`kg †kÖwY (gva¨wgK) ● Rxeb weÁvb ● Aa¨vqwfwËK cÖ‡kœi DËi I cixÿv cÖ¯‘wZ

4_© Aa¨vq: Awfe¨w³ Awf‡hvRb

k~b¨¯’vb c~iY K‡iv 20. -------- Awfe¨w³ I Awf‡hvRb Awfe¨w³i d‡j
1. gvby‡li A¨v‡cbwW· GKwU -------- A½| mgms¯’ A½ MwVZ nq|
DËi : jyßcªvq DËi : Acmvix
2. Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨ Rxeb msMªvg nj --------| 21. -------- GKwU RxešÍ Rxevk¥|
DËi : WviD‡bi DËi : cøvwUcvm
3. -------- GKwU wgwms wjsK| 22. cvwLi Wvbv I ev`y‡oi Wvbv -------- A‡½i
DËi : AvwK©Ic‡Uwi· D`vniY|
4. K¨vKUv‡mi KvЇK-------e‡j| DËi : mgew…&Ëq
DËi : cY©KvÐ 23. †Nvovi cªvPxbZg Avw`cyiæ‡li Rxevk¥wUi bvg -----
5. iæBgv‡Qi cvLbv msL¨v-------| ---|
DËi : mvZwU DËi : B‡qvwnàvm
6. k¦vmg~j †`Lv hvq--------Mv‡Q| 24. -------- nj AvaywbK †Nvov|
DËi : my›`ix DËi : BKyqvm
7. cvqivi †Pv‡L-------- _vKvq `…wó kw³ cªLi nq| 25. -------- nj gv‡qvwmb hy‡Mi †Nvov|
DËi : †cKwUb DËi : †gwiwPwnàvm
8. cvqivi ürwc‡Û cª‡Kvô msL¨v--------| 26. †fŠZ ﮋ g…wËKv nj-------- g…wËKv|
DËi : PviwU DËi : evjyKvgq
9. Ô†gŠgvwQi fvlvÕ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib--------_weÁvbx 27. †gŠgvwQi b…Z¨-------- cªKvi|
DËi : Kvj© fb wdªk DËi : `yB
10. Evolution kãwUi Av¶wiK A_© µgweKvk ------ 28. D‡Ui †`‡n Rj cvIqv hvq-------- wecv‡Kid‡j|
--| DËi : d¨vU
DËi : µgweKvk 29. GKwU †MŠY †LPi Awf‡hvwRZ cªvYx nj -------|
11. Rxe‡bi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© AvaywbK gZev‡`i cªe³v -- DËi : Diæ°y gvQ
------| 30. AvaywbK †Nvovi bvg--------|
DËi : weÁvbx †n‡Kj DËi : BKyqvm
12. cª_g cªv‡Yi m…wó n‡qwQj --------|
DËi : mgy`ª R‡j eûweKíwfwËK cª‡kœvËi
13. ˆRe ivmvqwbK gZev‡`i mZ¨Zv cªgvY K‡ib weÁvbx 1. Ô†hvM¨Z‡gi D`Z©bÕ K_vwUi mg_©K †K?-
--------| K. WviDBb L. j¨vgvK©
DËi : D‡i I wgjvi M. wW-wåm N. †¯úbmvi
14. c…w_exi cª_g Rxe‡Kvk nj --------| DËi : K. WviDBb
DËi : †Kvqvmvi‡fU 2. WviDBb Z‡Ë¡i g~j cªwZcv`¨ welqwU nj-
15. D”P DmœZvq c`v‡_©i `ªæZ cªmviY‡K --------| K. c…_feb L. ¯^vaxb eÈb|
DËi : weM e¨vs M. cªvK…wZK wbe©vPb N. DËivwaKvi
16. Rxewe`¨v kãwU cª_g cªeZ©b K‡ib| --------| DËi : M. cªvK…wZK wbe©vPb|
DËi : j¨vgvK© 3. †Nvovi Avw` c~e©cyiæl †KvbwU?-
17. †hvM¨Z‡gi gZev‡`i cªe³v --------| K. cøv‡qvwnàvm L. †g‡mvwnàvm
DËi : WviDBb M. BIwnàvm N. BKyqvm
18. Rvg©cvø Rg Z‡Ë¡i cªe³v --------| DËi : M. BIwnàvm
DËi : fvBmg¨vb 4. cUKvi †Kv_vq †iW MÖwš’ _v‡K?-
19. û‡Mv `¨ wåm n‡jb -------- cªe³v| K. AMª cª‡Kv‡ô L. cðv` cª‡Kv‡ô
DËi : wgD‡Ukb Z‡Ë¡i M. Dfq cª‡Kv‡ô N. †Kv‡bvwUB bq
 DËi : N. †Kv‡bvwUB bq 15. Bu`yi wb‡q cix¶v K‡i j¨vgv‡K©i ZË¡‡K fyj cªgvwYZ
5. k¦vmg~j _v‡K- K‡ib-
K. my›`ix Mv‡Q L. eU Mv‡Q K. fvBmgvb L. û‡Mv `¨ wåm
M. K¨vKUvm Dw™¢‡` N. cÙ Mv‡Q M. WviDBb N. fvBmg¨vb
DËi : [Link]›`ix Mv‡Q DËi : N. fvBmg¨vb
6. D‡Ui i³KwYKv kZKiv KZ kZvsk e…w× †c‡Z 16. ivBwbqv †h `ywU Dw™¢` wefv‡Mi ms‡hvMx Dw™¢` †mwU
cv‡i- nj-
K. 240% L. 260% K. eªv‡qvdvBUv I †Uwi‡WvdvBUv
M. 215% N. 200% L. †Uwi‡WvdvBUv I wRg‡bv¯úvg©
DËi : K. 240% M. wRg‡bv¯úvg© I AvwK©I¯úvg©
7. wbDg¨v‡Uv‡dvi nj- N. GKexRcÎx I wØexRcÎx
K. KvÛiܪ L. cÎiܪ DËi : K. eªv‡qvdvBUv I †Uwi‡WvdvBUv
M. k¦vmiܪ . N. †Kv‡bvwUB mwVK bq 17. AwR©Z ˆewk‡ó¨i eskvbymiY gZev`wUi cªeZ©K
DËi : M. k¦vmiܪ n‡jb-
8. ÔivmvqwbK weeZ©bev‡`iÕ mªóv n‡jb- K. WviDBb L. fvBmg¨vb
