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HT Interview

The document discusses various principles of heat transfer, including conduction, convection, and the conservation of energy. It covers equations and laws related to heat transfer, as well as applications in systems like evaporators and heat exchangers. Additionally, it highlights the importance of temperature distribution and resistance in thermal systems.

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rimzim8727
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6 views49 pages

HT Interview

The document discusses various principles of heat transfer, including conduction, convection, and the conservation of energy. It covers equations and laws related to heat transfer, as well as applications in systems like evaporators and heat exchangers. Additionally, it highlights the importance of temperature distribution and resistance in thermal systems.

Uploaded by

rimzim8727
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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Gree Gaver Phe j : Hi boil ie ¢ bbe Se I linpet Oe) (iis) (flaky Bigle eprace Single PA ie ea o aah oF Conve oe 3D Maobiabie look % ® ae = le ce bn abe LA awit of cevenge > Pouwe PIPE HEAT FYCHANGER — Gupta beak - erchomge davis “ do filorista 5 Tuy tombs pee « tn Sommer pane. * = Ore Hast Taper taney ppc» Gols TB = Jom nttellain —coet , eam of mal io Bey ‘i Dis Singe J KY : Diet ge wy) ——— dig be wh tN Ry : C4 te RW Ch Dead wnt Cece — Cenally wed for Kroll - topect ieah'ew whew Apfel baat frmifn ous pill WN sont Soo fet) les hea X NN ad onbat Be “pe ust ome basil? 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"5 Nett ee embe of itr (ee LQ ohar PRE * ae wt Gybba —) flo Or! abe Wath otis Vegan if Ren mig seen’ hy Mya k baton qos - > Diocladage Permanent, Joined Dipady Cheow'ng » Corenped kurbsee NE — Dnt =F Hew Eptingert Tnbe Fin Hee Ee teeny ens 2 Cpiecer Coney HEAT — Enthangans - dimer Coumer HEMT ER clanr cout HE, m Woh 2 td Srermm Om into Gowbant pyihnons Om Separrhns woll , d by yoby hae tromtfer abt Benieved + Tet aulbine on at MR teoved HET ExOnhy ERS: i Sa —Vyd bb wet & Cyl then wis ax Ww Cooling ween vad Me wath * : ; ie boating 2 (ener eee wo patil wy gon age He ww ‘qty - od i 6) Her pretar Muig — 1s dovongh & beamk ep fianed Mees , ee eee ong ee MO OTM - How fons: Fovd obnff Pom -& i sn Pest p hedusl cleat fom ee Rieke” aut an Cheat wp) Gemie ave pe Oe Wee ieee 7 hoo = Ovi Uy} Goethe (Routan, toy) hie = ew ” u Ko = Tuwd poole Ay tte oat antes Wee di = Hebe iquish obthvatlen, m Cle = Thr On u 4 on tae 7 : j (. HTM ts bem © Bor Cormurert or ae Ta ays wit B Chrt) 2 en ae See SW 3 Whe hear Rb lepers hue f at hi 4 lo-wovet » ae oneal Th wed pe jn he din ha : Pe i he cit ae eee cover no é in tian. Uncen 1% 2 mee tare e nih“) ptm es Tre tee a Fee ~ LMT, covrecho~ Auetor hin lec- 0S, _—* -Baare ‘DESIGN PARAMETERS - ee H woagectio. FACTOR ~ Fr torveobien factor is Hil covelatid i\ deum a enters rake fw eHhecrinimels of e * retioarger CR) ancl hg we ek tye kat Procite (R) a Th pom tf hod me pel Pe (tw Two) [Ct - Tes ) Th R- Cpr ‘ eet co = (Te -Tey )/ CT ao) 1 teempbonbiratt-), N Hot Shrew nl te We i Mae (%/ o Three Base SITVATI Ions ? Witla tue“ deni he @ 7 Se Apron - Fa ‘ temporavn ef het Rtrea Is Si bre fine) Leap ye ay, sow a fa brane m ppron OA curler emp ef ek shew APO fhe peled oe bbe The Ghenon jy stroightforwied to ini, oe Obes Be artamadated ina Kigk “tap Sell. te ui 7 ser tl . alias’ is Jens bn Hea oat er id ab abe & pe aver wall] threo lo) PO sy aes 3 TEMPERATURE CROCS - \ i TEMPERAWAE CROCS ~ b = ~The evttet Sop ba kek ghee . * ee 9 re Blighty eat ty, Ountlet tep o ao re told Shem pat ius bated’ bye thi ts tall ve cross. TMH site AL vavalig fei Ye clevgn 1 pvor) eps Ns o He Com be © Oetowadated (fon? 3% nye ghee » — we eee fap alles demp: Urote - = yer + ‘ ae Lathe TempRRaTuRE CROCS i len an Be pore ef temp Ener natal. poe gacecllead™ Gy “Yfonteaid 48 OR bela “Top, Gee PoP