EVOLUTION MOCK

Type: Custom Test Questions: 90 Total Marks: 360 Difficulty: Hard, Medium, Easy

Topics covered

Biology
Evolution - Origin of Life, Evolution of Life Forms - A Theory, Evidences for Evolution, Adaptive Radiation,
Biological Evolution, Mechanism of Evolution, Hardy-Weinberg Principle, A Brief Account of Evolution, Origin and
Evolution of Man

1. Which one of the following options gives one correct example

3. Which one of the following pairs of items
each of convergent evolution and divergent evolution correctly belongs to the category of organs
Divergent Evolution Convergent Evolution mentioned against it?

Bones of f orelimbs of Eyes of octopus

(1) Wings of honey bee and wings of crow -
(1) Homologous organs
whale and cheetah and mammals
(2) Thorn of bougainvillea and tendrils of
cucurbita - Analogous organs
Wings of butterf ly Brain and heart of
(2) (3) Nictitating membrane and blind spot in
and sparrow vertebrates
human eye - Vestigial organs
Potato and sweet Thorn of bougainvillea and (4) Nephridia of earthworm and malpighian
(3) tubules of cockroach - Excretory organs
potato tendrils of cucurbita

4. Select the incorrect statement among the

(4)
Flippers of penguins Wings of butterf ly
followings:
and dolphins and birds
(1) Darwin formed his theory on the basis of
2. The extinct human who lived branching descent and natural selection.
1, 00, 000 to
(2) Darwin concluded that existing living forms
40,000 years ago in Europe, Asia and parts of
share similarities to varying degrees not only
Africa with short stature, heavy eye browridges,
among themselves but also with life forms
retreating for heads, large jaws with heavy teeth,
that existed millions of years ago.
stocky bodies, a lumbering gait and stooped
posture (humpy) (3) Darwin did not believe in the concept of
inheritance of acquired characters.
(1) Ramapithecus
(4) According to Darwin variations which cause
(2) Homo habilis
the evolution are small and directional.
(3) Neanderthal human (Homosapiens
neanderthalensis)
(4) Cro-magnan humans
5. Match Column - I with Column - II. 8. Which is not true for directional selection?
(1) Extreme value, single is selected
A. Adaptive radiation P. Selection of
B. Convergent resonance varities due (2) Mean value never change
evolution to excessive use of (3) Industrial melanism is an example
C. Divergent evolution herbicides and (4) Peak shifts in one direction
D. Evolution by pesticides
anthropogenic action Q. Bones offorelimbs 9. According to Hugo de Vries theory, evolution is
in man and whale (1) Discontinuous
R. Wings of butterfly (2) Sudden
and bird
(3) Continuous
S. Darwin finches
(4) Both (1) and (2)
(1) A - S; B - R; C - Q; D - P
10. Water vapour, CH4, CO2, NH3 were released
(2) A - R; B - Q; C - P; D - S
from
(3) A - Q; B - P; C - S; D - R
(1) Atmosphere
(4) A - P; B - S; C - R; D - Q
(2) Molten mass covering the surface
6. Which of the following statements is correct? (3) From the explosion caused
(I) About 2000 million years ago (mya), the first
(4) None of the above
cellular forms of life appeared on Earth.
(II) In 1983, a fish caught in South Africa 11. Dinosaurs were abundant in
happened to be a Coelacanth, which was thought
(1) Permian
to be extinct.
(2) Jurassic
(III) Seaweeds and a few plants probably existed
around 500 mya. (3) Devonian
(IV) Jawless fish probably evolved around 350 (4) Pleistocene
mya.
(V) By the time of 300 mya, invertebrates were 12. The diversity in the type of finches and adaptation
formed and active. to different feeding habits on the Galapagos
islands, as observed by Darwin, provides an
(1) I, IV
evidence of
(2) I, III, V
(1) Origin of species by natural selection
(3) II, III, V
(2) Commensalism
(4) I, II, III
(3) Predation
7. Analogous organs are (4) Origin of species by artificial selection
(1) Different in origin but perform similar
13. According to Lamarckism, long necked Giraffes
functions.
evolved because
(2) Common in origin and perform common
(1) Humans preferred only long necked ones
functions.
(2) Short necks suddenly changed into long necks
(3) Common in origin but perform different
functions. (3) Nature selected only long necked ones

(4) Different in origin and perform different (4) Stretching of necks over many generation by
functions. short necked ones
14. Which of the following statements is incorrect? 17. The given figure represents
(I) Allele frequencies in a population are stable.
(II) The sum total of all allelic frequencies is 1.
(III) The gene pool (total genes and their alleles in
a population) remains constant. This is called
genetic equilibrium.
(IV) There would be a gene flow if this gene
migration happens multiple times.
(V) Four factors are known to affect
HardyWeinberg equilibrium.
(1) I, IV
(2) II, III, IV
(3) V
(4) II, IV, V (1) Adaptive Radiation of marsupials of Australia
(2) Convergent evolution of Homo erectus
15. How long did the earth exist before life appeared
(3) Divergent evolution of Marupials of Australia
on it?
(4) Family tree of Homo erectus
(1) 500 million years ago
(2) 1 billion years ago 18. Select the correct statement from the following
(3) 10 billion years ago I. Fitness is the start of the ability to adapt and
(4) 4 billion years ago get selected by nature.
II. The rate of appearance of new forms is linked
16. For the MN-blood group system, the frequencies to the life cycle or the life span.
of M and N alleles are 0.7 and 0.3 respectively. (1) Only I
The expected frequency of MN -blood group (2) Only II
bearing organisms is likely to be (3) Both I and II
(4) None of them
(1) 42%

