1.

1 Hardware & Software

Hardware

 Definition: Hardware refers to the physical components that make up a computer system.
 Hardware components can be either internal or external.
 Each item of hardware has its own specific role in the system.

Internal Hardware Devices Role

Central Processing Unit The 'brain' of the computer; it carries out calculations to complete
(CPU) software instructions.
The circuit board that connects all the main components of the
Motherboard
computer system.
Any data or instructions to be processed by the CPU must first be
Memory (RAM)
placed into main memory.
Attaches to the motherboard to enable the computer to process
Graphic/Video Card
and display graphics.
Attaches to the motherboard to enable the computer to input,
Sound Card
process, and deliver sound.
Used to store information like software and files. Capacity ranges
Internal Hard Disk
from GB to Terabytes.
Provides the computer with a network (internet) connection,
Network Card
either wirelessly or via a cable.
Optical Disk Drive Allows optical disks to run on the computer and can sometimes
(CD/DVD/Blu-Ray) "burn" data onto discs.
Connects to the main power source to provide power to all major
Power Supply
components (motherboard, hard drive, etc.).
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External Hardware Devices
Role / Examples
(Peripherals)
Input data into the computer. Examples: Mouse, Keyboard,
Input Devices
Microphone.
Outputs data from the computer. Examples: Monitor, Speakers,
Output Devices
Printers.
Provides external storage or backup solutions. Examples:
External Storage Devices
External Hard drive, SanDisk Card.
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Software

 Definition: Software is a collection of instructions (code) that can be 'run' on a computer

to tell it what to do.
 A computer system requires both hardware and software to be useful.
Software Type Description & Examples
Involved in the running of the computer. Examples: Operating Systems
System
(provide user interface) , Device Drivers (allow hardware to work) , Utility
Software
Software (maintain computer performance, e.g., antivirus).
Application Designed to allow users to complete specific tasks. Examples: Word Processor,
Software Spreadsheet, Databases, Photo Editing, Graphics Manipulation, Video Editing.
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 Application Software Uses:

o Word Processing: Prepare reports, essays, create/edit text documents, formatting,
spell check, copy/paste, find/replace, page layout.
o Spreadsheet: Organise and manipulate numeric data, use formulas (Sum, Max,
Min, Average, IF), create graphs.
o Database: Insert and organise data using fields/records, run queries to find
specific data, create reports.
o Photo Editing: Edit digital images, touch up, apply formatting
(contrast/brightness, filters, layers, brush tools).
o Graphics Manipulation: Create and edit bitmap and vector graphics. Vector
images use lines, curves, and text.
o Video Editing: Edit and format video (split/trim clips, rearrange order, transitions
like Fade, insert audio, apply filters).

1.2 The Main Components of Computer Systems

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

 Role: The 'brain' of the computer, where all searching, sorting, calculating, and decision-
making takes place.
 Speed: Measured in Gigahertz (GHz). A 1 GHz CPU can carry out 1 billion instructions
per second.
 Popular Brands: Intel and AMD.

Internal Memory Hierarchy

 Applications are installed in Secondary Storage (Hard drive).

 Temporary data from applications in use are held in the Main Memory (RAM).
 The CPU checks the Cache first for required data.
 If data is not in the Cache, the CPU checks the RAM.
Memory Type Characteristics & Role Volatility
Fastest type of memory.
Located between the
N/A (Fast access to
Cache processor and the RAM.
temporary data)
Holds onto commonly
used data.
RAM Volatile: All data is
Temporarily stores instructions
(Random lost when the
the computer is running while
Access computer is turned
data is processed by the CPU.
Memory) off.
Built-in memory that cannot be
Non-volatile:
ROM (Read changed. Holds the 'boot up'
Memory is not lost
Only instructions to start the computer
when the computer
Memory) (e.g., loading the operating
is turned off.
system).
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Input and Output Devices

 Peripheral Devices: The general name for devices connected to a computer to allow data
input and output. They are categorized as input, output, or storage devices.
 Input Device: A device that passes data into the computer.
 Output Device: A device that takes data from the computer.

1.3 Operating Systems

Role of an Operating System (OS)

 An operating system is a system software that manages the general operation of a

computer system.
 Main Functions:
o Provides the user interface to allow the user to interact with the system.
o Provides security and prevents unauthorised access.
o Manages files and folders (saving, organising, finding, deleting).
o Allows users to load, run, and store applications and resolves errors.
o Decides what should be loaded into and deleted from computer memory
(RAM).
o Manages input, output, and backing devices.

User Interfaces

Feature Graphical User Interface (GUI) Command Line Interface (CLI)

Interaction Built around graphics. Users use a pointer Requires the user to enter specific
Feature Graphical User Interface (GUI) Command Line Interface (CLI)
(mouse) to select Windows, Icons, command prompts to interact with
Method
Menus, and Pointers (WIMP). the computer.
More complicated to use and
Ease of Use Easier to use due to visual aids and clues. requires the user to learn and type
commands without errors.
User Type General public. Normally used by expert users.
Restricted to a number of predetermined Not restricted to predetermined
Restrictions
options. options, allowing greater freedom.
User does not need to learn commands. More freedom to use specific
Advantages Easier to use. Visual aids make it easier commands. Possible to alter
to learn. computer settings.
User needs to learn commands.
Takes up more memory than CLI.
Disadvantages Commands must be typed in
Requires an operating system.
without errors. No visual aids.
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1.4 Types of Computer

Desktop/Personal Computer

 Characteristics: Separate monitor, keyboard, mouse, speakers, etc..

 Uses (Standalone): Personal or work use at home, typically connected to its own printer
and internet connection.
 Uses (Networked): Share resources, files, shared drives, central storage, and online
gaming.
 Advantages: Always connected to the mains (power). Monitors can come in any size.
Can be upgraded and parts are easily replaced. Tends to have higher specifications than
laptops.

Laptop Computer

 Characteristics: All components (monitor, keyboard, etc.) are together on a single

device.
 Main Advantage: Portable due to its small size and weight. Can connect wirelessly to
network connections.
 Other Advantages: Battery can be recharged. No loose cables. High-definition anti-glare
display.
 Uses: Personal or work use, completing work, communication, and gaming.

Tablet Computer

 Characteristics: Very similar to smartphones. Uses touch screen technology. Has an

internet connection via a wireless connection or 3G/4G.
  Advantages: Wireless, 3G/4G, and Bluetooth connection. Data can be backed up or
synchronised with other devices. Longer battery life than a mobile phone.
 Wireless vs. 4G: Wireless connects to any network in range. 4G allows wireless Internet
access at a much higher speed on the move.
 Disadvantages (General): Smaller screen than a laptop/PC. May be more difficult to
create resources.

Smartphone

 Characteristics: Uses mobile network for calls/messages. Has an operating system to

run multiple applications. Uses touch technology, has internet connection
(Wireless/3G/4G), sensors, and cameras.
 Uses: Send/receive emails, browse the internet, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) for
voice/video calls, streaming media, social networking, and GPS for navigation.
 Advantages: Small in size (portable).
 Disadvantages (General): Performance and storage are limited compared to other
computers. Small touch screen may be difficult for some users.

1.5 Impact of Emerging Technologies

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

 Definition: Computer systems that simulate human intelligence and are able to make
decisions typically made by a human.
 Examples: The PR2 robot (programmed to complete specific tasks) , Deep Blue (the first
AI to win a chess game against a reigning world champion) , and self-parking cars.
 Impact: Potential use in the military and police force.
 Ethical Issue: Whether a robot could demonstrate empathy in certain situations.

Biometrics

 Definition: Authentication used for identification that recognises individuals' unique

body parts (as they cannot be replicated).
 Examples:
o Finger Printing: Used for staff to sign in/out of work , police to authenticate
identity , and some laptops for system access.
o Eye Recognition (Iris Scan): Iris is scanned for recognition; no physical contact
is required. Used at airport immigration to prevent fraudulent travel
documentation.
o Other forms include facial and voice recognition.
 Main Purpose: To improve security with regards to access to computer systems.

Vision Enhancement
  Function: Uses video technology projected to the user through the lens.
 Capabilities: Brings distant objects closer and into focus. Amplifies infrared light so an
image can be clearly seen even in darkness.
 Use: Militaries use this technology for missions and surveillance at night.