oven a) Fe vvoptl. — Inpomable enthnyn altrin vw ff. hewer fs neh Gory’ by mak, — Men A tovenerly el Havin > @, Na. fnct on OT ee j t ~ NE yet Kone fect ant for rwulhyas Crchonzen, ther Weal : Reon) it dded LMTD — (Cerveetor iy . - a aque’ eae , Fy antares “rupeidly | cage || gue Yeo Induele No OF Shathe day é lee apes fhe OO: Seamph - Shells th gerier yet bw deopusctons 0H (? vst ) + => hell ! uk | es | Tee) ee (o-u sete) " eG SSS | pe Thy oF Af Nek:- FF P ane oe T food 0.9, josie to. of Shullt f Ay ry fuocretion » qnert oR WEE * "(wom wih tube ) — eprom fours, tm plowing esos wis TO ated ee shrews to yw 4 bbe 7 : td Meontd «be allocate to © Caetoro 9 TH mov bapeetnws " . oo fry ube le +E will yedoct + a) alley « . Gf aakl Sh, tee la 1? we bata tombe! Batre has skim Powid vatotily by yn tlle able velecity 14 ha hey wil re foutng Atte hubby wt be enter by lt. yi Mv (® ~ Flac) Pomperotvre 1 yp be Homps ave high — Coons fo rein Ine ae op Sed alleys procs ty hagher eos Yui jy fe obey nace pecloce Ime Overall Coaj— Deva, Prevevre Ta biphen poverty Given Chee ec atloratid by fy — abe Be» High prseens hades MIP he Oheop, he tye Preto Pout. E46 di Cip pe ted) . - Wer Viuosihy : tually , a haphn baat - drwofer coe «will be pbtatnef fy alivestiy thx Move Viton! wratiu'al 1D dae Ml dt Drones bw flow ig duvguled The ordi Reelds omber for tevelavlent foun hy eel is fy Ae reegon Of 240+ Uf durtvle flow Comnot Arcee’ fh Ma MAM it is co be Alas a fated ta a coep: mn Bt prude wik mou = Geren “Parrots Most he Shere fes wile be lewvest Hau vak to Me Call de will Apawnay Grint du Mott economial chee - Gonna a fet phe hole OF ith me el Sut eae fli —lerresie Hold * = Caulunry yop (aoe Corer) = teller fod 7 dpgh viene ~ Fontes feed — lew fit Lit + - Le vbw fod © Qn b Tee Fund VeELoCINES “Fpl duolm wloinel are f tres © Tbe Rehr, grote Pelt Lt te am, y Maye Une vey, te meamy fouled) j wetn 2 be by 25 m/s , @ Mae OA time. For vapours, by VUotity wd wil) clyend wn he errsh pte 2 fel ly Vacwe > Sy bh Fo m/e. Aeoaen'e freien 9 9) bn Ds. Hix Prutux > © bo lore, Frame, prop The yalins — Guppated blow Cin foe used OX a Genuvad Gro amd —yoill Nowmalle afime dereiyns Hab" One Near duc Oprinue * Liguids - ONivconly 2 LN S/m™ Se en/m? D 4 to pomN s/t Song kat bet ies WV Vapouts SO ean ee © Vatu — > pt - Oe pu /m> 0 | ded fa > py By Sten ra pi © feow le dba > 0+} wo tye. uy fectpte Ff thn 8 hgh per protons drop is veiized , tay Musk bt dake (fo tata Mak be erthiy fot ty doh nin Be Vidwahon Over-Surface and Over-Design Over-surface is a measure of the safety factor incorporated in the design of a heat exchanger through fouling factors and the use of standard equipment sizes. Since it deals directly with exchanger surface area, it is easier to visualize than fouling factors and calculated versus required heat-transfer coefficients. The percentage over-surface is defined as follows: Over-surface depends on the % over-surface = A-Ac x 100 relative magnitudes of the total Ac fouling allowance and the film and wall resistances. While A= Actual heat-transfer surface area in the exchanger values of 20-40% may be A, = Calculated heat-transfer surface area based on U, considered typical, higher values are not unusual. or variety of industrial services where large heat transfer surfaces are required, shell and tube heat exchangers are commonly used. S&T accounted for 85% of new exchangers supplied to oil-refining, chemical, petrochemical and power companies. Why? * Can be designed for almost any duty with a very wide range of temperatures and pressures OO + Can be built in many materials. ¢ Many suppliers » Repair can be by non-specialists — * Design methods and mechanical codes have been established from many years of experience OO Classification of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger A variety of different internal constructions are used in shell-and-tube exchangers, depending on the desired heat transfer and pressure drop performance and the methods employed to