Syochronoo Machines

f bot
Synchrenous achine Constitutes
cuell s `yncho naus generalors.
bynhrenes
cwhich Cpnygrts
mechanikal Power
The ma chne
do., Caled a Synchonous
AC elelrialpower
Same
Genaabo.o r Alternato7,. Howeyer,. f efe Koown
motor
achine Can be Operated
3moto.
as Syncho noLs
machinead
Consencton of Synchsonous
f ehé
syocbreneus
The main parts
machine are

Stator
Rotor
3. Brushes
4. Bearings
[Link]

Constru cton : Callec

ator theimachine s
Past of
The Sbationay Ke states Srarne,
noludes Varios Pars
Btakosa Statos cindings and, Ceoling
stato
Tangement.
frame :
Stako
the Outes bocy i f ehe machine
iS ioner Ports
the
ande proteck
made of Cast

of he machhe,
 Stater Core!

Coreas. madeofBleon
&teel material t made eho num bes

`tamp s that arein9ulated -from each OAher.

Provde Qneasy pats to
the magnetie enes 64foreë"and acomodote
the
6tator wmoling
Stator
Slots are Ceet on the inner Periphery of.
Core 3 phase
phase placed . Eyameleol Coppr (8
ewndtng ateral. 6e oinoling
Sear- Connected ke winding o each phase
diseributed Over Sveral Slets, When the Curent

floos jn a diseributec cwin dling eprodttes an

essenti alty Spus oldalSpae dlisesbut/on of

Rotor Con seretion,?

The otating P of the achine is Called
Rotor. There are tuwoypes o oter Construteroo
namely the alitnt pole ey pe and Ehe

Totoy kype.

1. galient fole Rokor .

EermSa ient
"The
Sa kent pole 7otor Con 9/sts of Poles
a
the Surface o the
Preretin9
Yo tor Core.
 The view a, typrcal 6- pole
Sasent pole Totos s Shoon in the qure.

peld boinoing
Shaft

fole body

Pole
Steet
spides
> Pole o e
Damper bars

Since he Toto Subjeckof to Charging

rmode f Stee larations to
magnere felds
reduce eday Cerrenk losses. Potes of iential dimessions
are OsSernbled by Stacking larpinatfons Go
A batien t pole ochonoUs machine hasa
length .
Don- idorm T6e rminimized cenales
uT-gcp
he pole Centes and in betuw een the

Poles.
Constructact fo medteum'and Loo speects
They ane ASakent
èhey havea Kargà nuinberi of poles
pole geoerakorhasa kg e, diameter he Barent Pele
Totor has the vdollowing Parts iA

) Spider: Case LYon

made
Shaft
Keged
Pole Core and pPole Shoe
Qndat the utea uface,
 oe and Pole Sh0e !
b) Pole
made
lominate tees heee

makerial. Tße Pole Core provices

the kateat east
magnetrc fteld and 4he pole
Deluetnce Path tos Che
ehe field er eha whole Periphery
Shoe Aistiibutes
Snuso tclal cwave.
unifotaty to produee
) Fetd oiodag o Frcktog coindirg '?
COUnd On ehe former and ther
given to
the pole Core, De Bupply is
plaed aTound
tiroughSip Thgs. When dbrect arent gous
reguired
through the feld Cwmding, it produees the
magnetic field.

a) Pampes oinding
the otermosE Peripbery, holes are
rded 3
n c n , , CoPper bars Qre inSertec and

Shoe Cârcuited at bth Sdes by íngs formirg

Darrger,.coinding s
&. Nen- Salien Pole Ro tor Cyhnarteat Rotor !

In type of Toto, there are

are foTmed by the
Projecteç[Link] Gut te poles
Cursent fleongtir oughthe. cotnding.
ly [Link] are. made. doossSotid. fongings
of high- grade
has a Coroparatively Arnal dtameter
adat lengtr,
kong
They in high- speecl machiöe&. he
Ccglindatcal vo tor ype altento has has ttobo ot fous
Poles the Such a lonstra ttoi Prodes
 gveater mechantol to ongth and pernies
balandng. The Sooo 6f
Qccrate dynamic
win dagye losses and the
the machine mautes oer
pecouuse of ehe unifosm
bperaton is less nolsy
air gap
the figure Showe e end veo of Ge Pole

Ond, 9 Poles lindical r0tors.

have tfeitolowing
.is3 Non Salienk pole-bype
Pavto:
Core ! silicon6teel
Robor Totor Core
made of
At the Outer
The the Shoge.
i93s Dlacedsson @otls
Btampings whsch exEin9
are Cuti
Blots
periphey,
are placecl.
lwinding 4
Rotor uoinding o frcdking. Sloks, and
on the Totor
placedbhr the
the Cusrenk io Passed
the poles ave dormet Qeerding
coay that

the require ment .