Robotics

 Use: Commonly used in the manufacturing industry for labor-intensive jobs.

 Operation: Robots can be programmed to complete specific tasks without human
intervention or used manually.
 Advantages: Can complete tasks with more precision (e.g., robotic surgery). Can work in
extreme conditions or environments.
 Factory Tasks: Lift heavy items, assemble parts, join parts (glue/welding), and paint
items.

Quantum Cryptography

 Function: A technology that allows for securing communications whilst online.

 Use: Commonly used in online shopping and banking websites to secure data.

Computer-assisted Translation

 Function: Translates information. The human user can either type or speak into a
microphone, and the information is translated into the selected language.
 Example: Google Translate.

3D and Holographic Imaging

 Definition: A technology that allows 3D images to be produced. A holographic image

moves in the same way as the original in three dimensions (3D).
 How Holograms are Created: Involves splitting a laser beam, reflecting half (object
beam) off the object onto a photographic plate, and reflecting the other half (reference
beam) off a mirror onto the same plate.

Virtual Reality (VR)

 Definition: An artificial environment created with software. The user typically wears a
head-mounted display which simulates a physical presence in real or imagined worlds.
 Uses:
o Training: Allows professionals to train in a virtual environment without the
threat of physical harm.
o Education: Looking inside ancient buildings or ruins.
o Computer Games: Users can immerse themselves into a gaming platform.
o Sports: Used to measure athletic performance and analyse technique.
o Construction: Renders the resulting structure in 3D and allows users to
experience them as they would in the real world.
2.1 Input Devices and Their Uses
Definition: Input Devices allow data to be passed into a computer for processing.

Device Use Advantages Disadvantages

Inputting data into
applications or typing
Easy and familiar to use. Slower method compared to
Keyboard commands into a
Fast entry of text. direct data entry.
Command Line Interface
(CLI).
Inputting numeric
Keys can be too small.
Numeric data/PINs into ATMs, Straightforward to enter
Difficult to type letters (on
Keypad POS terminals, or Chip numeric data.
older mobiles).
and PIN devices.
Controls the pointer to Easy to navigate menus
select Windows, Icons, and quicker to select an Easily damaged. Requires a
Mouse
Menu Options, and option compared to a flat surface.
position the pointer. keyboard.
Used as a pointing device Touchpad is part of the Touchpad can be more
on a laptop (touchpad) or keyboard so no separate difficult to use than a
Touch Pad /
by users with limited device is needed. Tracker normal mouse. Tracker balls
Tracker Ball
wrist motility (RSI) ball is more accurate than are more expensive and may
(tracker ball). a mouse. be unfamiliar to users.
Remote Control:
Signal could be blocked by
Controlling TV channels
Remote Can be used from a obstacles/walls. Joystick is
and multimedia systems.
Control / distance. Easier to use more difficult to use
Joystick: Used in
Joystick compared to a keyboard. compared to a normal
computer games and
mouse.
simulators.
Used by gamers in Driving experience is
Driving More expensive. Movement
racing/driving computer more accurate than using
Wheel could be too sensitive.
games and in simulators. a keyboard.
Options could be selected
No need for additional
Used on mobile accidentally. Screen can get
input devices or buttons.
phones/tablets, Point of dirty or damaged. Difficult
Touch Screen Menus are easy to use.
Sale (POS) terminals, and to input high volumes of
Zoom and rotation is
Interactive White Boards. info compared to a
possible.
keyboard.
Used to scan in
Quality is dependent on
Scanners documents or Copies can be created.
resolution settings.
photographs.
Digital Used to take photographs Very easy to use. No Transferring, storing, and
Cameras and small video clips; need to develop film. editing images can be
Device Use Advantages Disadvantages
High-resolution images complicated.
data is transferred to
can be stored on memory
computers.
cards.
Voice overs can be added
Used to input sound into to presentations.
Voice recognition is not as
Microphone a computer, e.g., for voice Recorded audio can be
accurate as typing text.
recognition applications. typed directly into a
Word Processor.
Used with a stylus to
Very accurate method of Longer time to produce
Graphics draw free-hand drawings
drawing compared to a drawings. High cost of the
Tablet that can be stored on a
pointer device. tablet.
computer.
Allows for face-to-face
Used for web
video chat. Can contact Quality is dependent on the
Web Cams conferencing (e.g., Skype
people without the need internet connection.
Call).
to travel.
Used in CAD Only used with CRT
More accurate than touch
Light Pens applications for drawing Monitors. A dated
screens. Small in size.
on-screen. technology.
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2.2 Direct Data Entry and Associated Devices

Direct Data Entry (DDE) devices input data directly into the computer without human
involvement in typing or transcribing.

Device Use Advantages Disadvantages

Reads data from
magnetic stripes on Bank Fast data entry.
Stripe could become
Cards (account details), Secure/Error Free (no
Magnetic Stripe unreadable (scratched).
Arcade cards (balance), typing). Not affected by
Readers Does not work at a distance.
Security/Hotel Room water and is robust.
Easily lost/misplaced.
cards (entry), and Gift Easily updated.
Cards (vouchers).
More secure method of
Used at POS terminals The PIN could be read by
payment compared to
to make secure payments someone watching
Chip and PIN swipe and contactless.
with a debit/credit card (overseen). Fraudulent
Readers Chip is less likely to be
by inserting the card and machines can copy card
damaged than a
typing a PIN. details.
magnetic swipe.
Contactless Used to pay for products Quicker transaction Less secure than Chip and
Card Readers at a POS without a PIN time. No need to use PIN. Anyone could use the
(RFID) (transactions normally PIN. Transaction data is card if lost. Easier for
Device Use Advantages Disadvantages
thieves to copy/replicate
restricted to small details (with a scanner at
amounts, e.g., up to £20). encrypted. short distance). Only
Uses RFID technology. small/limited payments can
be made.
Track movement of
Radio Reads information stored Can read objects from a
animals/people. Stock
Frequency on tags (small silicon distance. Can read in bulk
Control. Airport
Identificationchips) using radio (very fast). Allows
Luggage tracking.
(RFID) Readerswaves. read/write operations.
Contactless cards.
Reads characters printed No need to manually enter
Magnetic Ink in a special magnetic text (less human error).
Used to process bank
Character ink and converts them Characters cannot be
cheques.
Reader (MICR) into a computer-readable altered. Characters can be
form. read even if written over.
Very fast method of
Reads marks (shades) Used to scan marks
inputting data (no manual
Optical Mark written in pen or pencil, from multiple-choice
entry of results). More
Reader (OMR) storing the position of exams, surveys, and
accurate than OCR. Less
the mark in memory. lottery tickets.
chance of errors.
Scans text from Used in Self-
Optical hardcopies (paper) and Immigration Systems at Faster method of data entry
Character converts it into a form Airports, Identity Cards, than manual typing. Less
Reader (OCR) that can be edited on a and scanning text from chance of errors.
computer. books for editing.
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2.3 Output Devices and Their Uses

Definition: Output Devices take data from the computer and present it to the user or the real
world.

Monitors

Monitor Type Use Advantages Disadvantages

Cheaper than other Size is bigger, requiring
Cathode Ray Primary output display monitors. Can be used with more desk space. Could be a
Tube (CRT) for computers. light pens. Very good safety hazard if not
resolution. correctly supported.
Liquid Primary output display Smaller and lighter (less Resolution may not be as
Crystal for monitors and desk space). Consumes good as a CRT monitor.
Display computers (taking over less power. Does not
(LCD) from CRT). generate as much heat as
Monitor Type Use Advantages Disadvantages
CRT.
In-Plane Generally used by Has wide viewing angles.
More expensive compared
Switching creative professionals Colour reproduction is
to other monitors.
(IPS/LCD) (e.g., graphic artists). better than other monitors.
Produces better light
Used outdoors in store which improves color
Light-
signs, billboards, and definition. Can be used More expensive compared
Emitting
destination signs due to outdoors in different types to other monitors.
Diode (LED)
their brightness. of light. Energy efficient
and long-lasting.
Touch Screen A display screen that is See Input Devices section See Input Devices section
(Output) also an input device. (2.1). (2.1).
Projects signals (from Output resolution may not
computer, TV) onto a Projects onto a big screen, be the same quality as other
Multimedia large screen. Used in allowing more people to devices. Obstacles could
Projector classrooms, offices, see the output. Focal point block the projection.
training, and home in classrooms. Expensive to buy and
cinema. difficult to set up.
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Printers