K. Icvwib L. n¨vm‡j M. j¨vgvK© N. Wvwb‡Kb
M. n¨vj‡Wb N. n¨vj‡Wb Ges Icvwib DËi : M. j¨vgvK©
DËi : N. n¨vj‡Wb Ges Icvwib 18. AvwK©Ic‡Uwi·-Gi Rxevk¥ †h `ywU †kªwYi cªvYxi
9. †Kvqvmvi‡fU Z‡Ë¡i cªe³v wQ‡jb- g‡a¨ ms‡hvM i¶v K‡i Zv nj-
K. n¨vj‡Wb L. Icvwib K. mixm…c I ¯Íb¨cvqx L. c¶x I ¯Íb¨cvqx
M. d· N. n¨vm‡j M. DfPi I mixm…c N. mixm…c I c¶x
DËi : L. Icvwib DËi : N. mixm…c I c¶x
10. weeZ©b msµvšÍÕ cªvK…wZK wbe©vPbev`Õ - Gi cªe³v 19. †h mKj Dw™¢` iæ¶, ﮋ, Dli cwi‡e‡k Rb¥vq
nj- Zv‡`i e‡j-
K. j¨vg©vK L. †n‡Kj K. n¨v‡jvdvBU L. †g‡mvdvBU
M. û‡Mv `¨ wåm N. WviDBb M. nvB‡WªvdvBU N. †R‡ivdvBU
DËi : N. WviDBb DËi : N.‡R‡ivdvBU
11. AvaywbK †Nvov nj- 20. wbDg¨v‡Uv‡dvi †`Lv hvq-
K. BIwnàvm L. BKyqvm K. Avg Mv‡Q L. dYxgbmv‡Z
M. †g‡mvwnàvm N. cøv‡qvwnàvm M. cvBb Mv‡Q N. my›`ix Mv‡Q
DËi : L. BKyqvm DËi : N. my›`ix Mv‡Q
12. Aa©wef³ wbjq †`Lv hvq †h †kªwYi cªvYx‡`i Zv nj- 21. †gŠgvwQi evZ©v cª`v‡bi b…‡Z¨i gnov †`L‡Z-
K. grm¨ L. DfPi K. ÔSÕ AvK…wZi L. Ô6Õ AvK…wZi|
M. mixm…c N. c¶x I ¯Íb¨cvqx M. Ô4Õ AvK…wZi N. Ô0Õ AvK…wZi|
DËi : M. mixm…c DËi : M. Ô8ÕAvK…wZi
13. WviDBbev‡`i g~j cªwZcv`¨ welqwU nj- 22. gv‡Qi †`‡ni `ycv‡k Aew¯’Z ÔvÕ AvK…wZi †cwk‡K
K. A‡½i e¨envi I Ae¨envi e‡j-
L. Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨ msMªvg K. †Kviv‡Kv eªvwKqvwjm
M. cªvK…wZK wbe©vPb L. †c‡±vivwjm
N. DËivwaKvi M. evB‡mcm
DËi : M. cªvK…wZK wbe©vPb N. gv‡qv‡Uvg †cwk
14. GKwU Awj›` I GKwU wbjq wb‡q MwVZ ürc…Ûhy³ DËi : N. gv‡qv‡Uvg †cwk
cªvYxwU nj- 23. gv‡Qi cUKvq Aew¯’Z we‡kl i³RvjKwU nj-
K. gvQ L. e¨vs M. mvc N. Kywgi K. †iWMªwš’ L. †cKwUb
DËi : K. gvQ M. wbDg¨vwUK bvwj N. †iwUqv wgivwewjqv
 DËi : N. †iwUqv wgivwewjqv 2. WviDBb †Kvb Mª‡š’ Zvui ÔcªvK…wZK wbe©vPbev`Õ- Gi
24. †h Awf‡hvwRZ ˆewkó¨ my›`ix Mv‡Q †`Lv hvq bv,Zv e¨vL¨v †`b?
n‡jv- DËi : ÔAb `¨ AwiwRb Ae †¯úwmm evB wgm Ae
K. k¦vmg~j b¨vPvivj wm‡jKkbÕ Mª‡š’|
L. exRhy³ dj 3. weeZ©‡bi d‡j Drcbœ Kvh©nxb A½‡K Kx e‡j?
M. cyiæ wKDwUKjhy³ cvZv DËi : wbwl&µq A½ e‡j|
N. RivqyR A¯‹y‡iv`Mg 4. Rx‡ei DrcwË m¤úwK©Z ˆReivmvqwbK gZev‡`i
25. bx‡Pi †KvbwU AvšÍtcªRvwZ msMªvg‡K wb‡`©k K‡i Zv cªe³v †K?
kbv³ K‡iv DËi : Icvwib I n¨vj‡Wb|
[Link] jvf©v LvIqvi Rb¨ Mvwà gv‡Q`i g‡a¨ msMªvg 5. ev‡qv‡Rwb Kx?
L. Bu`yi a‡i LvIqvi Rb¨ mvc I †cuPvi g‡a¨ msMªvg DËi : Avw`g †Kv‡ki DrcwË I Rxe‡bi weeZ©‡bi
M. GKB RvqMvi Nvm LvIqvi Rb¨ GK`j nwiY‡`i NUbv|
g‡a¨ msMªvg 6. cªvK…wZK wbe©vPbev‡`i cªe³v †K?
N. nwiY wkKv‡ii Rb¨ GKwU R½‡ji evN‡`i g‡a¨ DËi : Pvj©m WviDBb|
msMªvg| 7. GKwU RxešÍ Rxevk¥ Dw™¢‡`i D`vniY `vI|
DËi : L. Bu`yi a‡i LvIqvi Rb¨ mvc I †cuPvi g‡a¨ DËi : wMsK&‡Mv evB‡jvev|
msMªvg 8. Avjyi ùxZK›` I dYxgbmvi cY©KvÐ Kx RvZxq A½?
26. j¨vgv‡K©i Z‡Ë¡i m‡½ m¤úwK©Z k㸔QwU mwVKfv‡e DËi : mgms¯’ A½|
wbiæcY K‡iv 9. †gŠgvw‡Q`i fvlv 1967 wLª÷v‡ã †Kvb weÁvbx
[Link]¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨ msMªvg Avwe®‹vi K‡ib?
L. cªKi‡Yi DrcwË DËi : Kvj© fb wdªk|
M. AwR©Z ¸‡Yi eskvbymiY 10. Rxevk¥ welqK we`¨v‡K Kx e‡j?
N. cªvK…wZK wbe©vPb| DËi : cªZœ Rxewe`¨v evc¨vwjIÈjwR|
DËi : M. AwR©Z ¸‡Yi eskvbymiY 11. gvby‡li GKwU wbwl&µq A‡½i bvg †j‡Lv|
27. cvqivi dymdy‡mi m‡½ hy³ evqy_wji msL¨v- DËi : A¨v‡cbwW·|
K.7 L. 9 M. 11 N. 13 12. cª_g Drcbœ wbDwK¬K A¨vwmWwUi bvg Kx?
