lundberg, Slovakia’s top tax rate of 36% was lower
enthusiasm for technological ______ former than the country’s Laffer curve peak (65%). To some
providing practical instruction for amateur inventors economists, whether a tax cut will ultimately increase
and the latter showcasing fictional applications of Slovakia’s tax revenue is dependent on the country’s
scientific principles. position on the Laffer curve. A theoretical
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms relationship between tax rates and revenues, the
to the conventions of Standard English? curve is named for the US ______ Arthur Laffer.

A) progress, as the Which choice completes the text so that it conforms

B) progress. The to the conventions of Standard English?
C) progress; as the A) economist
D) progress, the B) economist:
C) economist—
D) economist,

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20 23
The heqat, which is written as a hieroglyph that looks Known as an “empire on which the sun never sets,”
like four oval items pouring out of a barrel, and the the Spanish Empire once controlled portions of five
heseb, which is written as a hieroglyph that looks like continents. Its legacy can still be seen, and heard, in
an X, were ancient Egyptian units of ______ to the Spanish-speaking nation of Cuba, which gained
record volume and area, respectively, the heqat its independence from Spain in the nineteenth
and heseb have since fallen out of use. century. ______ a former colony’s tie to the Spanish
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms Empire is so tenuous that Spanish is seldom spoken
to the conventions of Standard English? there; an example is the Netherlands, which ceased to
be part of the empire in 1648.
A) measurement. Used
B) measurement used Which choice completes the text with the most
C) measurement, used logical transition?
D) measurement and used A) Sometimes,
B) On the other hand,
21 C) At the same time,
As a federalist, New York businessman and legislator D) In addition,
William Duer favored the US Constitution’s
24
provisions for a strong centralized government and
supported the document’s ratification; ______ essays While researching a topic, a student has taken the
he published in the Independent Journal in October following notes:
1787 under the pseudonym “Philo-Publius”  The Future of Nostalgia is a scholarly book by
disparaged the arguments of the anti-federalists, who literary theorist Svetlana Boym.
opposed the Constitution’s adoption.  The book explores the concept of nostalgia
Which choice completes the text with the most from various angles.
logical transition?  Chapter 5 defines a form of nostalgia
A) fittingly, interested in meditating on past things.
B) in other words,  Chapter 9 explores nostalgia and Europe’s
C) nevertheless, largest shopping mall.
D) by comparison,  In chapter 9, Boym writes, “[It] is not simply
an arcade and phantasmagoria of newfound
22 commodities; it is also a nostalgic dream of
lost empire.”
The Jepara meteorite, discovered in Indonesia in
2008, weighs approximately 1,101 pounds and is the The student wants to explain what Svetlana Boym
tenth-largest stony-iron meteorite ever discovered on writes about in chapter 5. Which choice most
Earth. The Chupaderos I meteorite, discovered in effectively uses relevant information from the notes
Mexico in 1852, is much larger at 31,116 pounds. to accomplish this goal?
______ the latter is an iron meteorite, and a size A) Literary theorist Svetlana Boym defines a form of
difference between meteorites of different nostalgia interested in meditating on past things
compositions isn’t unexpected. in chapter 5 of her book.
Which choice completes the text with the most B) After defining a form of nostalgia interested in
logical transition? meditating on past things, Svetlana Boym goes on
to explore nostalgia and Europe’s largest
A) In conclusion,
shopping mall.
B) Admittedly,
C) As Svetlana Boym writes in the ninth chapter of
C) In other words,
her book, “[It] is not simply an arcade and
D) As a result,
phantasmagoria of newfound commodities; it is
also a nostalgic dream of lost empire.”
D) Svetlana Boym’s The Future of Nostalgia explores
the concept of nostalgia from various angles.