Printer
Use Advantages Disadvantages
Type
Ink cartridge runs out
Used when low output Cheap high-quality printing. quickly and is expensive
Inkjet
volumes are required (home Cheaper to buy than laser to replace. Slow printing
Printer
use, single pages/images). printers. Small in size. speed compared to laser
printers.
High-quality printing. Fast,
More expensive to buy.
Used when high output especially for high volumes.
Laser Colour laser printers are
volumes are required Toner lasts longer than inkjet
Printer more expensive to run
(schools, offices). cartridges (cost effective).
than black and white.
Prints quietly.
Uses a print head that presses
Not affected by hot/dusty Very slow printing. Poor
Dot against an inked ribbon. Used
environments. Can print quality printing. Noisy
Matrix for shop receipts, airline
carbon copies. Cheap to run compared to other
Printer tickets, and when duplicates
and maintain. printers.
(carbon copies) are required.
High-resolution printing
Used when large format
Wide compared to laser and inkjet.
printing is required (Banners, Generally expensive to
Format Companies can print in-
Billboards, Signs, Posters, buy and maintain.
Printer house, which is cheaper than
Photographs, and Art).
outsourcing.
Printer
Use Advantages Disadvantages
Type
Can create prototypes and
Cost of the printer and
Creates 3D objects (e.g., tools cheaply. Customisable
3D materials is expensive.
prototypes, tools, custom and fast production of
Printer Potential for illegal
parts, tablets for medicine). tablets/medicine, reducing
production of drugs.
waste.
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Actuators

Actuators are part of the control process: digital signals are sent by the computer to the actuator
to affect or control the real world.

Type Use
Motors (Spins things Washing machines, controlling fans, controlling robot arms in
around) manufacturing.
Used in burglar alarms, microwave ovens, household appliances,
Buzzer (Creates a noise)
sporting events/game shows.
Heater (Increases
Control heat in central heating systems, greenhouses, or ovens.
temperature)
Security lights, car dashboard (e.g., low fuel alert), lights in
Lights (Creates light)
greenhouses.

3.1 Data Storage and Backing up Data

Data Storage

 Definition: Data Storage is where data is saved in a 'known' place which can be returned
to later to retrieve (Read) the data.
 Writing/Saving Data: Storing data.
 Reading/Opening Data: Getting data back.

Type of Storage Volatility Examples

Temporary Volatile: Loses data when the computer
RAM (computer memory).
Storage is powered off.
Permanent Non-Volatile: Holds data even when the Storage media (Hard
Storage computer is powered off. Drives, Discs, etc.).
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Backing up Data
  Backing up data is very important.
 Reasons why data is backed up:
o To prevent data loss if data is accidentally deleted.
o To recover data if the original storage device is destroyed (e.g., in a fire).
 Note: Backups will not prevent data loss from a virus if the original file was infected
before the backup was made.

3.2 Serial and Direct Data Access

Data can be accessed and read in two main ways:

Access Also
How it Works Characteristics & Media Examples
Type Known As
The computer must start at the
beginning of the storage medium
Serial Sequential This is a very slow method of data
and search through the data in
Access Access access. Example: Magnetic Tape.
order/sequence until the required
information is found.
This is a much quicker method of
The computer can access a specific data access. Examples: Hard Disk
Direct Random
piece of data directly without having Drives, Floppy Disks, USB memory
Access Access
to start from the beginning. sticks, Flash memory, Blu-ray discs,
and CD-ROMs.
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3.3 Storage Media Introduction

 Storage Media is the part that holds the data (e.g., the CD disc).
 Storage Device is the machine that reads/writes data to and from the media (e.g., a CD
drive).

Main Types of Storage Media

1. Magnetic storage media

2. Optical storage media
3. Solid state storage media

Storage Capacity Units (from smallest to largest)

 Kilobyte (KB): 1 thousand characters.

 Megabyte (MB): 1 million characters.
 Gigabyte (GB): 1 billion characters.
 Terabyte (TB): 1 trillion characters.
3.4 Magnetic Storage Media

 Principle: Magnetic storage media uses a magnetised surface area to hold bits of
information.
 Access Type: All magnetic media use Direct Access, except for Magnetic Tape, which
uses Serial Access.

Access
Device Notes
Type
Generally the primary
Fixed Hard Direct
storage in a desktop
Disk Drive Access
computer.
Portable
Direct Used for external
Hard Disk
Access storage and backups.
Drive
An older form of
Direct portable storage with
Floppy Disk
Access very low capacity
(approx. 1.44 MB).
One of the oldest forms of storage, used for
Magnetic storing vast amounts of data. Reading/writing
Serial Access
Tape is very slow due to serial access. Updating data
requires a new tape.
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3.5 Optical Storage Media

 Definition: All mediums that use a light source (usually a laser beam) to read/write data
onto a disc.
 Principle: Data is stored as tiny bumps called 'data dots'. A laser beam is shone onto the
surface, and the reflected light pattern is read as data.
 Burning: Writing data onto the disc by using a laser beam to create the dots.

Disc Type Data Function Key Feature

CD-ROM / Read-Only Memory
Cannot be written to or modified by the user.
DVD-ROM (ROM)
CD-R / DVD-
Recordable (R) Can be written to once (burned).
R
CD-RW /
Re-Writable (RW) Data can be written and erased multiple times.
DVD-RW
Blu-Ray Disc Write/Re-Write (BD- Uses a blue laser, allowing data dots to be much closer
Disc Type Data Function Key Feature
R/BD-RE) together, resulting in a huge capacity (up to 200GB).
DVD-RAM
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3.6 Solid State Storage Media

 Definition: Any memory device with no moving parts and based on electronic circuits.
 Principle: Also known as flash memory, it is the smallest form of data storage. It stores
data using microchips containing transistors.
 Advantages:
o No moving parts make it more robust.
o Requires less energy than drives with moving parts.
o Much smaller in size compared to hard disk drives or optical discs.

Device Type Common Use

Solid State Hard Drive (SSD) Primary storage in modern computers.
Memory Stick (USB) Portable external storage.
Flash Memory Storage in devices like digital cameras and MP3 players.
Micro Flash Memory Storage in mobile devices (e.g., MicroSD cards).

4.1 Networks
What is a Computer Network?

 A network is defined as two or more computers, or other electronic devices, connected

together so they can exchange data.
 Purposes/Examples:
o Allows computers to share files.
o Enables users to message each other.
o Allows the sharing of resources.
 Connections: Network connections are typically created using cables (wires) or via
wireless signals.

Common Network Components (Devices)

The chapter covers the use and purpose of several network devices, including:

 Router
 Network Interface Cards (NICs)
  Hubs
 Bridges
 Switches
 Modems
 Wireless Technologies: WiFi and Bluetooth
 Access: Access to an Internet Service Provider (ISP), the use of a browser, and email are
also key parts of setting up a small network.

Network Environments

The chapter focuses on the characteristics and purpose of:

 Intranets
 The Internet

Accessing the Internet

The section discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using different types of computers to
access the internet.

4.2 Network Issues and Communication

Security Issues

The following security threats are discussed in relation to networks:

 Hackers
 Viruses
 Spyware
 Phishing
 Pharming

Threats to Data and Networks

Hackers, viruses, and spyware pose two main threats:

Threat
Impact
Category
Threat to Data could be deleted, edited, corrupted, or replicated. Data could be sold or
Data passed on to other people.
Threat to The network may have to be shut down to quarantine a virus. This action could
Network stop production and cost an organisation a lot of money.
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Debate: Should the Internet be Policed?

The documents outline arguments both for and against the policing of the internet:

Advantages (For Policing) Disadvantages (Against Policing)

To protect vulnerable users from gaining access to It would be extremely difficult and
undesirable websites. expensive to police the internet.
To prevent illegal material (software, videos) from Infrastructure (including staff and
being openly posted and shared by web users. offices) would be required.
To bring to justice those users who continually It would be difficult to enforce different
misuse the internet for personal gain. rules in different countries.
Could go against freedom of speech.

The key difference between the Internet and an Intranet is their scope and access.

