Q.1 What is the molarity of a solution with a mass of solute 10 kg and 100 L volume?
Given:
• Mass of solute = 10 kg = 10,000 g
• Volume = 100 L
• Molarity = moles of solute / volume in L
But molar mass isn't given. Assuming the solute is water or a substance with molar
mass 100 g/mol (common assumption in such questions unless specified):
→ Moles = 10,000 g / 100 g/mol = 100 mol
→ Molarity = 100 mol / 100 L = 1 molar
Answer: (B) 1 molar
Q.2 The value of Henry's constant KH is:
Answer: (B) greater for gases with lower solubility
Because higher KH means lower solubility, as per Henry’s Law:
C = P / KH or C = KH × P
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Q.3 Why is NaCl added to water while boiling eggs?
Answer: (B) increase the boiling point
NaCl raises the boiling point of water (boiling point elevation) – a colligative
property.
Q.4 Which is not an example of osmosis?
Answer: (D) Exchange of gases in lungs
Exchange of gases (O₂ and CO₂) is via diffusion, not osmosis.
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Q.5
Assertion (A): In an ideal solution, ΔHmix = 0
Reason (R): A-B interactions = A-A and B-B interactions
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
That’s actually the definition of an ideal solution.
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Q.6
Assertion (A): 1M NaCl has higher osmotic pressure than 1M sucrose
Reason (R): NaCl dissociates into more particles
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
NaCl → Na⁺ + Cl⁻ (2 particles), sucrose stays as 1 → more particles = more
osmotic pressure.
Q.7. Case-Based MCQs (1 mark each)
(i) Which of the following statements regarding ideal solutions is false?
Answer: (B) There will be some change in volume on mixing
FALSE — In ideal solutions, ΔVmix = 0 and ΔHmix = 0
(ii) Gibbs free energy of mixing for ideal solution?
Answer: (B) < 0
Mixing increases entropy → ΔG = ΔH - TΔS
→ Since ΔH = 0 and ΔS > 0 ⇒ ΔG < 0
(iii) Not an example of ideal solution?
Answer: (C) Ethyl alcohol + Water
Shows strong hydrogen bonding, so it’s non-ideal
(iv) Non-ideal solution showing positive deviation?
Answer: (A) Acetone + Carbon disulfide
Weaker A–B interactions → higher vapour pressure → positive deviation
(v) Which is false about non-ideal solutions?
Answer: (C) ΔHmix = 0
FALSE — Non-ideal solutions have ΔHmix ≠ 0
Q.8. Why helium is mixed with N₂ and O₂ in diving cylinders?
To avoid nitrogen narcosis under high pressure; helium is less soluble and inert,
preventing dizziness and other toxic effects under deep-sea pressure.
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Q.9. Define azeotropes.
Azeotropes are constant boiling mixtures of two or more liquids that boil at a
fixed temperature and cannot be separated by fractional distillation.
Q.10. What type of azeotrope is formed by positive deviation from Raoult’s law?
Give an example.
Minimum boiling azeotrope
Example: Ethanol + Water
Q.11. Define osmotic pressure and relation with concentration.
Osmotic pressure is the pressure required to stop osmosis.
Formula: π = CRT
Where:
• π = osmotic pressure
• C = molar concentration
• R = gas constant
• T = temperature in Kelvin
So, osmotic pressure ∝ concentration
Q.12. What are colligative properties? Name one used for molar mass of
macromolecules.
Colligative properties depend only on the number of solute particles, not their
nature.
Examples:
• Boiling point elevation
• Freezing point depression
• Osmotic pressure
• Vapour pressure lowering
Osmotic pressure is used for determining molar mass of macromolecules
Q.13. Will elevation in boiling point be same for 0.1 mol NaCl and 0.1 mol sugar in
1L water? Explain.
No.
• NaCl dissociates into 2 particles (Na⁺ + Cl⁻) → greater effect
• Sugar remains undissociated (1 particle)
So, NaCl will show higher boiling point elevation.