reduce thermal stresses, to prevent leakages, to provide for ease of cleaning, to contain operating pressures and temperatures, to control corrosion, to accommodate highly asymmetric flows, and so on. Shell-and-tube exchangers are classified and_constructed in accordance with the widely used TEMA (Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association) standards. Fixed tube sheet External floating head | U-tube [ternal floating head Classification of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Fixed tube sheet + No provision for differentialU— expansion + Limited to temperature differences up to about 90°C Classification of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Limited in use to relatively clean fluids Classification of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Internal Floating Head 5, In most applications, tubes have single walls, but when working with radioactive, reactive, or toxic fluids and potable water, double-wall tubing is used. In most applications, tubes are bare, but when gas or low-heat- transfer coefficient liquid is used on the shell side, low-height fins (low fins) are used on the shell side. — Tubes are made from metals, plastics, and ceramics, depending on the applications. , Triangular pitch Square pitch Rotated square pitch S et ater O-x x Square pitch tube arrangement creates lower turbulence than triangular and rotated square. But benefit is that it cause lower pressure drop. Rotated square pitch gives PETua a ee eRe le ie Elm MoM im lace ie coefficient as well as higher pressure drop. Tubes: Arrangements Triangular and square layouts are the most common, but rotated square pitch is also used. Afourth configuration, rotated triangular pitch, is seldom used. With triangular pitch the tubes are more closely packed in the bundle, which translates to more heat-transfer surface in a given shell and somewhat higher pressure drop and heat-transfer coefficient. However, the clearance between tubes is typically the larger of 0.25 in. and 0.25 D,, and with triangular pitch this is not sufficient to allow cleaning lanes between the tube rows. Although chemical cleaning may be possible, triangular_pitch is usually restricted to services with clean shell-side fluids. Rotated square_pitch provides some enhancement in the heat-transter_coefficient (along with oe eons higher pressure drop) compared with square pitch, while still providing cleaning lanes between the tubes. This configuration is especial ful when the shell-si is relatively low (less than about 2000). © summarize, era ene or square, rau a PCat of 1.0 tubes) or 1.25 in. (for 1-in. tubes). Tubes: Passes Tube passes used to increase the length of the liquid flow as well as residence time in the tubes. It is done by using pass partition plates. The fluid in the tube is usually directed to flow back and forth in a number of "passes" through groups of tubes arranged in parallel. The exchangers are made of one to sixteen passes. The number of passes is selected to give the required tube-side design velocity. Ge oOo € rs) a Except for single-pass exchangers, an even number of tube passes is almost always used so that the tube-side fluid enters and exits at the same header. With U-tubes, this is the only feasible arrangement, and accommodating nozzles on internal (type S or T) floating heads in order to provide an odd number of passes is very cumbersome. Shells: Arrangements ~. | © The one-pass shell (E) is the most = {| commonly used arrangement. IY yi +A solid longitudinal baffle is Divided flow | provided to form a two-pass shell (F). A two-pass shell costs lower than for two shells in series. + For split flow (G), the longitudinal | baffle may be solid or perforated. | The latter feature is used with condensing vapours. +A double-split-flow design is shown in (H). The longitudinal baffles may be solid or perforated. *The divided flow design (J), mechanically is like the one-pass shell except for the addition of a nozzle. Divided flow