Feature The Internet 🌐 An Intranet 🔒

Local and private (typically confined to a
Scope Global and public.
single organization).
Access is restricted to authorized members
Anyone with an internet connection can
Access of the organization (employees, students,
access it.
etc.).
To share information, resources, and
To share information and communicate
Purpose applications internally within the
globally.
organization.
Requires high-level security (firewalls,
Has an extra layer of security and is
Security encryption) as it's vulnerable to external
protected from the public Internet.
threats.

5. The Effects of Using IT

5.1 Effects of IT on Employment

IT has led to changes in the job market, creating new roles and making others redundant.

Areas of Increased Employment Areas of Increased Unemployment

Website designers: Required to set up and Office Work: Applications like
maintain webpages as companies establish an spreadsheets, word processors, and
online presence. databases improve efficiency, reducing the
Areas of Increased Employment Areas of Increased Unemployment
number of workers needed for tasks.
Manufacturing: Robots have replaced
Delivery Drivers: Needed to deliver goods to
human workers in the manufacturing industry,
customers as more shops move to online sales.
especially for labor-intensive jobs.
Computer Programmers: Required to write
operating systems, applications, and computer
games for the increased use of various devices.
Network Managers/Technicians: Needed to
maintain and provide technical support for
network computers in any workplace.
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5.2 Effects of IT on Working Patterns

IT has facilitated more flexible working arrangements within organizations.

New Working Pattern Description

Employees can set their own work hours, which might involve
Flexible Hours
working longer hours over fewer days.
Part-Time Work Organizations offer part-time work to reduce costs.
Job Sharing Two people share the responsibilities of one full-time job.
Working a full week's worth of hours in fewer than five days
Compressed Hours
(e.g., four 10-hour days).
Working from home, using IT systems to communicate with the
Teleworking/Telecommuting
office.
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Teleworking (Working from home)

Advantages for the Employee Disadvantages for the Employee

Saves on travel costs and time. May feel isolated from colleagues.
Reduces stress and allows for more flexible
Distractions at home can reduce productivity.
hours.
Potential to work longer hours than necessary.
Advantages for the Employer Disadvantages for the Employer
Reduces overhead costs (e.g., heating,
Difficulty in controlling or supervising staff.
lighting, office rent).
Security issues when staff access the network
Fewer interruptions to work.
remotely.
Initial installation costs for IT systems at the
Better staff retention.
employee's home.
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5.3 Microprocessor-Controlled Devices in the Home

Advantages of Using IT in the Home Disadvantages of Using IT in the Home

Increased Leisure Time: IT systems used
Loss of Human Interaction: Reduced face-to-face
for tasks like cooking and managing
interaction.
household appliances can free up time.
Automatic Control: Devices like central
Security Risks: Alarm systems and smart devices
heating systems and washing machines can
(e.g., smart fridges) can be hacked.
be automatically and safely controlled.
Better Management: Smart fridges and
fitness machines can help encourage Cost: IT equipment can be expensive to buy.
healthy lifestyles.
Reduced Activity/Obesity: Prolonged, sedentary
use of computers and games can lead to reduced
physical activity and encourage poor eating habits.
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5.4 Potential Health Problems and Prevention

Prolonged use of IT equipment can lead to several health issues.

Health Risk Cause/Reason Prevention (Strategies and Equipment)

Use a wrist support, use ergonomic
Repetitive Strain Repetitive clicking of a mouse
keyboards, and use voice-recognition
Injury (RSI) or continual typing.
software.
Sitting in the same position for
Use an adjustable ergonomic chair and an
Back Problems long periods or having poor
ergonomic designed work station.
sitting posture.
Staring at the screen Use an anti-glare filter, use LCD screens
Headaches /
continuously or having bad over CRT (due to less flickering), and
Eyestrain
lighting in the room. ensure the monitor is at eye level.
Take regular breaks to walk around and
Continuous work without
General stretch muscles, and look away from the
breaks.
monitor at regular intervals.
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Chapter 6: ICT Applications

6.1 Communication Applications

Paper-Based Communication

 Types: Newsletters, Brochures/Leaflets, Flyers, and Posters.

o Purpose: To inform, advertise, promote events, or communicate company
success to staff and customers.
 Advantages:
o No computer or internet connection is necessary.
o You have a physical copy of the document.
 Disadvantages:
o Mainly distributed by hand.
o High printing costs.
o Restricted to a smaller target audience.
 Computer Use (in creation): Used for adjusting layout, inserting images/charts,
formatting text (font, color, alignment), and applying image effects (crop, rotate).

Computer-Based Communication

 Types: Websites, Multimedia Presentations, and Music Scores/Editing.

o Websites: Used to communicate with customers, easily updated, and provide
current information. Used for research, social networking, and online
shopping/banking.
o Presentations: Commonly used for training in businesses or education.
o Cartoons (Animations): Created using specialist software to promote new
products.
 Advantages:
o Can include interactive elements like sound, video, animation, and hyperlinks.
o Can be available on different platforms.
 Disadvantages:
o Websites can be hacked, and information may be altered.
o Setting up and maintaining a website is expensive and requires special skills.

Mobile-Based Communication

 Types: Phone Calls, Text Messages, Accessing the Internet (Email, Social Networking),
and VoIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol - voice calls over the internet, e.g., Whatsapp).
 Advantages:
o Mobile phones are portable and can be used on the move.
o Mobile contracts may offer free minutes and texts.
 Disadvantages:
o Long distance or international calls can be expensive.
o Mobile signal can be weak or non-existent in certain areas.
6.2 Data Handling Applications

 Purpose: Storing, organizing, and managing data.

 Advantages for Storing Data:
o Data can be updated, organized, sorted, and searched in different ways.
o Data can be backed up or moved using storage media.
o Huge physical storage space (filing cabinets) is not required.
 Examples: Address Lists, Surveys, School Records (assessment/behavior data),
Club/Society Records, and Library Systems.

6.3 Measurement Applications

 Role: Sensors measure physical variables in analogue form. This is converted to a

digital signal by an Analogue-to-Digital Converter (ADC) for computer processing.
 Process:
1. Sensors (Input) feed data into the computer.
2. Computer processes the data by comparing readings to pre-set values.
3. Computer sends a signal to actuators (Output) to change physical conditions.
 Why Use Computers for Measurement:

o They work continuously and do not require breaks.

o Readings are more accurate and taken more frequently.
o Sensors can work in extreme or dangerous conditions.

 Examples: Weather Stations (using a thermometer, anemometer, barometer, etc.),

Greenhouses (monitoring light, moisture, humidity), and Patient Vital Signs (monitoring
heartbeat, blood pressure).

6.4 Microprocessors in Control Applications

 Role: The microprocessor constantly compares sensor readings to a pre-set value. If the
reading is outside the acceptable range, it sends a signal to an actuator to make a
physical change. This is a continuous, repeated process.
 Example (Oven Control):
o Microprocessor receives data from the temperature sensor and compares it to the
pre-set temperature.
o If the temperature is higher, the microprocessor switches the heater off.
o If the temperature is lower, the microprocessor leaves the heater on.
 Turtle Graphics (Instructional Programming): A form of control where commands
are used to draw shapes.
 o Instructions include: FORWARD n, BACKWARD n, LEFT t, RIGHT t, PENUP,
PENDOWN, REPEAT n, and END REPEAT.

6.5 Modelling Applications

 Definition: A computer model is a simulation that replicates the functions of a real-world

system.
 Why Use Computer Models (Simulation):
o To save costs and time by testing a system (e.g., bridges) before construction.
o To train people in a safe, controlled environment (e.g., Flight Simulators).
o To make predictions about how the system will operate in the future (e.g., using
spreadsheets to track profit/loss).
 Types of Models: Spreadsheets, Flight Simulators, Building Simulators, and Traffic
Light Simulators.

6.6 Applications in Manufacturing Industries

 Robots in Manufacturing: Used to improve productivity, consistency, and reduce

overall costs. They also create a safer environment for workers.
 Uses: Lifting heavy items, assembling parts, painting (spraying), and manufacturing
microchips.
 Advantages of Robots:
o Can work 24/7 with consistency and accuracy.
o Can work in extreme conditions not suitable for humans.
o Do not need to be paid.
 Disadvantages of Robots:
o Cannot easily adapt to situations outside their programmed instructions.
o Expensive to buy and maintain.
o Can lead to job losses (labor-intensive jobs) and deskilling of people.