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Q.14. Vapour pressure depression – Molar mass calculation
Given:
• P₀ = 32 mm Hg
• P = 31.84 mm Hg
• ΔP = 0.16 mm Hg
• W₂ = 10 g, W₁ = 200 g
• M₁ (water) = 18 g/mol
Use Raoult’s Law:
ΔP / P₀ = (W₂ × M₁) / (W₁ × M₂)
0.16 / 32 = (10 × 18) / (200 × M₂)
→ 1 / 200 = 180 / (200 × M₂)
→ 1 = 180 / M₂
⇒ M₂ = 180 g/mol
Answer: 180 g/mol
Q.15. Boiling Point Elevation Calculation
Given:
• m = 1 mol/kg
• i = 2 (KCl → K⁺ + Cl⁻)
• Kb = 0.52 K kg/mol
Formula:
ΔTb = i × Kb × m
= 2 × 0.52 × 1 = 1.04 K
Normal b.p. of water = 373 K
New boiling point = 373 + 1.04 = 374.04 K
Answer: 374.04 K
Q.16
(i) Definitions (3 marks)
(a) Mole Fraction:
Mole fraction (X) = (No. of moles of component) / (Total moles of all components)
(b) Ideal Solution:
An ideal solution is one which obeys Raoult’s Law at all concentrations and
temperatures.
→ In ideal solutions:
• Enthalpy change of mixing (ΔH_mix) = 0
• Volume change on mixing (ΔV_mix) = 0
• A–A, B–B, and A–B interactions are equal
ii) Numerical (2 marks)
Given:
• Mass of solute (w2) = 15 g
• Mass of water (w1) = 450 g = 0.450 kg
• Freezing point depression (ΔTf) = 0.4°C
• Kf = 1.86 K·kg/mol
Formula:
ΔTf = (Kf × w2 × 1000) / (M2 × w1)
Putting values:
0.4 = (1.86 × 15 × 1000) / (M2 × 450)
→ 0.4 = 27900 / (450 × M2)
→ 0.4 × 450 × M2 = 27900
→ 180 × M2 = 27900
→ M2 = 27900 / 180 = 155 g/mol
Answer: 155 g/mol
Q.1. Why galvanised iron is made by coating zinc on iron but not the reverse?
Answer: (A) Negative electrode potential of zinc is more than iron.
Explanation: Zinc is more reactive (more negative E°), so it sacrifices itself to protect
iron from corrosion.
Q.2. A device converting chemical energy of fuels directly to electrical energy
Answer: (D) Fuel Cell
Example: Hydrogen-Oxygen fuel cell
Q.3. Strongest oxidant and reductant based on E° values:
E°(F2) = +2.85 V, E°(Cl2) = +1.36 V, E°(Br2) = +1.06 V, E°(I2) = +0.53 V
→ Most positive = strongest oxidant → F2
→ Least positive = strongest reductant → I⁻
Answer: (A) F₂ (oxidant), I⁻ (reductant)
Q.4. Conductivity of aqueous solution depends on?
Answer: (D) All of the above
Reason: Number of ions, their charge, and their mobility — all influence conductivity.
Q.5. Assertion: Zinc displaces copper from CuSO₄.
Reason: Zinc is more reactive than copper.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation.
Q.6. Assertion: 2Ag + H₂SO₄ → Ag₂SO₄ + H₂ is possible
Reason: Silver has lower tendency to oxidize than H₂SO₄.
Answer: (D) A is false and R is true.
Explanation: Silver cannot displace H⁺ from H₂SO₄ — reaction is not feasible.
Q.7. Case-Based Electrolysis:
Given:
• Ti³⁺ + e⁻ → Ti²⁺ E° = +0.01 V
• Fe³⁺ + e⁻ → Fe²⁺ E° = +0.77 V
To oxidise Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺, we need a species with E° < 0.77 V.
Ti³⁺ gets reduced to Ti²⁺ (E° = +0.01 V), so it is a weak oxidizing agent.
Answer: (B) Ti⁺ cannot oxidise Fe(II) to Fe(III)
Q. (ii) Arrange Fe²⁺, Mn²⁺ and Cr²⁺ in increasing order of stability of +2 oxidation state.
Given:
E°(Cr³⁺/Cr²⁺) = –0.40 V
E°(Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺) = +0.80 V
E°(Mn³⁺/Mn²⁺) = +1.50 V
Explanation:
Lower E° means more stable M²⁺ (less likely to oxidize).
So,
Cr²⁺ is most stable,
Fe²⁺ is less stable,
Mn²⁺ is least stable.