DËi : L. 9 DËi : RNAT .
28. bx‡Pi †Kvb cªvYxwU we‡kl b…Z¨fw½ Øviv wbR `‡ji 13. Kywg‡ii ürwc‡Ð cª‡Kvô msL¨v KZ?
Ab¨ m`m¨‡`i mv‡_ Lv‡`¨i Drm msµvšÍ Z_¨ Av`vb DËi : Pvi cª‡Kvô|
cª`vb K‡i Zv kbv³ K‡iv 14. †Kv‡ki AMª`~Z Kv‡K ejv nq?
[Link]¤úvwÄ L. Avi‡kvjv DËi : †Kvqvmvi‡fU‡K|
M. gq~i N. †gŠgvwQ| 15. †gŠgvwQi evZ©v Av`vb cª`v‡b †Kvb †Kvb b…Z¨ mvnvh¨
DËi : N. †gŠgvwQ| K‡i?
29. wZwgi wd¬cvi, cvwLi Wvbv I gvby‡li nvZ n‡jv- DËi : PµvKvi b…Z¨ I IqvM&‡Uj b…Z¨|
[Link]¯’ A½ L. mge…Ëxq A½
M. wbwl&µq A½ N. †Kv‡bvwUB bq| wee…wZ¸‡jvi mZ¨-wg_¨v hvPvB K‡iv
DËi : [Link]¯’ A½ 1. WviDBb iwPZ gvbe weeZ©b m¤^Üxq Mªš’wU nj Ô`¨
30. Ôwd‡jvRwdK RyjwRKÕ Mªš’wUi †jLK n‡jb wf‡m›U Ad g¨vbÕ| [mZ¨]
K. †g‡Ûj L. WviDBb 2. mvqv‡bv‡Rb gZev‡`i cªe³v jyB cv¯Íyi| [wg_¨v]
M. A¨vwi÷Uj N. j¨vgvK© 3. cªv‡Yi DrcwËi Rb¨ wbDwK¬K A¨vwmW me‡P‡q
DËi : N. j¨vgvK© cª‡qvRbxq| [mZ¨]
4. Rx‡ei ¯^Ztù~Z© D™¢eZ‡Ë¡i cª_g we‡ivwaZv K‡ib
GKK_vq DËi `vI weÁvbx cv¯Íyi| [wg_¨v]
1. DfPi cªvYxi ürwc‡Ð KqwU cª‡Kvô? 5. DU cvwLi jyßcÖvq AMwU nj Wvbv| [mZ¨]
DËi : wZbwU|
6. GKwU A‡giæ`Ðx RxešÍ Rxev‡k¦i D`vniY †¯‹‡bvWb| †_‡K wejyß n‡q †M‡Q, Zv‡`i RxešÍ Rxevk¥ ev wjwfs
[wg_¨v] dwmj e‡j|
7. Evolution K_vwUi A_© µgweKvk| [mZ¨] D`vniY: †cwi‡cUvm bvgK mwÜc` cªvYx,wmjvKvš’
8. Awfe¨w³ hw` Rx‡ei µgweKv‡ki dj nq Z‡e bvgK gvQ, nsmPÂy bvgK ¯Íb¨cvqx cªvYx BZ¨vw` n‡jv
Awf‡hvRb nj Gi KviY| [mZ¨] RxešÍ Rxev‡k¥i D`vniY|
9. Icvwib I n¨vj‡Wb Rx‡ei ˆRe ivmvqwbK DrcwË 2. †gŠgvwQi GKwU AvPiY ms‡¶‡c †j‡Lv|
m¤ú‡K© gZev` cªKvk K‡ib| [mZ¨] A_ev, †gŠgvw‡Q`i evZ©v Av`vbcª`vb †KŠkj ms‡¶‡c
10. cªvq 400 †KvwU eQi Av‡M c…w_ex m…wó n‡qwQj| †j‡Lv|
[wg_¨v] DËi : †gŠgvw‡Q`i mvgvwRK Rxe e‡j| G‡`i g‡a¨
11. Kve©wb‡divm hy‡M DfPi †_‡K mixm…‡ci m…wó nq| evZ©v Av`vbcª`v‡bi DbœZ cªwµqv †`Lv hvq| †h me
[mZ¨] kªwgK †gŠgvwQ Lvevi mÜvb K‡i Zv‡`i ¯‹vDU e‡j|
12. AwR©Z ˆewk‡ó¨i eskvbymiY j¨vgv‡K©i gZev`| Lvev‡ii mÜvb †c‡j kªwgK †gŠgvwQ `yB cªKvi b…Z¨
[mZ¨] K‡i
13. û‡Mv `¨ wåm wgD‡Ukb Z‡Ë¡i cªe³v| [mZ¨] (i) PµvKvi b…Z¨ : hLb Lv‡`¨i Drm 100 wgUv‡ii
14. Kywg‡ii ürwcÐ Pvi cª‡Kvô hy³| [mZ¨] g‡a¨|
15. gv‡Qi ürwcÐ †fbvm ürwcÐ| [mZ¨] (ii) IqvMj b…Z¨ : hLb Lv‡`¨i Drm 100 wgUv‡ii
16. cvqivi wcËvkq _v‡K bv| [mZ¨] †ewk ZLb GB cªKvi b…Z¨ K‡i| GwU †`L‡Z
17. my›`ix Mv‡Qi k¦vmg~j †`Lv hvq| [mZ¨] Bs‡iwR 8 -Gi g‡Zv|
18. D‡Ui Kyu‡R mwÂZ †cªvwUb wecvK wµqvq wewkøó n‡q 3. Awfe¨w³ ev ˆRe Awfe¨w³ ev Rxe weeZ©b Kv‡K
Rj Drcbœ K‡i| [wg_¨v] e‡j?