6.7 School Management Systems

 Purpose: Systems used by staff to complete daily tasks and centrally manage school
data.
 Functions:
o Learner Registration and Attendance: Teachers complete registers, and
attendance data can be easily analyzed.
o Timetables: Produced quickly and are less prone to errors. Used to create exam
timetables and cover for absent teachers.
 o Learner Performance: Teachers log student data (grades, behavior) which is
centrally stored, analyzed, and used to produce reports.
 Benefits to Parents: Parents can log in to access student reports, exam results, and
general progress online, receiving immediate feedback and reducing the need for printed
reports.

6.8 Booking Systems

 Examples: Transport (Flights), Entertainment (Cinema, Theatre), and Accommodation

(Hotels).
 Key Feature: Use real-time processing to instantly confirm bookings and prevent
double booking.
 Advantages:
o Users can check availability and compare prices.
o Confirmation messages are sent instantly after payment.
 Disadvantages:
o May be difficult to cancel a booking and get a refund.
o Online services may crash due to high traffic.
o Lack of specific advice compared to in-person booking.

6.9 Banking Applications

 Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT): Electronic transfer of money between accounts (e.g.,
paying salaries).
o Advantage: More secure as no physical money is transferred.
 Processing Card Transactions (EFTPOS - Electronic Fund Transfer Point of Sale):
A customer uses a card, and the merchant's bank checks with the cardholder's bank for
sufficient funds before approving the transfer.
 Clearing of Cheques: Cheque data is sent electronically to the payer's bank, which
checks for fraud and sufficient funds before electronically depositing the money into the
recipient's account.
 ATM (Cash Machines): Used for cash withdrawal/deposit, balance checks, and
statement printing. The system verifies the PIN and checks for sufficient funds and card
limits before issuing cash.
 Online Banking: Access via secure websites/apps 24/7 for balance checks, transfers,
managing debits, and loan applications.
o Risk: Accounts could be hacked or passwords stolen via key logging software.

6.10 Computers in Medicine

  Uses: Keeping patient records (information systems), monitoring vital signs
(measurement/control systems), and diagnosing illnesses (expert systems).
 Advantages:
o Computers take more accurate and frequent readings.
o Quicker response to changes in a patient's condition.
o Data is stored centrally, saving physical space for paper records.
 3D Printers: Used for surgical aids, prosthetics, and designing medical tools.

6.11 Computers in Libraries

 Core System: Database software is used to keep track of books and members.
 Issuing Books: Books and members are identified by unique barcodes scanned by
barcode scanners, ensuring quicker and more accurate data entry than manual methods.
 Automatic Processing: The database is checked daily for due books. Automatic emails
can be sent as reminders, and members can extend the lease online.

6.12 Expert Systems

 Definition: A system that provides expert opinions by querying a knowledge base to

find solutions, eliminating the need for a human expert.
 Key Components:
o Knowledge Base: Contains facts and rules gathered from human experts (e.g.,
doctors).
o Inference Engine: Acts as a search engine to match the user's query against the
knowledge base.
o User Interface: Allows the user to input data (e.g., symptoms) and receive
feedback.

6.13 Computers in the Retail Industry

 Stock Control: When goods are sold at the POS (Point of Sale) using a barcode
scanner, the stock control system is automatically updated.
o If stock falls below a pre-set level, an order is automatically generated and sent to
suppliers.
 Internet Shopping:
o Advantages: Available 24/7, no need to travel, access to a wider range of goods.
o Effect on Company: Requires fewer retail outlets (saving costs), but more
specialist staff for website/dispatch. Attracts a global customer base.
6.14 Recognition Systems

 Purpose: To directly enter data into a computer system, offering a quicker and more
accurate method than manual input.
 Types:
o MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Reader): Scans magnetic ink on cheques.
o OCR (Optical Character Recognition): Converts scanned text into an editable
format.
o OMR (Optical Mark Reader): Scans pen/pencil marks (e.g., on multiple-choice
forms).
o RFID (Radio Frequency Identification): Uses radio waves to capture and store
information on a tag.

6.15 Monitoring and Tracking Systems

 Reasons: Surveillance (e.g., potential criminals), tracking released prisoners, and

monitoring customer buying patterns.
 Types:
o Cookies: Created on a user's device when visiting a website, storing preferences
and browsing habits ("electronic footprint").
o Key Logging: Software that monitors keys pressed, used by hackers to steal
passwords and personal details.
o Number Plate Recognition: Cameras track number plates in specific locations to
monitor a car's whereabouts.
o Call Monitoring: Used by police for surveillance or in call centers for
training/quality control.

6.16 Satellite Systems

 GPS (Global Positioning Systems): Determines a specific location using satellite

navigation.
o Uses: Navigation for vehicles (cars, ships, planes), locating positions for walkers,
and calculating distance for runners.
o Advantages: Drivers don't need maps, can re-route, and find quick routes.
o Disadvantages: Loss of signal, maps need to be updated, and typically requires
four satellites to be visible.
 GIS (Geographic Information System): Allows locations to be analyzed based on
specific queries, showing details like road networks, schools, and property details.
o Business Use: Helps businesses identify suitable locations by considering factors
like road links for customers/suppliers, customer proximity, and environmental
risks (e.g., flood zones).
The Systems Life Cycle (S.L.C.)
The Systems Life Cycle is a sequence of six steps followed by Systems Analysts to review and
replace an existing system that is not meeting expectations. The goal is to develop a new system
which is fit for purpose.

7.1 Analysis

Purpose: Collecting information about the present system and identifying the problems and
user requirements for the new system.

Technique How it Works Advantages Disadvantages

Employees may feel
Analyst observes the current Provides reliable, uncomfortable or
Observation
system in use. unbiased information. perform differently
when observed.
Can ask open-ended Time-consuming
People who use the system
questions and modify process; interviewees
Interview are interviewed for
questions during the cannot remain
feedback.
interview. anonymous.
Can reach a larger May not be completed
Distributed to
audience; quick to accurately or returned;
Questionnaires employees/customers to find
answer (e.g., tick cannot expand or clarify
a range of opinions.
boxes); cheaper. answers.
Analyst can see how the
Existing documentation is Time-consuming and
Collecting current paper system
analysed to identify data therefore a costly
Documents operates and obtain
inputs/outputs. method.
critical information.
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Outcome: The New System Requirements Specification is created, outlining the required
improvements and expectations for the new system.

7.2 Design

Purpose: Designing a new system (normally computer-based) to correct the problems identified
in the Analysis stage.
Key Design Considerations:

 Database/File Structure:
o Type of data to be captured.
o Different tables and their relationships.
o Fields (including Key Fields) and required Data Types (e.g., Text, Integer,
Boolean).
 User Interface (On-Screen Forms): Should be easy and quick to input data, including:
o Appropriate spacing and defined input areas.
o Easy-to-read font/colour/size.
o Use of Drop-down Lists and Tick Boxes/Radio Buttons.
o Navigation Aids (e.g., Go forward/backwards buttons).
 Paper-Based Forms: Must include clear headings, instructions, text boxes, tick boxes,
and clear fonts/text styles.
 Data Validation: Checks if the data entered fulfills specific criteria to ensure the data is
valid.
o Presence Check: Ensures data has been entered.
o Range Check: Ensures data is within the correct limits.
o Length Check: Ensures text is not too short or too long.
o Type Check: Ensures the data type is correct (e.g., no letters in a numeric field).
o Format Check: Ensures data is in the correct format (e.g., Date -
DD/MM/YYYY).
 Data Verification: A method of double-checking the data to see if it is correct.
o Proof Reading: Checking data after entry for errors (e.g., spelling).
o Double Entry: Entering the same data twice (e.g., confirming a password).

7.3 Development and Testing

Purpose: Developing the system components and testing them to ensure all parts are working
correctly.

Development:

 Creating File Structure: Setting field names and specific data types.
 Applying Validation Techniques: Ensuring correct data is entered.
 Designing User Interface: Allowing the user to interact with the system.

Testing:

 Software is developed in Modular form (parts developed separately).