Answer: (C) Cr²⁺ < Fe²⁺ < Mn²⁺
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Q. (ii) Name the cell generally used in hearing aids.
Answer: (B) Mercury cell
Reason:
Mercury cell gives constant voltage, is small, and ideal for devices like hearing aids.
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Q. (iv) Which statement is NOT true?
(A) Graphite is used as an inert electrode.
(B) Active electrode may affect outcome of cell.
(C) Products of electrolysis are independent of electrode potential.
(D) Products depend on electrolytic solution and electrodes.
Answer: (C)
Reason:
This is false. Products of electrolysis DO depend on electrode potentials.
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OR
Which is NOT correct about inert electrode?
(A) It does not participate in cell reaction.
(B) It provides surface for redox reaction.
(C) It provides surface for conduction of electrons.
(D) It provides surface for oxidation or reduction.
Answer: (B)
Reason:
Inert electrode conducts electrons but does NOT take part in redox reaction.
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Q.8. Why does molar conductivity increase with dilution?
On dilution, ion–ion attraction decreases, ions move more freely.
So, molar conductivity increases.
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Q.9. Which law helps determine limiting molar conductivity of weak electrolytes?
Kohlrausch’s Law of Independent Migration of Ions.
It states: Λ⁰ₘ = λ⁰₊ + λ⁰₋
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Q.10. Define electrochemical cell.
A device in which redox reaction occurs and converts chemical energy to electrical
energy.
Example: Daniel Cell.
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Q.11. Why does Λₘ of CH₃COOH increase drastically on dilution, but CH₃COONa
increases gradually?
CH₃COOH is a weak electrolyte. On dilution, ionisation increases a lot.
CH₃COONa is a strong electrolyte, already ionised — so increase is slow due to less
ion–ion interaction.
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Q.12. (i) Calculate ΔG° for: Mg(s) + Cu²⁺(aq) → Mg²⁺(aq) + Cu(s)
Given: E°cell = +2.71 V, n = 2, F = 96500 C/mol
ΔG° = -nFE°
= -2 × 96500 × 2.71
= -522230 J/mol
= -522.23 kJ/mol
Answer: -522.23 kJ/mol
(ii) Cell used in Apollo space program:
Answer: Fuel cell (H₂–O₂ fuel cell)
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Q.13. In the galvanic cell: Zn(s) + 2Ag⁺(aq) → Zn²⁺(aq) + 2Ag(s)
(i) Direction of electron flow:
From Zn to Ag (Zn is more reactive)
(ii) Concentration changes:
- [Zn²⁺] increases (oxidation at anode)
- [Ag⁺] decreases (reduction at cathode)
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Q.14. What is corrosion? Explain electrochemical theory of rusting.
Corrosion is the slow oxidation of metals by air and moisture.
Electrochemical rusting of iron:
Anode (oxidation):
Fe → Fe²⁺ + 2e⁻
Cathode (reduction):
O₂ + 4H⁺ + 4e⁻ → 2H₂O
Overall:
2Fe + O₂ + 4H⁺ → 2Fe²⁺ + 2H₂O
Fe²⁺ → Fe(OH)₂ → Fe₂O₃·xH₂O (rust)
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Q.15. (i) ΔG° calculation:
Given: E° = 0.236 V, n = 2, F = 96500
ΔG° = -nFE°
= -2 × 96500 × 0.236
= -45428 J/mol = -45.4 kJ/mol
Answer: -45.4 kJ/mol
(ii) Electrons flow when current is 0.5 A for 2 hours:
Time = 2 hrs = 7200 s
Q = I × t = 0.5 × 7200 = 3600 C
Electrons = Q / (charge of 1 electron)
= 3600 / (1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹)
= 2.25 × 10²² electrons
Answer: 2.25 × 10²² electrons
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Q.16 (i) Definitions:
(a) Molar conductivity (Λₘ): Conductivity per mole of electrolyte.
Λₘ = (κ × 1000) / C
(b) Secondary battery: Rechargeable battery. Ex: Lead-acid battery.
(c) Fuel cell: Cell converting fuel’s chemical energy directly into electricity. Ex: H₂–O₂
fuel cell.
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(ii) Laws:
(a) Faraday’s First Law:
Mass (W) deposited ∝ Charge (Q)
W=Z×Q
(b) Kohlrausch’s Law:
Λ⁰ₘ = λ⁰₊ + λ⁰₋
Limiting molar conductivity = sum of in dividual ions’ conductivities.