19. D‡Ui dymdy‡mi m‡½ evqy_wj hy³ _v‡K| [wg_¨v] DËi : †h gš’i I MwZkxj avivevwnK cªwµqvq †Kv‡bv
20. D‡Ui i‡³ Aew¯’Z †M-vweDwjb †cªvwUb †`‡n R‡ji mij D`ªeskxq Rxe †_‡K µgvš^‡q wRbMZ fv‡e
cwigvY wbqš¿Y K‡i| [wg_¨v] wfbœ bZyb RwUjcªRvwZi D™¢e nq, Zv‡K Awfe¨w³
21. D‡Ui RBC †MvjvKvi bv wW¤^vKvi nIqvq RBC-Gi e‡j|
cªK…Z AvqZb cªvq 240-250% e…w× cvq| [mZ¨] 4. wbDwK¬K A¨vwmW Kxfv‡e MwVZ n‡qwQj|
22. ciRxexi Øviv m…ó †ivM †_‡K i¶v cvIqvi Rb¨ DËi : Mig Zij my¨‡ci ga¨¯’ wbDwK¬IUvBW¸wj hy³
wk¤úvwÄ A¨vwmwcwjqvb iæwWm bvgK Jlwa MvQ n‡qwbDwK¬K A¨vwmW MwVZ n‡qwQj| weÁvbxiv
e¨envi K‡i| [mZ¨] Abygvb K‡ib cª_‡g RNA MwVZ n‡qwQj, Ges c‡i
23. wcøIwnmv‡mi Aci bvg nvqv‡iv‡Kv‡_wiqvg| [wg_¨v] DNA MwVZ nq|
24. ˆRe Awfe¨w³i me‡P‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ I ewjô cªgvY 5. Rxevk¥ Kx?
nj wRevk¥| [mZ¨] DËi : f~M‡f© my`xN©Kvj hver msiw¶Z Aaybvjyß
25. cª_g m…ó wbDwK¬K A¨vwmW nj RNA| [mZ¨] cªvPxb mvgwMªK Rx‡ei ev Rxe‡`nvs‡ki cª¯Íixf~Z
26. †g‡mv‡RvwqK hy‡M gvby‡li Avwef©ve N‡U| [wg_¨v] Ae¯’v A_ev Rx‡ei m¤ú~Y© †`n ev †`nvs‡ki Qvc I
27. wmWwb d· gvB‡K¬vw¯‹qv‡ii bvg †Kvqvmvi‡fU| QvuP A_ev cªvK…wZK Dcv‡q msiw¶Z m¤ú~Y© Rxe‡`n
[wg_¨v] ev †`nvsk‡K Rxevk¥ ev dwmj e‡j|
28. wjwgDjvm GKwU Dw™¢‡`i RxešÍ Rxev‡k¥i D`vniY| 6. Dw™¢‡`i mgms¯’ A‡½i D`vniY `vI Ges Zv‡`i
[wg_¨v] g‡a¨ MVbMZ mv`…k¨¸wj †j‡Lv|
29. Rv½j Dw™¢‡`i D`vniY nj my›`ix| [wg_¨v] DËi : Dw™¢‡`i K‡qKwU mgms¯’ A½ n‡jv: -Av`v,
30. K¨vKUv‡mi KvЇK dvB‡jv‡K¬W e‡j| [mZ¨] Avjy, Ij, †cqvR BZ¨vw`| G¸wj meB fywbgœ¯’ KvÐ|
G‡`i g‡a¨ mv`…k¨¸wj nj-ce©, ce©ga¨,
msw¶ß cª‡kœvËi gyKyj,kécÎ BZ¨vw`|
1. RxešÍ Rxevk¥ Kv‡K e‡j? 7. grm¨, DfPi, mixm…c, c¶x I ¯Íb¨cvqx‡`i ürwc‡Ði
DËi : †h mKj Rxe eûeQi a‡i †Kv‡bviKg g‡a¨ AvPiYMZ wgj †Kv_vq?
cwieZ©b QvovB c…w_ex‡Z †eu‡P Av‡Q A_P Zv‡`i DËi : mKj‡¶‡ÎB ürwcÛ (i) i³ msMªvnx cª‡Kvô
mgmvgwqK I mg‡MvÎxq Rxe A‡bK Av‡MB c…w_ex Awj›` Ges i³‡cªiK cª‡Kvô wbjq mn‡hv‡M MwVZ|
 (ii) ü`‡cwk Øviv MwVZ| (iii) ürwcÐ cv¤ú h‡š¿i 13. †Kvqvmvi‡fU Kx?
g‡Zv KvR K‡i i³ msen‡bi Kv‡R wbhy³ _v‡K| DËi : Icvwib (1920)-Gi g‡Z †cªvwUb †hŠM¸wj
8. †hvM¨Z‡gi weeZ©b ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? DËß Zij my¨c †_‡K c…_K n‡q GKÎxf~Z n‡q †h
DËi : †hvM¨Zg ej‡Z †evSvq ÒA‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ †h wØZxq AveiYhy³ I †cªvwUb, wjwcW I Kv‡e©vnvB‡WªU
†hvM¨Ó Ges D`eZ©b n‡jv ÒRxe‡b msMªvg K‡i Øviv MwVZ †Kvj‡qW RvZxq c`v_© MVb K‡iwQj
cªK…wZ‡Z wU‡K _vKv Ó| WviDB‡bi g‡Z †h mKj Zv‡K †Kvqvmvi‡fU ejv nq| Gi †_‡K Avw`gZg
Rxe cªK…wZ‡Z msMªvg K‡i cªKiY ev †f` m…wói †Kvk ev †cªv‡Uv‡mj Drcbœ n‡qwQj|
gva¨‡g cwi‡e‡k wb‡Ri Aw¯ÍZ¡ evwP‡q iv‡L ev wU‡K 14. AwR©Z ˆewk‡ó¨i eskvbymiY ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
_v‡K ZvivB cªK…wZ‡Z wbe©vwPZ nq| Avi hviv evuP‡Z DËi : j¨vgv‡K©i gZev` Abymv‡i cwi‡e‡ki cªfv‡e
cv‡i bv Zviv c…w_ex †_‡K Aejyß n‡q hvq| WviDBb e¨envi I Ae¨env‡ii gva¨‡g †h ˆewkó¨ AwR©Z nq
G‡K †hvM¨Z‡gi D`eZ©b e‡jb| Zv eskvbyµ‡g mÂvwiZ nq Ges Rx‡ei Awfe¨w³‡Z
D`vniY- AbyK~j †f` m…wói gva¨‡g j¤^v Mjvhy³ mvnvh¨ K‡i| G‡K AwR©Z ˆewk‡ó¨i eskvbymiY
wRivd c…w_ex‡Z †eu‡P Av‡Q Ges cªwZK~j cªKi‡Yi e‡j| GwU AwR©Z ˆewk‡ó¨i DËivwaKvi m~Î bv‡g