 Each module is tested separately, and then the combined full program is tested.
 If errors are found, modifications are made to data/file structures, validation rules, input
methods, and output formats.
 A Test Plan includes: what is being tested, the test data, and the expected outcome.
  Types of Test Data:
o Normal Data: Data within the given range (e.g., 10% - 90%).
o Abnormal Data: Data outside the range (limits) (e.g., Less than 0% or more than
100%).
o Extreme Data: Data on the boundaries of the range (e.g., 0% or 100%).

7.4 Implementation

Purpose: Replacing the old system with the new, fully tested system.

Method How it Works Advantages Disadvantages

If the new system fails,
Existing system is stopped Costs are reduced as
Direct the old system is not
and replaced immediately tasks are not
Changeover available to fall back
by the new system. duplicated.
to.
If the new system fails,
Tasks are duplicated
The existing and new the old system is still
(data inputted into
Parallel Running systems run together for a
available; employees
both); requires more
period of time. can be trained
employees/cost.
gradually.
Phased The new system is Only introduce a new Time consuming as
Implementation gradually introduced part- part if the current phase every part needs
Method How it Works Advantages Disadvantages
by-part. Old parts are phased works correctly; can go evaluation; requires
out when new parts work back to a working point multiple training
satisfactorily. if a part fails. sessions.
The new system is trialled If the new system fails,
Can take a while for the
in one department/part of only one department
whole system to be
Pilot Running the organisation. If is affected; training can
implemented across all
successful, it is implemented take place in one
departments.
across all. department at a time.
Export to Sheets

I can provide you with full notes on all six stages of The Systems Life Cycle (S.L.C.) and
explain the process for each, using the comprehensive text you provided.

The Systems Life Cycle (S.L.C.)

The Systems Life Cycle is a sequence of six steps followed by Systems Analysts to review and
replace an existing system that is not meeting expectations. The goal is to develop a new system
which is fit for purpose.

7.1 Analysis

Purpose: Collecting information about the present system and identifying the problems and
user requirements for the new system.

Technique How it Works Advantages Disadvantages

Employees may feel
Analyst observes the current Provides reliable, uncomfortable or
Observation
system in use. unbiased information. perform differently
when observed.
Can ask open-ended Time-consuming
People who use the system
questions and modify process; interviewees
Interview are interviewed for
questions during the cannot remain
feedback.
interview. anonymous.
Can reach a larger May not be completed
Distributed to
audience; quick to accurately or returned;
Questionnaires employees/customers to find
answer (e.g., tick cannot expand or clarify
a range of opinions.
boxes); cheaper. answers.
Collecting Existing documentation is Analyst can see how the Time-consuming and
Documents analysed to identify data current paper system therefore a costly
Technique How it Works Advantages Disadvantages
operates and obtain
inputs/outputs. method.
critical information.
Export to Sheets

Outcome: The New System Requirements Specification is created, outlining the required
improvements and expectations for the new system.

7.2 Design

Purpose: Designing a new system (normally computer-based) to correct the problems identified
in the Analysis stage.

Key Design Considerations:

 Database/File Structure:
o Type of data to be captured.
o Different tables and their relationships.
o Fields (including Key Fields) and required Data Types (e.g., Text, Integer,
Boolean).
 User Interface (On-Screen Forms): Should be easy and quick to input data, including:
o Appropriate spacing and defined input areas.
o Easy-to-read font/colour/size.
o Use of Drop-down Lists and Tick Boxes/Radio Buttons.
o Navigation Aids (e.g., Go forward/backwards buttons).
 Paper-Based Forms: Must include clear headings, instructions, text boxes, tick boxes,
and clear fonts/text styles.
 Data Validation: Checks if the data entered fulfills specific criteria to ensure the data is
valid.
o Presence Check: Ensures data has been entered.
o Range Check: Ensures data is within the correct limits.
o Length Check: Ensures text is not too short or too long.
o Type Check: Ensures the data type is correct (e.g., no letters in a numeric field).
o Format Check: Ensures data is in the correct format (e.g., Date -
DD/MM/YYYY).
 Data Verification: A method of double-checking the data to see if it is correct.
o Proof Reading: Checking data after entry for errors (e.g., spelling).
o Double Entry: Entering the same data twice (e.g., confirming a password).

7.3 Development and Testing

Purpose: Developing the system components and testing them to ensure all parts are working
correctly.

Development:

 Creating File Structure: Setting field names and specific data types.
 Applying Validation Techniques: Ensuring correct data is entered.
 Designing User Interface: Allowing the user to interact with the system.

Testing:

 Software is developed in Modular form (parts developed separately).

 Each module is tested separately, and then the combined full program is tested.
 If errors are found, modifications are made to data/file structures, validation rules, input
methods, and output formats.
 A Test Plan includes: what is being tested, the test data, and the expected outcome.
 Types of Test Data:
o Normal Data: Data within the given range (e.g., 10% - 90%).
o Abnormal Data: Data outside the range (limits) (e.g., Less than 0% or more than
100%).
o Extreme Data: Data on the boundaries of the range (e.g., 0% or 100%).

7.4 Implementation

Purpose: Replacing the old system with the new, fully tested system.

Method How it Works Advantages Disadvantages

If the new system fails,
Existing system is stopped Costs are reduced as
Direct the old system is not
and replaced immediately tasks are not
Changeover available to fall back
by the new system. duplicated.
to.
If the new system fails,
Tasks are duplicated
The existing and new the old system is still
(data inputted into
Parallel Running systems run together for a available; employees
both); requires more
period of time. can be trained
employees/cost.
gradually.
The new system is Only introduce a new Time consuming as
gradually introduced part- part if the current phase every part needs
Phased
by-part. Old parts are phased works correctly; can go evaluation; requires
Implementation
out when new parts work back to a working point multiple training
satisfactorily. if a part fails. sessions.
Pilot Running The new system is trialled If the new system fails, Can take a while for the
in one department/part of only one department whole system to be
the organisation. If is affected; training can implemented across all
Method How it Works Advantages Disadvantages
successful, it is implemented take place in one
departments.
across all. department at a time.
Export to Sheets

7.5 Documentation

Purpose: Creating documentation to help users and maintenance staff understand the system.

Intended
Type Content Includes
Audience
• How to install/start/stop and use the system features. • List
User Users of the of minimum hardware/software. • Screenshots showing use.
Documentation system. • Explanations of error messages. • A troubleshooting
guide.
• Details of hardware and software required. • Details of
Maintainers
Technical data structures (data types, field names). • Details of
(technical
Documentation validation checks. • Diagrams showing how data moves. •
people).
Flowcharts describing how the system works.
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7.6 Evaluation

Purpose: To evaluate the new system by referring back to the requirements specification to
ensure it has resolved the issues and met the stated requirements.

Evaluation Steps:

1. Compare the solution with the original task requirements.

2. Identify any limitations and necessary improvements to the system.
3. Evaluate the users’ responses to the results of testing the system.

8.1 Physical Safety

This section covers risks in an ICT environment and strategies to prevent them.

Physical Safety Risk Minimising Strategy

Electrocution from spilling
Keep all drinks away from computers, ICT labs, and desks.
drinks
Fire from sockets being Ensure plug sockets or extension cables are not overloaded.
Physical Safety Risk Minimising Strategy
overloaded
Ensure good ventilation in the room and do not cover
Equipment overheating
equipment whilst in use.
Tripping over trailing cables Use cable ducts to cover wires; ensure cables are tucked away.
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General Strategies to Minimise Risks:

 Regular maintenance of equipment to check safety standards.

 Regular check of cables/plugs to ensure nothing is exposed.
 Use of wireless connections to eliminate trailing cables.

8.2 e-Safety
Personal Data Confidentiality

Personal data (e.g., contact details, address, payment details, medical history, passwords) must
be confidential and protected because:

 Users can be stalked or kidnapped (status updates can alert people of location).
 Details can be stolen, copied, or passed on.
 Users could be blackmailed/threatened.
 Customer details could be sold to a third party.

Need for e-Safety

e-Safety lessons are needed to educate young people about the potential risks and dangers of
using the internet inappropriately and to teach them how to stay safe online.

How to Avoid Inappropriate Disclosure

 Activate privacy settings on social media sites.

 Do not share data via social media or emails with strangers.
 Do not post inappropriate images or content.