Q.1 (i) Define degree of dissociation and write its relation with molar conductivity.
**Degree of dissociation (α):**
It is the fraction of total electrolyte molecules that dissociate into ions in solution.
Expression:
α = Λₘ / Λₘ⁰
Where:
- Λₘ = Molar conductivity at a given concentration
- Λₘ⁰ = Limiting molar conductivity (at infinite dilution)
As dilution increases, Λₘ approaches Λₘ⁰ ⇒ α → 1
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(ii) For the cell: Ni(s) | Ni²⁺(aq) || Ag⁺(aq) | Ag(s)
Given:
E°(Ni²⁺/Ni) = –0.25 V
E°(Ag⁺/Ag) = +0.80 V
→ E°cell = E°(cathode) – E°(anode)
= 0.80 – (–0.25) = 1.05 V
To find:
**(a) Equilibrium constant (K)** using:
E°cell = (0.0591 / n) × log K
n = 2 (2 electrons transferred)
1.05 = (0.0591 / 2) × log K
→ log K = (1.05 × 2) / 0.0591 = 35.52
→ K = 10^35.52
**Answer: K ≈ 3.31 × 10³⁵**
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**(b) Minimum work obtainable = ΔG°**
ΔG° = –nFE°cell
= –2 × 96500 × 1.05
= –202650 J = –202.65 kJ
**Answer: Minimum work = 202.65 kJ**
CHAPTER: CHEMICAL KINETICS
MCQs and Assertion-Reason Based Questions
---------------------------------------------
Q.1. Which of the following quantity changes by addition of catalyst in a chemical
reaction?
(D) Activation energy
Catalyst provides an alternate pathway with **lower activation energy**. It does
**not** affect entropy, enthalpy, or internal energy.
---------------------------------------------
Q.2. The initial concentration of the reactant becomes twice in a reaction, then half-life
period of that reaction is not affected. The order of that reaction is:
(A) First
For a **first-order reaction**, the half-life is **independent** of initial
concentration.
Formula:
$$ t_{1/2} = \frac{0.693}{k} $$
---------------------------------------------
Q.3. The unit of rate constant for the zero-order reaction is:
(D) mol L⁻¹ s⁻¹
For zero-order, Rate = k
So, k = Rate = mol L⁻¹ s⁻¹
---------------------------------------------
Q.4. The temperature dependence of the rate constant is given by the Arrhenius
equation:
(A) ln k = ln A – (Eₐ / RT)
This is the logarithmic form of the **Arrhenius equation**, which relates rate
constant to activation energy and temperature.
---------------------------------------------
Q.5. Assertion (A): Half-life period is always independent of initial concentration.
Reason (R): Half-life period is inversely proportional to rate constant.
(C) A is true but R is false
A is true **only for first-order**, not for all.
R is false: Half-life ∝ 1/k is true **only for first-order**, not a universal fact.
---------------------------------------------
Q.6. Assertion (A): Order of a reaction cannot be written from the balanced equation of
a reaction.
Reason (R): Rate law can provide some clue about the reaction mechanism.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
Reaction order is **experimentally determined**, not from the balanced chemical
equation.
---------------------------------------------
Case-based Question (1 × 4 = 4)
Q.7. Based on the passage:
(i) Which type of collisions lead to the formation of products?
(A) Effective collisions
Only collisions with energy ≥ threshold energy and proper orientation result in
product formation.
(ii) What is threshold energy?
(B) Minimum energy required for effective collisions
Reactant molecules must have **at least threshold energy** to overcome activation
barrier.
(iii) Why are most collisions not effective?
(C) They lack sufficient energy and proper orientation
Energy and orientation both matter.
(iv) What does activation energy mean?
(A) Extra energy required to make collisions effective
Activation energy is the energy needed in **addition to average kinetic energy** for
effective collision.
---------------------------------------------
(i) Assertion (A): The formation of product is possible only if the molecules of reactants
collide.
Reason (R): In a chemical reaction, chemical bonds in the reactants are broken and new
bonds in the products are formed.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(ii) Assertion (A): All the collisions in a reaction mixture are effective in bringing about
the chemical reaction.
Reason (R): The collisions which bring about the chemical reaction are called effective
collisions.