Rb¨ †Qv‡Uv ev Le© Mjvhy³ wRivd c…w_ex †_‡K wbwðý cwiwPZ|
n‡q †M‡Q| 15. †gŠgvw‡Q`i evZ©v Av`vb-cª`vb †KŠkj ms‡¶‡c
9. Awf‡hvRb Kv‡K e‡j? †j‡Lv|
DËi : cwieZ©bkxj cwi‡e‡k Rxe wb‡R‡K gvwb‡q DËi : †gŠgvw‡Q`i mvgvwRK Rxe e‡j| G‡`i g‡a¨
wb‡q Pjvi Rb¨ A_©vr †Kv‡bv GKwU wbw`©ó cwi‡e‡k evZ©v Av`vb- cª`v‡bi DbœZ cªwµqv †`Lv hvq| †hme
†eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ I eskwe¯Ív‡ii Rb¨ Rx‡ei †h kªwgK †gŠgvwQ Lvevi mÜvb K‡i Zv‡`i ¯‹vDU e‡j|
AvK…wZMZ, kvixie…Ëxq wµqvKjvcMZ I AvPiYMZ Lvev‡ii mÜvb †c‡j kªwgK †gŠgvwQ `yB cªKvi b…Z¨
cwieZ©b N‡U Zv‡K Awf‡hvRb e‡j| K‡i-
10. RBC-Gi Awf‡hvRbMZ ˆewkó¨ †j‡Lv| PµvKvi b…Z¨ : hLb Lv‡`¨i Drm 100 wgUv‡ii
DËi : D‡Ui RBC (†jvwnZ i³KwYKv) wW¤^vKvi g‡a¨|
Ges wbDwK¬qvmhy³| D‡Ui wWnvB‡Wªk‡bi mgq Iqvj b…Z¨ : hLb Lv‡`¨i Drm 100 wgUv‡ii †ewk
AwfmªeYxq Pv‡ci ZviZg¨ ev †ewk cwigv‡Y RjMªnY ZLb GB cªKvi b…Z¨ K‡i| GwU †`L‡Z Bs‡iwR 8-
Ki‡jI AwfmªeYxq Pv‡ci Kg ev †ewk‡Z RBC †d‡U Gi g‡Zv|
hvIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K bv| KviY RBC -i c`©vi 16. D‡Ui Rj¶q Kgv‡bvi `yÕwU Awf‡hvRbMZ ˆewkó¨
cªmviY ¶gZv A‡bK †ewk| D‡jøL K‡iv|
11. iæBgv‡Qi R‡j fvm‡Z ev Wye‡Z cUKv Kxfv‡e KvR DËi : D‡Ui Rj¶q Kgv‡bvi Awf‡hvRbMZ
K‡i? ˆewkó¨- G‡`i Pvgov †ivghy³ Ges cyiæ AveiYx Øviv
DËi : iæBgv‡Qi cUKvi AMªcª‡Kv‡ô Aew¯’Z| †iW Ave…Z _v‡K| d‡j ev®úxfeb Kg nq| I Giv †iPb
Mªwš’i mvnv‡h¨ M¨vm Drcv`b K‡i †`‡ni Av‡cw¶K c`v_©‡K ﮋ BDwiK wn‡m‡e †`n †_‡K Z¨vM K‡i|
¸iæ‡Z¡i nªvm K‡i, d‡j gvQ R‡ji Ic‡i †f‡m †`‡n R‡ji cwigvY K‡g †M‡j Giv Nb g~Î Z¨vM
I‡V| c¶všÍ‡i cUKvi cðv` cª‡Kv‡ô Aew¯’Z K‡i Ges †`‡ni Rj msi¶Y K‡i|
†iwUqv wgivwewjqv bvgK i³RvjK AMªcª‡Kvô †_‡K 17. D‡Ui RBC- Gi Awf‡hvRbMZ ˆewkó¨ †j‡Lv|
fvj‡ei gva¨‡g AvMZ M¨vm‡K †kvlY Ki‡j gv‡Qi DËi : D‡Ui RBC (†jvwnZ i³KwYKv) wW¤^vKvi
†`‡ni Av‡cw¶K ¸iæZ¡ e…w× cvq, d‡j gvQ R‡ji Ges wbDwK¬qvmhy³ nq| D‡Ui wWnvB‡Wªk‡bi mgq
Mfx‡i Wye‡Z cv‡i AwfmªeYxq Pv‡ci ZviZg¨ ev †ewk cwigv‡Y RjMªnY
12. †hvM¨Z‡gi D`eZ©b ej‡Z Kx †ev‡Sv? Ki‡jI AwfmªeYxq Pv‡ci Kg ev †ewk‡Z RBC
DËi : WviDB‡bi g‡a¨ wÎaviv Rxeb msMªv‡gi c‡_ †d‡U hvIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K bv| KviY RBC- i
†h me Rxe mnvqK ev AbyK~j Awf‡hvRbg~jK c`©vi cªmviY ¶gZv A‡bK †ewk|
ˆewkó¨ AR©b K‡i, ZvivB Rxeb msMªv‡g Rqx nq Ges 18. ev‡qv‡R‡bwUK m~Î Kv‡K e‡j?
†eu‡P _vKvi AwaKvix nq; Ab¨iv Kvjµ‡g Aejyß DËi : †n‡Kj ev‡qv‡R‡bwUK m~‡Îi cªe³v| Zvui
nq| Rxeb msMªv‡g GB DËiY‡K †hvM¨Z‡gi gZvbymv‡i cªwZwU Rxe åyY Ae¯’vq Lye Aímg‡qi
D`eZ©b e‡j| Rb¨ n‡jI c~e©cyiæ‡li AvK…wZ I MVb‡K cybive…wË
 K‡i, G‡K ÔAb‡Uv‡Rwb wiwcUm dvB‡jv‡RwbÕ ev c…_K Kivi cªeYZv j¶ Kiv hvq| c¶x I ¯Íb¨cvqx
ev‡qv‡R‡bwUK m~Î e‡j| cªvYxi ürwcÐ `yÕwU Awj›` I `ywU wbjqhy³, ZvB
19. Rxevk¥ Kv‡K e‡j? `~wlZ I weï× i³ c…_Kfv‡e cªevwnZ nq| ürwc‡Ði
DËi : Rx‡ei m¤ú~Y© †`n ev †`‡ni †Kv‡bv Ask j¶ MVbMZ cwieZ©b †_‡K wm×v‡šÍ Avmv hvq †h Giv
j¶ eQi a‡i cvjwjK wkjv¯Í‡i Pvcv c‡o _vKvi mK‡jB GKB D`&skxq Rxe †_‡K D™¢~Z n‡‡qQ Ges
d‡j Rx‡ei mvgwMªK ev †`nvs‡ki Qvc ev QvuP cwi‡e‡ki m‡½ Awf‡hvR‡bi d‡j µgk RwUj †_‡K
msiw¶Z nb _vK‡j Zv‡K Rxevk¥ e‡j| RwUjZi n‡‡qQ|
20. Acmvix Awfe¨w³ Kv‡K e‡j? 2. weeZ©‡bi mc‡¶ †Nvovi Rxev‡k¥i ¸iæZ¡ ms‡¶‡c
DËi : DrcwË I MVbMZfv‡e GKBiK‡gi A½hy³ eY©bv K‡iv|