is used to meet low-pressure-drop requirements. *K shell is a kettle reboiler used for pool boiling applications. *X shell is a crossflow exchanger and is used for low pressure drop on the shell side and/or to eliminate possibility of flow-induced vibrations. LL ~ Ww TEMA Shell Types VIE The tube bundle is the most important part of a tubular heat exchanger. Tube sheets, baffles, or support plates, tie rods, and usually spacers complete the bundle. Baffles are used in the shell to direct the fluid stream across the tubes, to increase the fluid velocity and so improve the rate of heat transfer. The most commonly used type of baffle is the single segmental baffle. Baffles may be classified as transverse and longitudinal types. The purpose of longitudinal baffles is to control the overall flow direction of the shell fluid such that a desired overall flow arrangement of the two fluid streams is achieved. For example, F, G, and H shells have longitudinal baffles SF Wai (st) Transverse baffles may be classified as plate baffles. Plate baffles are used to support the tubes during assembly and operation peration and to direct the fluid in the tube bundle approximately at right angles to the tubes to achieve higher heat transfer coefficients. Plate baffles increase the turbulence of the shell fluid. Single- and double-segmental baffles are used most frequently due to their ability to assist maximum heat transfer (due to a high-shell-side heat transfer coefficient) for a given pressure drop in a minimum amount of space. Oouble-segmental battle Triple and no-tubes-in- window segmental baffles are used for low-pressure- drop applications. The \888883/ CRY choice of baffle type, spacing, and cut is Triple-segmental baffle _ determined largely by flow rate, desired heat transfer rate, allowable pressure drop, tube support, and flow-induced vibrations. No-tubes- irelndiow eeepr segmental baffle we Shells: Baffles Disk and doughnut baffles/support plates are used primarily in nuclear heat exchangers. These baffles for nuclear exchangers have small perforations between tube holes to allow a combination of crossflow and longitudinal flow for lower shell-side pressure drop. The combined flow results in a slightly higher heat transfer coefficient than that for pure longitudinal flow. Disk-and-doughnut baffle Only the design of exchangers using single segmental baffles will be considered in this course. Segmental Baffles TSE Cm Co tC nel CYan ner CCT ECM ce aS cut-out portion represents the free-flow area for shell-side Shells: Baffles SEL ey Baffle cuts are expressed as the ratio of segment opening height to shell inside diameter. The baffle cut is the height of the segment removed to form the baffle, expressed as a percentage of the baffle disc diameter. Baffle cuts from 15 to 45 % are used. Generally, a baffle cut of 20 to 25 % will be the optimum, giving good heat-transfer rates, without excessive drop. There will be some leakage of fluid round the baffle as a clearance must be allowed for assembly. The clearance needed will depend on the shell diameter; typical values, and tolerances. Shell diameter, Dy Baffle diameter Tolerance Pipe shells 6 to 25 in. (152 to 635 mm) D, — 7 in. (1.6 mm) +3 in. (0.8 mm) Plate shells. 6 to 25 in. (152 to 635 mm) D, - } in. 3.2 mm) +0, —35 in. (0.8 mm) 27 to 42 in. (686 to 1067 mm) D, = % in. 48 mm) +0, Shells Baffle spacing The baffle spacing used range from 0.2 to 1.0 times the shell diameters. A close baffle spacing will give higher heat trans! O bu e expense of higher pressure drop. The optimum spacing will usually be between 0.3 to 0.5 times the shell diameters. = a Se Tie Rods and Spacers Tie rods are used to hold the b welded to the tie rods, and spacers are eliminated) The number of rods required will depend on the shell diameter, and will range from 4, 16 mm diameter rods, for exchangers under 380 mm diameter; to 8, 12.5 mm rods, for exchangers of 1 m diameter.

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