Minimise Potential Dangers by Use

Internet Use Minimising Strategies

Only use trusted websites; use student-friendly search engines with
General
safety filters; restrict access to certain content via ISP or filtering
Browsing/Research
software.
Internet Use Minimising Strategies
Only email people already known to you; think before opening an
Email email from an unknown person; be careful about emailing your school’s
name or a picture in uniform.
Know how to block and report unwanted users; never give out
Social Media personal information; never arrange to meet strangers; keep adults
informed.
Never use your real name; use appropriate language; only play online
Online Gaming
with trusted friends.
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8.3 Security of Data

Key Threats and Prevention Strategies

Threat Definition Effects Prevention Strategies

Firewalls, strong,
Delete/corrupt files, steal frequently-changed
Gaining unauthorised access to a data (identity theft), passwords, anti-
Hacking
computer system. expose a company, cause hacking software,
disruption. professional security
testing.
Install and update
antivirus software,
Computer
do not use
Programming code that installs crash/slowdown, file
Computer software/USB from
and replicates itself without deletion/corruption, data
Virus unknown sources, be
permission. copying, stops
careful with untrusted
production.
links/email
attachments.
Anti-spyware
Sends personal details
software (regularly
(passwords, bank info)
Software that monitors computer updated), use a
Spyware back to the attacker;
use and logs key presses. pointing device to
installs extra software to
select characters for
read cookie data.
sensitive data entry.
Fake, legitimate-looking email Use an email filter;
User is tricked into
requesting user to update details always double-check
Phishing entering details, leading
(password/payment) via a link to a the URL and email
to fraud or identity theft.
fake website. address.
Pharming Malicious code on a Users are tricked into Anti-spyware
server/computer that redirects entering personal details software; always
users to a fake website even if on the fake site, leading double-check the
they type the correct URL. to fraud or identity theft. URL you are on to see
Threat Definition Effects Prevention Strategies
if it is the same one
you typed.
Double-check the
Personal details obtained
Fake SMS (text) messages message for errors;
(fraud/identity theft);
claiming a prize; requests a call to check link legitimacy;
Smishing users incur additional
a premium number or personal contact bank directly
costs from calling
details on a website. if requested to change
premium numbers.
details.
Strong password,
secure website
Credit Tricking a user into giving their Unauthorised purchases, connection (HTTPS),
Card financial information (often via money transferred out of updated spyware
Fraud phishing/pharming/spyware). the account. software, regularly
check bank
statement.
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Data Protection Mechanisms

 Firewall: Provides security by examining network traffic between the computer/network

and the internet, blocking and alerting users to potential risks.
 Encryption: The process of converting information into a meaningless form
(ciphertext) that is unreadable without a decryption key. This ensures that even if data is
intercepted, it cannot be understood.
 Secure Socket Layer (SSL) / Transport Layer Security (TLS): A secure connection
that encrypts data before sending sensitive information.
o Identifying Features: https:// in the URL, a padlock symbol on the browser,
and sometimes a green address bar with the company name.
 Digital Certificates: Used to verify the identity of the sender in an online business
transaction.

Biometrics (Authentication based on unique human characteristics)

Method Advantage Disadvantage

Easy to use, high accuracy, small
Fingerprint Scans Difficult to read if skin is damaged.
storage.
Retina/Iris Very high accuracy, impossible to Very intrusive, expensive setup, takes a
Recognition replicate retina. while to scan.
Physical features can change over time
Face Recognition Non-intrusive, cheap technology.
with age.
Non-intrusive, cheap technology, Very low accuracy, user's voice can be
Voice Recognition
quick verification. affected by illness.
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Data Security Issues

 Cloud Storage: Data loss during routine backup, celebrity data being hacked, and
physical security/access rights at the server location.
 Forums: Moderated forums are more secure as inappropriate or offensive posts are
regularly checked and deleted by an administrator. Un-moderated forums have no such
measures.

9.1 Audience Appreciation

It is crucial to tailor an ICT solution to the proposed audience by considering several factors.

Methods to Research the Target Audience

 Interviews
 Questionnaires
 Market Research

Factors to Determine from Research

The research helps the ICT team understand the audience's:

 Target Audience Age

 Audience Expectations
 Audience Experience
 Audience Knowledge

Factors to Consider when Creating the Solution

Once customer needs are known, the team must consider:

 Use of Language
 Use of Colours
 Usability
 Level of complexity
 Use of multimedia and interactive content

9.2 Legal, Moral, Ethical and Cultural Appreciation

This section covers the non-technical considerations when creating an ICT solution.
Software Piracy and Legal Issues (Copyright)

Copyright laws protect software. Software piracy is the illegal copying, sharing, or use of
copyrighted software.

It is illegal to:

 Make a software copy to sell or give away.

 Rent out software.
 Use a software on a network on multiple computers without a multi-user license.
 Use the name or branding of copyrighted software without permission.
 Use code from copyrighted software without permission and then pass the software on as
your own to sell.

Measures to Prevent Illegal Software Use (Anti-Piracy):

 Use of a Product Key when installing software.

 Online Activation to ensure a legitimate product key is used.
 The software CD/DVD must be in the drive whilst the software is being used.
 Making users agree to Terms and Conditions before installation.

Other Considerations

Issue Definition and Example

Ensuring copyright laws are abided by (e.g., not using coding or branding from
Legal
existing copyrighted software).
Distinguishing right from wrong. It may not be illegal, but against one's morals (e.g.,
Morality
setting up a fake website to deceive).
Breaking a code of conduct (e.g., leaking information about new software ideas to a
Ethics
rival publisher or the press).
Taking care so that people are not offended when software is released in different
Culture
cultures (e.g., certain words or computer games mocking religion/cultural beliefs).
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Should the Internet Be Policed?

The debate over policing the internet is driven by issues like: hacks, sharing of terrorist material,
abuse in chat rooms/social media, and grooming.

Advantages of Policing Disadvantages of Policing

To protect vulnerable users gaining access to It would be extremely difficult and
undesirable websites. expensive.
To prevent illegal material (software, videos) from Infrastructure (staff, offices) would be
being openly posted and shared. required.
To bring to justice users who continually misuse the Difficult to enforce different rules in
Advantages of Policing Disadvantages of Policing
internet. different countries.
Could go against freedom of speech.

💻 ICT IGCSE Theory - Chapter 10:

Communication Revision Notes
These notes summarize the key concepts from the provided revision presentation on email
communication and the effective use of the internet.

10.1 Communicate with Other ICT Users Using Email

📧 Email Laws and Misuse Prevention

Companies and individuals must follow laws/rules to prevent email misuse:

 Emails must not have false or misleading subject lines.

 Organizations must include a valid postal address.
 Organizations must ask for permission (opt-in) before sending emails to individuals.
 Recipients must have a clear way to "opt-out" (unsubscribe).
 Organizations must ensure privacy policies are clear.
 Organizations are not allowed to capture and store lists of email addresses without
permission.

📝 Acceptable Language and Netiquette

Netiquette refers to the rules of etiquette for communicating over computer networks.

 Language and content must be appropriate, and formal if sent to an employee within a
business.
 Avoid inappropriate language: Abusive, racist, threatening language, obscene images,
or illegal content.
 Be clear: Email content can be misunderstood or taken out of context.
 Proofread: Check for spelling and grammatical errors.
 Be timely: Respond quickly to messages.
 Do not use all capitals (seen as shouting).
 Avoid humor, as it may be misunderstood.
 Obey copyright law and do not plagiarize.

🔒 Email Security and Risks

  Confidentiality: Do not forward confidential messages or attachments to a third party.
 Copyright Statement: Organizations may include a copyright statement at the bottom of
an email.
 Security Risks: Your account can be hacked or compromised due to:
o Having a weak password.
o Leaving your computer on and being logged in on a shared computer.
 Scams: You are at risk of email scams like phishing and pharming.
 Spam: Your inbox can be jammed by spam (junk) email.

🗑️Spam Email

 What is it? Unwanted emails sent out to recipients from a mailing list, often promoting
products or part of a phishing scam.
 Effects:
o Risk of obtaining personal details if part of a phishing scam.
o The network can become slower or unresponsive due to unnecessary traffic.
 Strategies to Prevent Spam:
o Use a junk email filter.
o Do not sign up for commercial mailing lists.
o Do not reply to spam email.
o Untick the check box if asked to give your email to a third party.
 Email Harvesting: The process of obtaining a large number of email addresses for bulk
emailing or spamming.