Rxe‡`‡n wewfbœ cwi‡e‡k Awf‡hvR‡bi Rb¨ †h DËi : †Nvovi weeZ©b : AvaywbK hy‡Mi †Nvov BKyqvm
weeZ©b †`Lv hvq Zv‡K Acmvix Awfe¨w³ e‡j| BIwmb hy‡Mi BIwnàvm bvgK wkqv‡ji g‡Zv Rxe
D`vniY : †Nvovi AMªc`, gvby‡li nvZ, wZwgi wd¬cvi †_‡K m…wó n‡‡qQ| †Nvovi weeZ©‡bi gyL¨ ˆewkó¨¸wj
BZ¨vw` A‡½i DrcwË I MVb GKB wKš‘ Kvh© n‡jv
Avjv`v| BIwnàvm : BIwmb hy‡M m…wó nq| D”PZv 40 cm|
G‡`i AMªc‡` PviwU I cðv`&c‡` wZbwU AvOyj wQj|
eY©vbvg~jK cÖ‡kœi DËi †clK`vuZ LvuRwenxb| BIwnàvm †_‡K
1. j¨vgv‡K©i Awfe¨w³ msµvšÍ Z‡Ë¡i cªwZcv‡`¨i cªavb †g‡mvwnàv‡mi Avwef©ve nq|
`ywU welq eY©bv K‡iv| ürwc‡Ûi Zyjbvg~jK †g‡mvwnàvm : Awj‡Mvwmb hy‡M Avwef©ve N‡U| D”PZv
As½ms¯’vb Kxfv‡e Awfe¨w³ gZev‡`i ¯^c‡¶ cªgvY 60 cm| †`L‡Z †fovi g‡Zv, AMª I cðv`&c‡`
wnmv‡e KvR K‡i? wZbwU AvOyj Ges gv‡Si AvOyj gReyZ Ges j¤^v|
DËi : A‡½i e¨envi I Ae¨env‡ii m~Î : cwi‡e‡ki Z…Yf~wg‡Z evm KiZ| †g‡mvwnàvm †_‡K
m‡½ Awf‡hvwRZ nIqvi mgq †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv A½ Lye †gwiwPàv‡mi DrcwË nq|
†ewk e¨envi nIqvi d‡j mej I myMwVZ nq| †gwiwPàvm : gv‡qvwmb hy‡M Avwef©ve N‡U| AMª I
Ab¨w`‡K, †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv A½ Kg e¨envi nIqvq cðvc‡` AvOy‡ji msL¨v wZbwU wKš‘ ïay gv‡SiwU
ax‡i ax‡i `ye©j nq Ges Aejyß n‡q hvq| GwU A‡½i gvwU ¯úk© KiZ| D”PZv 100 cm, †clK I
e¨envi I Ae¨env‡ii m~Î bv‡g cwiwPZ| cyi‡clK µvDbhy³| G‡`i †_‡K wcøIwnàv‡mi
AwR©Z ˆewk‡ó¨i DËivwaKvi m~Î : j¨vgv‡K©i g‡Z DrcwË nq|
cwi‡e‡k Awf‡hvwRZ nIqvi mgq †hme ˆewkó¨ wcøIwnàvm : cøv‡qvwmb hy‡M Avwef©ve N‡U| D”PZv
AwR©Z nq ev Drcbœ nq Zv eskci¤úivq mÂvwiZ 108 cm, gv‡Si AvOyj j¤^v, gReyZ Ges Lyihy³|
nq Ges Rx‡ei weeZ©‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| GwU AwR©Z †`L‡Z A‡bKUv AvaywbK †Nvovi g‡Zv| wcøIwnàvm
ˆewk‡ó¨i DËivwaKvi m~Î ev AwR©Z ˆewk‡ó¨i †_‡K eZ©gvb †Nvovi Avwef©ve nq|
eskvbymiY m~Î bv‡g cwiwPZ| BKyqvm (AvaywbK †Nvov) : wcø‡÷vwmb hy‡M Avwef©ve
†h gš’i A_P MwZkxj cªwµqvi gva¨‡g c~e©cyiæl nq| D”PZv 1.5-16| wgUvi, gv‡Si AvOyj gReyZ I
A_©vr DØskxq mij Rxe †_‡K bZyb ai‡bi ¶yihy³| †clK I cyiæ‡clK µvDbhy³|
A‡c¶vK…Z RwUj Rx‡ei D™¢e N‡U, Zv‡K weeZ©b ev 3. Rxe‡bi ivmvqwbK DrcwËi msw¶ß iƒc‡iLv wgjvi
ˆRe Awfe¨w³ e‡j| I E‡ii cix¶vi mvnv‡h¨ eY©bv K‡iv|
wewfbœ †giæ`Ðx cªvYxi ürwc‡Ði Zyjbvg~jK DËi : wgjvi I E‡ii cix¶v cªgvY K‡i Rxe‡bi
A½ms¯’vb †_‡K Awfe¨w³i cªgvY m¤ú‡K© aviYv ivmvqwbK DrcwË mwVK| Zvi Rb¨ Zviv GKwU e‡ov
cvIqv hvq| gvQ, DfPi, mixm…c, c¶x I ¯Íb¨cvqxi †MvjvKvi Kvu‡Pi d¬v‡· CH, NH, I H, M¨vm 2 :
ürwcÐ µgvš^‡q RwUj †_‡K RwUjZi n‡‡qQ| 2 : 1 Abycv‡Z wb‡q Rjxq ev‡®ú †i‡L, Ab¨ GKwU
gv‡Qi ürwcÐ GKwU Awj›` I GKwU wbjq wb‡q †MvjZj Kvu‡Pi d¬v· †_‡K †dvUv‡bv Rjxq ev®ú
MwVZ| Awj›` `yÕwU c`©v w`‡q c…_K _vKvq `~wlZ I b‡ji mvnv‡h¨ H e‡ov d¬v‡· cvVvb| Gici e‡ov
weï× i³ c…_K _v‡K wKš‘ wbj‡q GKwU cª‡Kvô d¬v‡· Uvs‡÷b B‡jK‡Uªv‡Wi mvnv‡h¨ 60,000
_vKvq `yBcªKvi i³ wg‡k hvq| mixm…‡ci `yÕwU †fv‡ëi we`y¨r cvVvb| Gevi Nbxfeb h‡š¿ Drcbœ
Awj›` Ges wbjqwU Aa©wef³, ZvB `yBcªKvi i³ nIqv ˆRe †hŠM U AvK…wZi b‡j Rjxq gva¨‡g Rgv
 nq| cªvq GK mßvn a‡i GB NUbv NUvi c‡i Zviv DËi : mgms¯’ A½ : wewfbœ cªKvi cªvYxi †h mKj
Drcbœ ˆRe †hŠM¸wj kbv³ K‡i| Zviv †c‡jb A½ DrcwËMZ I MVbMZfv‡e GKB wKš‘ Kvh©