 Sip Rrqgs!
locShp ing3pre vide De Suppy khe

catndings.
Bushes :
Brushes made Caben an d tey
Slip Over the Slip Tng3 A De

gven to the brushes. Caurtent

breshes he Skp nings and then the

eciting Loindings
Bearings :
Bearing Pro Vsoled betuoeen the Shaft
"andthe uter Qtattonary bocly reduce the

frice'on. They are made of high Carbonsteel.

Shafe made 0f ild stee!.

The;
Mechanical pouer token OgiYen to
machine
ethrough ehe
Shay.
 Weoking Psncple i
An elecbromechanicaenesqs Co nvaston davice
(os electricat machine ) uhith oper akes ynhronous
mad
Speed (i-e Sped of t0toting rnagnekic fietd) rs ker
as a Synchromous mna Chine. Asypchronous nach ire
an Ac Madbine, e. ie" reguires Ac BuPply
Based
lonverslonsyoahioneus
energy
intoeGwokg pes rg
macbines may be alasssfied
Synchroneus Generakoy
Synchronous Mokos

machnes Qre
Ghe mot exkensively
Jhe-ooynchronous
machines npowrystem qpplcations
used eleceical Corretron, drivioo
factor
ere powes generator, Po
me chanfca! load, eec.
speed
lonsanpr macbines
Thersynchroneus unenteletricty
mechanicalitenergg ineo alken at ng
o alteator.
called a
Synchroveus generakor
machine ohich Converts
hilebthe ynchrone us mechanicalenergy
Cerrent eleckrity
alterrating
Called a synchronous motor.
Synchaoneus mathine (generatgr motor)
at a ConSéarntspeed called
alusayp
Aypthonas
opesata
Sped. The yncro nes Bpred is gven
by the follouing
laof
Ng
where )
Sy9ply frequeney
the nuobes of poles
in the machine.
 The synchronous Speed neasuYed

Tevolut on perv minute (Rpm)os

toscaatrt
For Satafactony qperation, a Synchsonous
machine always "Tmat ntalns te expression give
in eaotion , The mahine wi)Stop
i
to

ondibion Koon as
opraked and toss
loss oSynchro nism out of Sy chro nism
Hence, th:s
machine. Hence proves hat the
synchronous machne is desgned to operate
a Con stant Speed.
Caoidvtfe userking prindple of a syichsonous
law of eletkro mag»eke
nteration andlaus of electromagnetie tnker locking

Acooydngohenthe law of eleckrorm ag hetc

these 2umelatveotion
bebuseensar Condctor and a magnebsesfield,[Link] AMe
is Jnducednthe conductos the "otherhand;
edohen a cerTrent Carying Condecko s placed sioa
magnete fiela
onhe ctndu ctoT
that tends to movet.

kiAceordang o the tas of

mognekie inkeslockiag
[Link], ftelds (ieldl of BEakor
and field o.f Totor) are
locned togettey and
Totate at ehe seurne Speed. This phenomenon iS
Called magnet ie inter loking.
 machine frst Stas ted
The synchronous
by the eletro bm ag netie inkeration, and then the
felds 0f otor andstatoY are locked
magnetic
to
together otate

Three Phase Synchronous Moto:

9acbine Conyets
larrtct ASynchrenous
mechanIcal energy into 8-phase eleettcel energ
the process of eleeévomaghetie induction is
tbreugh
as 3-phase ynchronousgeneratos
Kooon
alttmator.
A 3-phasealternaker lonsisks of oTmatTe

oindng Gnd a -field coinding, ohere the EMP 8

eoindng
induced in the armatne 0nlngubile field
wtndng Produces the working magnetic field
Case fag-phasesq2alteynates he aTmatre
winding provided nthe <Stter part of the
machine able the Aield cwinding is pDYided on
ToterThe , major advantage of Stationars
amatusecoinding pas trat there is ho need of

Comnutatoss as Tequèrecl the 9eneatovg

aThe 3-phase ynchsonous generators Qme mest

naratian of ekcenie powey
widely used,fogenar
Power generating, Plants.
 Three- Phase Synchtonous Motor :

A 6yrcbrenous machne that Convest

efreebhaseelectridty Dto mechanfcal eneru
Synchronous moor.
Knoun as ¬free- phase synchenous

Are any other eleclie moter

motos Qlso consists of kuoo major ports
e
amel
Stator and ,Toter. The Stator Carries a three.
cohereas the To tor
Phaseas amoatue
lantes a feld winddng exited

to pro duce certaln

ber of
Supply
fxed nagnebc poles A

Awsgue featane Sychro nous

motos that elan aL a kant
peed,
Cailed SynchrosoUs [Link] the major
disadvantage of
is that t does not eoreephaseynehgoGson
have el7-tartng toTque.
motor

Therefoe, in Orole B-phase

Byrchonous motor
pes synchronous Speed bySomé auiliary mean.