10.2 Effective Use of the Internet

🌐 Key Definitions

Term Definition/Description
Internet A worldwide collection of networks.
World Wide Web Part of the internet, accessed using a web browser, consisting of a massive
(WWW) collection of webpages.
A computer network based on internet technology, normally accessible
Intranet
only by internal members of a company (private and policed).
A network accessible from outside the company with proper
Extranet
authentication (Username & Password).
ISP (Internet A company that provides internet access to users, typically for a monthly
Service Provider) fee.
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⚙️Protocols and Addressing

  HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) & HTTPS (Secure): The rules followed when
transferring information across the internet, agreed upon by the sender and recipient.
HTTPS uses encryption for secure data transfer.
 URL (Uniform Resource Locator) & Web Browser:
o A web browser allows a user to display a webpage.
o A URL is the alphanumeric format (e.g., [Link] used to
access specified websites, which is more user-friendly than the numeric IP
address.
 FTP (File Transfer Protocol): A network protocol for transferring files from one
computer to another over the internet (e.g., used to upload web pages for hosting).

☁️Cloud Storage

Online storage used to backup files, accessible from any device with an internet connection.

Advantages Disadvantages
Files can be accessed from any location. Files could be hacked.
Users don't have to carry storage devices. Dependent on a good quality internet connection.
Offers backup solutions. Potential costs of using the storage.
Unlimited storage capacity.
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🔍 Search Engines and Advanced Search

 You can find data by typing in a URL or using a search engine with key words.
 A more detailed search is likely to yield more accurate matches.
 Most search engines offer an Advanced Search Criteria option for more refined results.

📝 Blogs, Wikis, and Social Networks

Feature Blogs Wikis Social Networks

Based on personal A collaboration from Sites that allow users to
Authorship experiences, usually many authors to create interact and communicate
updated by one author. content. with each other.
Can be edited by anyone Users can share content
Cannot be changed by
Editing (content can be edited or (photos, videos, status
other users.
deleted). updates).
Content Entries are in order (most
N/A N/A
Order recent shown first).
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👍 Internet Popularity, Reliability, and Disadvantages

 Disadvantages of Using Evaluating Reliability of
Why the Internet is Popular
the Internet Information
Check the websites URL address
Vast amount of information and
Content is not regulated. (e.g., .gov or .ac are more likely
is regularly updated in real time.
to be reliable).
Online threats: hacking,
Can find information using Check for links or endorsements
viruses, scams, cyber
search engines. from other websites.
bullying.
Very accessible over various Information may not be Check the last time the website
platforms. reliable or may be biased. was updated.
Exposure to
Relatively cheap to use.
inappropriate material.
Increase in bandwidth allows Easy to become
faster browsing/download speeds. distracted.
Sharing of illegal
content.
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Why search is not always fast:

1. The sheer volume of information makes finding specific data difficult.

2. Search engines don't always list websites in order of usefulness.

Why information is not always reliable:

1. The internet is not regulated; anyone can post incorrect content.

2. Wikis can be edited to contain false information.
3. Information may be biased depending on the author.

2. “CC” (Carbon Copy)

 CC stands for Carbon Copy.

 Use this field for people who should see the email but don’t need to take action.
 Everyone in the To and CC fields can see each other’s email addresses.

Example:

To: alice@[Link]
CC: bob@[Link]
→ Alice is the main recipient; Bob is just being informed.

🕶️3. “BCC” (Blind Carbon Copy)

  BCC stands for Blind Carbon Copy.
 People in the BCC field receive the email, but their addresses are hidden from
everyone else.
 Use this when you want to send a copy without revealing the recipients to others.

Example:

To: alice@[Link]
BCC: charlie@[Link]
→ Alice doesn’t know Charlie also got the email.

Some Keyword to use

 Query successful

Based on the provided ICT IGCSE Theory revision materials, here are the key words and
concepts for each chapter/section.

Chapter 1: Types and Components of Computer Systems

Section Key Words and Concepts Source

Hardware, Software, Central Processing Unit (CPU),
1.1 Hardware and
Motherboard, RAM, Video Card, Photo Editing, Graphics
Software
Manipulation, Video Editing
1.2 The Main
CPU, Cache, RAM, ROM, volatile, non-volatile, Input,
Components of
Output, Storage, Peripheral Devices
Computer Systems
1.3 Operating User Interface, Security, Files, Memory, Applications,
Systems: Role Input/Output/Storage Devices
Windows, Icons, Menus, Pointers, Visual Aids, Learn,
1.3 Operating
Command Prompts (CLI), Pre-determined Options, Expert
Systems: Interfaces
User (GUI)
1.4 Types of Desktop/Personal Computer, Laptop Computer, Tablet
Section Key Words and Concepts Source
Computer, Smartphone, Standalone, Networked, Wireless
Computer
Technology, 3G/4G Technology
1.5 Impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Biometrics, Vision Enhancement,
Emerging Robotics, Quantum Cryptography, Computer-assisted
Technologies Translation, 3D/Holographic Imaging, Virtual Reality
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Chapter 2: Input and Output Devices

Section Key Words and Concepts Source

Keyboard, Numeric Keypad, Pointing Devices (Mouse, Touchpad,
2.1 Input
Tracker Ball), Remote Control, Touch Screen, Scanners, Digital
Devices and
Cameras, Microphone, Sensors (Temperature, Pressure, Light,
their Uses
Moisture, Proximity), Analogue-to-digital converter (ADC)
Magnetic Stripe Readers, Chip and PIN Readers, Radio Frequency
2.2 Direct
Identification (RFID) Readers, Magnetic Ink Character Reader
Data Entry
(MICR), Optical Mark Reader (OMR), Optical Character Reader
and Devices
(OCR), Bar Code Reader
CRT Monitor, TFT/LCD Monitor, LED Monitor, Multimedia
2.3 Output
Projector, Laser Printer, Inkjet Printer, Dot Matrix Printer, 3D
Devices and
Printer, Speakers, Actuators (Motors, Buzzers, Heaters,
their Uses
Lights/Lamps)
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Chapter 3: Storage Devices and Media

Section Key Words and Concepts Source
3.1 Data Storage and Data, Storage, Save/Write, Open/Read, RAM, Permanent,
Backing up Data Volatile, Non-Volatile, Backup
3.2 Serial and Direct Serial (Sequential) Access, Direct (Random) Access,
Data Access Magnetic Tape
Storage Device, Storage Media, Internal, External,
3.3 Storage Media
Magnetic, Optical, Solid-State, Kilobytes, Megabytes,
Introduction
Gigabytes, Terabytes
3.4 Magnetic Storage Fixed Hard Disk Drive, Portable Hard Disk Drive, Floppy
Media Disk, Magnetic Tape
3.5 Optical Storage Data Dots, Disc, Laser, Burn, Disc Drive, CD-ROM, DVD-
Media ROM, Blu-Ray Disc
3.6 Solid State Storage Flash Memory, No Moving Parts, Electronic Circuits, Solid
Media State Hard Drive (SSD), Memory Stick
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Chapter 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10: Other Key Theory Chapters

Chapter Section/Topic Key Words and Concepts Source

Router, Switch, Modem, Hub, Bridge, Network
4 Networks Interface Card (NIC), WiFi, Bluetooth, LAN, WAN,
Internet, Intranet
Network Issues & Hacker, Virus, Spyware, Phishing, Pharming, Web-
4
Comm. conferencing, Audio-conference, VOIP
Teleworking, Flexitime, Microprocessor, Repetitive
5 Effects of using IT Strain Injury (RSI), Back Problems, Eyestrain,
Ergonomic
Analysis, Design, Development, Testing,
The Systems Life
7 Implementation (Direct, Parallel, Phased, Pilot),
Cycle
Documentation (User, Technical), Evaluation
Physical Safety (Electrocution, Trailing Cables), e-
Safety and
8 Safety, Moderated/Un-Moderated Forums, Digital
Security
Certificates, Secure Socket Layer (SSL), HTTPS
Target Audience, Usability, Copyright Laws, Software
9 Audience
Piracy, Legal, Moral, Ethical, Cultural Appreciation
Email, Opt In, Opt Out, Privacy Policy, URL,
10 Communication
Reliability