M-vBwmb, A¨vjvwbb BZ¨vw` A¨vgvB‡bv A¨vwmW| Avjv`v Zv‡`i mgms¯’ A½ ev †nv‡gv‡jvMvm AM©vb
GgbKx Zvuiv A¨v‡WwbbI †c‡qw‡Qjb| (Homologous organ) e‡j|
GB cix¶v †_‡KB ivmvqwbK ms‡kølev`, Rxeb D`vniY : cvwLi Wvbv, ev`y‡oi Wvbv, wmj ev wZwgi
DrcwËi †¶‡Î eo cªgvY mZ¨ wnmv‡e cwiMwYZ nq| AMªc` (wd¬cvi), †Nvovi AMªc` Ges gvby‡li AMªc`
A_©vr mij †hŠM †_‡KB ax‡i ax‡i RwUj ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi (nvZ) n‡jv mgms¯’ A½| KviY G‡`i DrcwË I
DrcwË| MVb GKB iK‡gi| cª‡Z¨KwU A½ wnD‡givm,
4. bqv WviDBbev` ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? WviDBbev‡`i †iwWqvm I Avjbv, Kicvj, †gUvKicvj Ges
ÎywU D‡jøL K‡iv| d¨v‡jÄm Aw¯’ wb‡q MwVZ Ges cª‡Z¨KwU †cK‡Uvivj
DËi : fvBmg¨vb, û‡Mv `¨ wåm, †Mvìw¯§_, n¨vj‡Wb Mv‡W©j bvgK nv‡oi m‡½ hy³| wewfbœ cªKvi KvR
cªgyL weÁvbx WviDB‡bi ZË¡‡K ev gZev`‡K bZyb K‡i, †hgb- cvwL I ev`y‡oi AMªc` Iovi Rb¨,
K‡i AvYweK Rxewe`¨v, †R‡bwU·, ev¯Íywe`¨v cªf…wZi wZwgi AMªc` (wd¬cvi) mvuZvi KvUvi Rb¨, †Nvovi
Av‡jv‡K eY©bv K‡i‡Qb hv bqv WviDBbev` ev AMªc` †`Šov‡bvi Rb¨, gvby‡li AMªc` wewfbœ cªKvi
AvaywbK ms‡kølYev` [Modern Synthetic KvR Kivi Rb¨ e¨envi nq|
Theory] bv‡g cwiwPZ| mgms¯’ A½¸wj †_‡K †evSv hvq †h D³ Rxe¸wji
WviDBbev‡`i ÎywU : 1) WviDBb †`n‡Kvk I DrcwË GKB RvqMv †_‡K A_©vr c~e©cyiæl GKB wKš‘
Rbb‡Kv‡ki cªKiY‡K c…_K Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| 2) wewfbœ cwi‡e‡k emev‡mi Rb¨ Awf‡hvR‡bi d‡j
WviDBb cªKi‡Yi eY©bv Ki‡jI cªKi‡Yi DrcwËi wewfbœ A‡½i MVbMZ cwieZ©b n‡‡qQ|
KviY eY©bv K‡ibwb| 2) WviDBb †hvM¨Z‡gi DØZ©b 7. j¨vgv‡K©i gZev‡`i mc‡¶ Ges wec‡¶ GKwU K‡i
eY©bv Ki‡jI Gi KviY mwVKfv‡e eY©bv Ki‡Z D`vniY `vI| j¨vgvK©ev‡`i m‡½ WviDBbev‡`i
cv‡ibwb| 4) WviDBb cwie¨w³ ev wgD‡Ukb‡K cv_©K¨ †j‡Lv|
ÔcªK…wZi †LjvÕ e‡jw‡Qjb| DËi : j¨vgvK©ev‡`i mc‡¶ D`vniY : j¨vgv‡K©i g‡Z
5. RjR Awf‡hvR‡b iæB gv‡Qi cUKvi Ges †LPi cªvYx eûeQi Av‡M †Qv‡Uv Mjvhy³ wRiv‡di Avwef©ve
wn‡m‡e cvqivi evqy_wji ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv K‡iv| n‡qwQj| cieZ©xKv‡j Nvm I †Qv‡Uv Dw™¢` nªvm
DËi : iæB gv‡Qi cUKvi f~wgKv : iæB gv‡Qi RjR cvIqvi Kvi‡Y Lv`¨vfve †`Lv †`q, d‡j wRivd DuPy
Awf‡hvR‡b cUKv Ab¨Zg f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| iæB Mv‡Qi cvZv LvIqvi †Póv K‡i Ges Kvjµ‡g j¤^v
gv‡Qi cUKv †`nMnŸ‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i| cUKv `yB Mjv I j¤^v cvhy³ wRiv‡di Avwef©ve nq|
cª‡Kvô wewkó| AMªcª‡Kv‡ô †iW Mªwš’ _v‡K hv M¨vm j¨vgv‡K©i gZev‡`i wec‡¶ D`vniY : weÁvbx
m…wó K‡i Ges cðvr cª‡Kv‡ô †iwUqv wgivwewjqv Mªwš’ fvBmg¨vb Bu`y‡ii Ic‡i cix¶v K‡i j¨vgv‡K©i
_v‡K hv M¨vm †kvlY K‡i| cUKv‡Z M¨vm Drcbœ n‡j gZev`‡K fyj e‡j hyw³ †`b| wZwb cª_‡g GK‡Rvov
†`n nvjKv nq Ges gvQ R‡j fv‡m| Avevi cUKv‡Z Bu`yi `¤úwZi †jR †K‡U †`b Ges cªRbb NUvb|
M¨vm †kvwlZ n‡j †`n fvix nq Ges gvQ R‡ji bx‡P †`Lv †Mj AcZ¨‡`i †jR Av‡Q| wZwb GBfv‡e 35
†b‡g hvq| GBfv‡e gv‡Qi cUKv gv‡QK R‡j fvm‡Z Rby ch©šÍ †jR KvU‡jb, Zv m‡Ë¡I †jRwenxb Bu`yi
Ges R‡ji bx‡P bvg‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| m…wó Kiv m¤¢e nqwb|
cvqivi evqy_wji f~wgKv : evqy‡Z Iovi Rb¨ cvqivi 8. Rxevk¥ Kv‡K e‡j? Rxev‡k¥i ¸iæZ¡ †j‡Lv|
evqy_wj ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| cvqivi DËi : Rxevk¥ : `xN©Kvj hver f~M‡f©i cvjwjK