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25 26
While researching a topic, a student has taken the While researching a topic, a student has taken the
following notes: following notes:
 The city of Venice, Italy, is composed of  In 2016, the Rabbs’ fringe-limbed treefrog was
islands surrounded by canals and linked by declared extinct.
more than 400 bridges.  The extinction of the Rabbs’ fringe-limbed
 Many of the bridges were originally built of treefrog resulted from disease caused by an
wood and later rebuilt with more durable introduced fungus.
materials, such as iron, steel, and stone.  The Rabbs’ fringe-limbed treefrog was native
 The Rialto Bridge is a stone bridge that crosses to Panama.
the Grand Canal and was constructed in 1591.  It is one of many species that have gone
 It replaced a wooden bridge that was built in extinct during the Holocene Epoch.
1255.  The Holocene Epoch began approximately
 The Accademia Bridge is a wooden bridge that 12,000 years ago.
crosses the Grand Canal and was constructed The student wants to place the extinction of the
in 1933. Rabbs’ fringe-limbed treefrog in historical context.
 It replaced a steel bridge that was built in Which choice most effectively uses relevant
1854. information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
The student wants to emphasize a difference between A) The extinction of the Rabbs’ fringe-limbed
the Rialto Bridge and the Accademia Bridge. Which treefrog occurred during the Holocene Epoch,
choice most effectively uses relevant information approximately 12,000 years ago.
from the notes to accomplish this goal? B) The Rabbs’ fringe-limbed treefrog, declared
A) Although both bridges now cross the Grand extinct in 2016, is one of many species that have
Canal, the Accademia Bridge’s construction in gone extinct during the last 12,000 years.
1255 preceded the Rialto Bridge’s construction by C) Throughout history, many species, including the
nearly six centuries. Rabbs’ fringe-limbed treefrog, have been declared
B) While the original wooden Rialto Bridge was extinct.
rebuilt with a more durable material, stone, the D) Native to Panama, the Rabbs’ fringe-limbed
reverse is true of the Accademia Bridge, which treefrog went extinct as a result of disease caused
replaced steel with wood. by an introduced fungus.
C) Exemplifying the tendency for Venice’s wooden
bridges to be rebuilt with more durable materials,
the Rialto Bridge was rebuilt with stone and the
Accademia Bridge with steel.
D) A key difference between the Rialto Bridge and
the Accademia Bridge is that only the Rialto has
been rebuilt, an event that occurred in 1591.

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27
While researching a topic, a student has taken the
following notes:
 A vegetation index (VI) uses spectral band
data obtained from satellite-based sensors to
measure vegetation density and health.
 Prijanto Pamoengkas et al. (2022) analyzed
vegetation in Indonesia using the Normalized
Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI).
 Erica L. Garroutte et al. (2016) note that the
“NDVI is known to saturate in dense
vegetation.”
 Saturation occurs when VI values reach a
plateau and no longer increase with higher
vegetation density, limiting the VI’s sensitivity
and accuracy in densely vegetated areas.
 César Berlanga-Robles et al. (2020) analyzed
vegetation in northwest Mexico using the
Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI).
 Garroutte et al. note that relative to the NDVI,
the EVI provides “improved resilience to
saturation” as well as greater “resistance to soil
and atmospheric contamination.”
The student wants to use a quotation to explain an
advantage of the VI that Berlanga-Robles’s team used
in their study. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish
this goal?
A) A particular strength of Berlanga-Robles’s team’s
study, Garroutte et al. observe, is its use of a VI
that offers greater “resistance to soil and
atmospheric contamination” than does the
NDVI.
B) According to Garroutte et al., the EVI offers
greater “resistance to soil and atmospheric
contamination” than the NDVI, making the EVI
more resistant to saturation in densely vegetated
areas.
C) As Garroutte et al. indicate, the EVI provides
“improved resilience to saturation” compared
with the NDVI, meaning that EVI values are less
likely to plateau in densely vegetated areas.
D) Since the NDVI is “known to saturate in dense
vegetation,” as Garroutte et al. note, its values will
reach a plateau in such conditions, making it less
sensitive than the EVI and thus more accurate.

If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this module only.
Do not turn to any other module in the test.

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