Being Conkant Sped motor, th load

he moto does not exceedtAeiing Yalue
load efe motoy eseaeedshe vso
Iooesng value the motey wll immedi ately step
motors Qre used
The [Link] ynhronous
for driing mechaniaal loads at Con éant Speel,
Improving power toctod of aystem.
 Operation of B¢ Alternator
rotated iby a Prime
ulhen
he
moVer (engine, turbine,etc),
(serves as a armature cofn ding2 is Cut by the
fux
magnekic fux of the rotor Poles. Due to
is induced io the
nducton
electromag nete
anoature
winal'o Toisnduced EMP fs alterDattng
morth GndSouth poles of the
One Because the
Omatue winding
Totor alternatelypass the
We Can determie the isetion of
Conduckors. rule.
induced AMe by Flemings Tigt band
khe
of a
The electical cquiyalent Wruit and dc frelod
Coneted Qrmakure winding
three -phase alternatot.
windlng

De
Suppy

rotated a thee-Phase
When the
in the Qmature inding .
Voltage is generated
qenerated Yoltage depends pon
The magnitude the De
the
the speed
Current Houwever, ehe magnitude of
eruatton
generated Voltagein each phase o the artabure
the ame but displaced by lao electal
Othey n Space as`hown t the
foom each

Phasor dragram.
 EMP kauation ofBAlkemator:
Let
N= Speed of otabion in RPM
Pa Number oof feld poles On Totor
Fluz pe pole in webey
henln mo. of aroatuye Conductors Per Phase
eslo
in one revo lution, each stator Conducto
Therc
s ut by a zux of Pwebese

Also, time taxen ko Complete One Yevolutton s,

dt

the ar erage ANe induced eoch armate

Conductor
ÆMe Per Conddu etor : do
dt

P PN

of on ductor&
Since
ehe amatue coindin9 per ehase

PoN

P
 Then
Poz
Far fehase
the Rms Value of generateol
Now
Phase g iven by
x form factos
Amos Phae Aarfphaso
Yoll
Phase Tather
Some imes num bes 94of turns() Per
thanmumber of ConducterS Per phase are Specihied,

We have, 'or A

svms Phase
S¢ yn chronous Motor :
working of a
a s 3ynchronousnnotor harng, a
Consider
Sabent - pole rotos of tSO poles namely
wound
Thus EbeStatos wil also be
and
poles cohichare N, and S, A, drect Yoltage
for
winaing qnd a, balanced
S applled to theiotor
khree phase Qa Voltage
ortothe statos
coingng:
Ac Suppy
Supply
 The ator
e ineling Psoduces
gotating
mag nekc freld
magnekc cohtcbo evolves Oround
freldohich
Catled Synchro nous
Stator at a Bpeed Catled peed (,)
(ns
The drect uryent Xlowng through ee
the motor
oOtos an o he
odues kewo fi eld poles In the

Tnagnetic fteld due Go Ghese poles is Staton ary

bo long as the not unning - Hence,
havtA
Case a par of revoling
Palr of
armature poles N,- ) and ary Btation
Tolor poles (N,).
Now,,ConSides avadobreh
nstant Ehe
Seater poles are t pOS tion g A Qnal B Q

Shoon log lear eha poles N, Na

7epel each Qnd So do theipofes S, 2 S.
Thus he tendse eo otate in the aotí clocutse

directon Aftes eaperiod of, haf- yce of Ac

Supply , the polarteres otstator poles are
xevessed but he poBarties ! ehe otor Poles
rem the
Kame as Shoon dn, Gtg (2).n thts
ase) polesS, and N attrateaas otex and
N, and, S Thus, the otos
tends ko Totate in the aloekotse
diretios.
Since the Skatorpoles are changsng ther
polomties rapsdly , they Gend to Pull he roGo
directon and
afterhalg- eycle o
other
the directon. Because of the
bidiecttonal torque On the rotor and btgb neyta
4 the notor, he Syn Chonous matos falls eo
Therefore, a Synchonous moto has no Seff-sGortio
korque