dymdy‡mi m‡½ 9 wU evqy_wj (Air Sac) hy³ _v‡K| wkjv¯Í‡i Pvcv c‡o _vKv Rx‡ei mgMª †`n ev AvswkK
evqy_wj¸wj evqyc~Y© _vKvi Rb¨ †`n nvjKv nq, d‡j †`n ev Qvc‡K Rxevk¥ e‡j| Rxevk¥ m¤úwK©Z
mn‡RB cvqiv Do‡Z cv‡i| evqy_wj Iovi mgq weÁvb‡K cªZœRxewe`¨v ev c¨v‡jb‡UvjwR e‡j|
†`‡ni fvimvg¨ wbqš¿Y K‡i| Rxev‡k¥i ¸iæZ¡-
6. Awfe¨w³i mc‡¶ c‡iv¶ cªgvY wn‡m‡e †giæ`Ðx 1) Rxevk¥ Awfe¨w³i cªZ¨¶ cªgvY wn‡m‡e KvR
cªvYx‡`i AMªc‡`i m`…k e¨vL¨v K‡iv| K‡i|
A_ev, mgms¯’ A½ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? D`vniY w`‡q 2) Rxevk¥ AvaywbK hy‡Mi Rx‡ei c~e©cyiæ‡li Aw¯ÍZ¡
†evSvI| Lyu‡R †c‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
 3) Rxevk¥ cªvYx ev Dw™¢‡`i eqm I m…wói mgqKvj wewfbœ †giæ`Ðx cªvYxi ürwc‡Ûi Zyjbvg~jK
Rvb‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| A½ms¯’vb †_‡K Awfe¨w³i cªgvY m¤ú‡K© aviYv
4) Rxevk¥ jyß cªvYx I Dw™¢‡`i †fŠ‡MvwjK we¯Ívi cvIqv hvq| gvQ, DfPi, mixm…c, c¶x I ¯Íb¨cvqxi
Rvb‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| ürwcÐ µgvš^‡q RwUj †_‡K RwUjZi n‡‡qQ|
5) Rxevk¥ `yÕwU wfbœ †Mvôxi cªvYx ev Dw™¢‡`i g‡a¨ gv‡Qi ürwcÛ GKwU Awj›` I GKwU wbjq wb‡q
ms‡hvM i¶vKvix Rx‡ei Aa¨‡qb Ges GK MwVZ| Awj›` `yÕwU c`©v w`‡q c…_K _vKvq `~wlZ I
cªKvi Rxe †_‡K Aci cªKvi Rx‡ei DrcwËi weï× i³ c…_K _v‡K| wKš‘ wbj‡q GKwU cª‡Kvô
wel‡q aviYv w`‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| _vKvq `yBcªKvi i³ wg‡k hvq| mixm…‡ci `ywU Awj›`
9. Awf‡hvRb Kv‡K e‡j? K¨vKUv‡mi ev®ú‡gvPb nªv‡mi Ges wbjqwU Aa©wef³, ZvB `yBcªKvi i³ c…_K
Rb¨ Kx Kx Awf‡evRb ˆewkó¨ j¶ Kiv hvq? Kivi cªeYZv j¶ Kiv hvq| c¶x I ¯Íb¨cvqx cªvYxi
DËi : msÁv : weÁvbx evdv‡jv (Buffaloe-1964) ürwcÛ `ywU Awj›` I `ywU wbjqhy³,ZvB `~wlZ I
Awf‡hvR‡bi †h msÁv w`‡‡qQb Zv nj-Ò†Kv‡bv weï× i³ c…_Kfv‡e cªevwnZ nq| ürwc‡Ði MVbMZ
GKwU wbw`©ó cwi‡e‡k †e‡P _vKvi Ges eske…w× cwieZ©b †_‡K wm×v‡šÍ Avmv hvq †h Giv mK‡jB
Kivi Rb¨ Rx‡ei †h MVbMZ, AvPiYMZ I GKB D`skxq Rxe †_‡K D™¢~Z n‡‡qQ Ges
kvixie…Ëxq ¯’vqx cwieZ©b N‡U, Zv‡K Awf‡hvRb cwi‡e‡ki m‡½ Awf‡hvR‡bi d‡j µgk RwUj †_‡K
e‡j|Ó RwUjZi n‡‡qQ|
ev®ú‡gvPb nªv‡mi Rb¨ K¨vKUv‡mi Awf‡hvRb:
K¨vKUvm mvaviYZ giæf~wgi ï× I evjyKvgq
cwi‡e‡k Rb¥vq, ZvB G‡`i Rv½vj Dw™¢` ev
†R‡ivdvBU (zerophyte) e‡j| Dli cwi‡e‡k
emevmKvix K¨vKUv‡mi ev®ú‡gvPb nªv‡mi Rb¨
wbgœwjwLZ Awf‡hvRbMZ ˆewkó¨ cwijw¶Z nq-
(1) ev®ú‡gvPb nªv‡mi Rb¨ K¨vKUv‡mi cvZv¸wj
KvuUvq (cÎKÈK) iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| †Kv‡bv
†Kv‡bv †¶‡Î K¨vKUv‡mi cvZv _vK‡jI Zv
¶y`ªvKvi Ges msL¨vq Kg nq|
(2) K¨vKUv‡mi cvZv¸wj cyiæ wKDwUKj I
†gvgRvZxq K¨vKUv‡mi KvÐ ¯‹yj, P¨vÞvimv‡jv
Ges meyR Rj Avei‡Y Ave…Z _v‡K|
(3) ev®ú‡gvPb †iva Kivi Rb¨ cÎi‡Üªi msL¨v Kg
nq Ges cÎiܪ¸wj cvZvi wbgœZ¡‡Ki Mfx‡i
Ae¯’vb K‡i|
(4) ev®ú‡gvPb †iva Kivi Rb¨ K¨vKUv‡mi Kv‡Ði
Z¡K cyiæ wKDwUKj hy³ Ges †gvgRvZxq
AveiY w`‡q Ave…Z _v‡K|
(5) Kv‡Ði †Kv‡k wgDwm‡jR RvZxq c`v_© _vKvq
Kv‡Ði RjaviY ¶gZv e…w× cvq|
10. Awfe¨w³i msÁv `vI| ˆRe Awfe¨w³i cªgvY
wn‡m‡e †giæ`Ûx cªvYx‡Mvôxi ürwc‡Ði MVb
Av‡jvPbv K‡iv|
DËi : Awfe¨w³ : †h gš’i A_P MwZkxj cªwµqvi
gva¨‡g c~e©cyiæl A_©vr D`eskxq mij Rxe †_‡K
bZyb ai‡bi A‡c¶vK…Z RwUj Rx‡ei D™¢e N‡U,
Zv‡K weeZ©b ev ˆRe Awfe¨w³ e‡j|