(D) A is false and R is true.
(iii) Assertion (A): The number of effective collisions is very less than total collisions.
Reason (R): First molecules come in activated state and only those molecules form
products whose energy is equal to or more than threshold energy.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(iv) Assertion (A): Greater the concentration of reactants, smaller is the rate of the
reaction.
Reason (R): The number of collisions between the reacting molecules increases on
increasing concentration of reactants.
(D) A is false and R is true.
OR
Assertion (A): In some cases, the reactant molecules having equal to or greater than
threshold energy do not form products.
Reason (R): They possess proper orientation.
(D) A is true but R is false.
------------------------------
Q.8. All collisions taking place between reactants do not form products. Why?
Because only those collisions are effective which have sufficient energy (≥
threshold) and correct orientation.
Q.9. For which reaction does the rate not decrease with time?
Zero order reaction.
Q.10. For the reaction H₂ + Cl₂ → 2HCl; Rate = k
Order = 0 (zero order)
Molecularity = 2
------------------------------
Q.11.
(i) Slope of log k vs 1/T graph = -Ea / 2.303R
(ii) The reaction with lower activation energy (Ea = 40 J/mol) will have a higher rate
constant.
Q.12.
(i) Rate = k[A][B] → Order = 2
(ii) First order reaction:
k = 5.5 × 10⁻⁵ s⁻¹
t½ = 0.693 / k = 0.693 / (5.5 × 10⁻⁵) = 1.26 × 10⁴ s = 3.5 hours approx.
Q.13. First order reaction:
Given: k = 1.15 × 10⁻⁵ s⁻¹
Use:
ln([R]₀ / [R]) = kt
ln(5 / 3) = 1.15 × 10⁻⁵ × t
t = ln(5/3) / (1.15 × 10⁻⁵) = 0.5108 / 1.15 × 10⁻⁵ = 44417.4 s ≈ 12.34 hours
------------------------------
Q.14. For A + B → products
From data:
Doubling [A] → rate doubles → order w.r.t A = 1
Doubling [B] → rate same → order w.r.t B = 0
→ Overall order = 1
Half-life for first order:
t½ = 0.693 / k
Q.15.
t½₁ = 50 min at 300 K
t½₂ = 25 min at 350 K
Use Arrhenius equation:
ln(k₂/k₁) = Ea/R × [(T₁ - T₂) / T₁T₂]
ln(2) = Ea / (8.314) × [(1/300) - (1/350)]
0.693 = Ea / 8.314 × 0.000476
Ea = 0.693 / 0.000476 × 8.314 = 12100.5 J/mol = 12.1 kJ/mol
------------------------------
Q.16. For hydrolysis of methyl acetate:
[CH₃COOCH₃]
t = 0 → 0.60 mol/L
t = 300 s → 0.30 mol/L
t = 600 s → 0.15 mol/L
(i) Since [water] ≈ constant → pseudo first-order.
As [ester] becomes half in equal intervals = 300 s → follows 1st order.
(ii) Average rate between 300–600s:
Change in concentration = (0.30 – 0.15) mol/L
Time = 300 s
Rate = 0.15 / 300 = 5 × 10⁻⁴ mol/L/s
(i) For a reaction A + B → P, rate = k[A][B]
(a) If the concentration of B is **doubled**, i.e., [B] becomes 2[B]:
New rate = k[A](2[B]) = 2 × (original rate)
So, the rate of reaction **doubles**.
(b) If A is present in **large excess**, its concentration remains almost constant, so:
Rate = k'[B] where k' = k[A] (constant)
So, the reaction becomes **pseudo-first order** in B
Overall order of reaction = **1**
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(ii) For a **first-order** reaction:
t₁/₂ = 30 min (time for 50% completion)
We use the formula:
t = (2.303 / k) × log([R]₀ / [R])
Since it's 90% complete → 10% reactant remains
So, [R]₀ / [R] = 100 / 10 = 10
Step 1: Find k using t₁/₂:
k = 0.693 / t₁/₂ = 0.693 / 30 = 0.0231 min⁻¹
Step 2: Use k to find time for 90% completion:
t = (2.303 / 0.0231) × log(10)
t = (2.303 / 0.0231) × 1
t ≈ 99.7 minutes
Time required for **90% completion** = **99.7 minutes**