(2) 49%
19. Antibiotic resistant bacteria in a petridish
subjected to a certain antibiotic is an example of
(3) 9%
(1) Adaptive radiation
(4) 58% (2) Pre-existing variation in the population
(3) Transformation
(4) Convergent evolution

20. The universe is

(1) Almost 20 million years old
(2) Almost 10 billion years old
(3) Almost 4.5 billion years old
(4) Almost 20 billion years old
21. Which one of the following gases was not present 25. The following diagram represents experiment
in free form at the time life originated on the done by
earth?
(1) Hydrogen
(2) Oxygen
(3) Methane
(4) Ammonia

22. Which one is an example of evolution by

anthropogenic action? (1) Pasteur - Biotic evolution of life
(1) Industrial melanism (2) Darwin - Natural selection
(2) Selection of herbicide resistant varieties of (3) Miller - Chemical evolution of life
weeds (4) Haldane - Chemical evolution of life
(3) Selection of antibiotic resistant microbes on a
petri dish 26. Darwin believed that the giraffe has long neck
because
(4) All of these
(1) They were always like that
23. Thecodonts became extinct during (2) The catastrophes eliminated short necked
(1) Cenozoic era forms
(2) Mesozoic era (3) Its ancestors stretched their needs to get food
(3) Palaeozoic era (4) Ancestral giraffes with slightly longer necks
(4) Proterozoic era than others got more food and left more food
surviving adapted offsprings
24. Conventional religious literature tells us about the
theory of special creation. This theory has three 27. Match the following
connotations. Find the three connotations:
A. First to use fire P. Homo erectus
(I) All living organisms that we see today were
B. Ape like primate Q. Dryopithecus
created as such.
C. Ancestor of modern R. Australopithecus
(II) The diversity was always the same since
apes S. Propliopethecus
creation and will remain the same in the future.
D. Connecting link
(III) The Earth is only 4000 years old.
between ape and man
(IV) Diversity is always changing.
(1) I, II, III (1) A − P, B − S, C − Q, D − R

(2) I, III, IV
(2) A − Q, B − R, C − P, D − S
(3) I, II, IV
(4) II, III, IV (3) A − Q, B − S, C − R, D − P

(4) A − R, B − P, C − S, D − Q

28. Most of the cave paintings discovered are

associated with
(1) Peking
(2) Java
(3) Cromagnon
(4) Neanderthal
29. Fossils in the earth support evolution. Which of 34. Tasmanian Wolf is a marsupial while Wolf is a
the following sentences support the following placental mammal. This is an example of
line? (1) Convergent evolution
(1) A study of fossils in different sedimentary (2) Divergent evolution
layers indicates the geological period in which
(3) Inheritance of acquired characters
the organism existed
(4) Adaptive radiation
(2) They represent extinct organisms (e.g.,
Dinosaurs) 35. S.L. Miller created electric discharge in a closed
(3) The study showed that life-forms varied over flask containing.
time and certain life forms are restricted to (1) CH4, H2, NH3 and water vapour at 80
∘
C
certain geological timespans.
(4) All of them (2) CH4, H2, NH3 and water vapour at 800 ∘
C

(3) CH4, H2, NH3 and water vapour at

30. Lamarck explained his use and disuse theory with
∘
the example of 8000 C

(1) Marsupians (4) CH4, H2, NH2 and water vapour at 800 ∘
C

(2) Giraffee
(3) Finches 36. Following are the two statements regarding the
origin of life :
(4) Tortoise
i. The earliest organisms that appeared on the
31. Among the following organisms, which one is not earth were non-green and presumably
a marsupial: anaerobes.
Tiger cat, Koala, Wombat, Bobcat ii. The first autotrophic organisms were the
chemoautotroph's has never released oxygen. Of
(1) Koala
the above statements which one of the following
(2) Bobcat
options is correct?
(3) Tiger cat
(1) ii is correct but i is false.
(4) Wombat
(2) Both i and ii are correct.
32. The factor that leads ot Founder effect in a (3) Both i and ii are false.
population is:
(4) i is correct but ii is false.
(1) Natural selection
(2) Genetic recombination 37. The most recent era in geological time scale is
(3) Mutation (1) Palaeozoic
(4) Genetic drift (2) Cenozoic
(3) Mesozoic
33. Which period in geological time scale is
(4) Azoic
considered the golden era of fish?
(1) Carboniferous 38. Which one of the following theories on the origin
(2) Silurian of life is mostly accepted?
(3) Devonian (1) Special creation
(4) Jurassic (2) Steady state
(3) Panspermia
(4) Chemical origin
39. Which of the following animals show characters 43. Which of the following statements is correct?
of bird and reptiles? (I) The first non-cellular form of life would have
been RNA, protein, polysaccharides, etc.
(II) If gene flow occurs by chance, it is called
genetic drift.
(III) The original drifted population becomes
founders, and the effect is called the directional
effect.
(IV) In a diploid organism, p and q represent the
frequency of allele A and allele a.
(V) The first non-cellular forms of life were known
as capsules.
(VI) Natural selection is a process in which
heritable variations enabling better survival allow
organisms to reproduce and leave a greater
(1) A number of progeny.
(2) B (1) II, III, IV, V
(3) C (2) I, II, IV, V, VI

(4) D (3) III, V, VI

(4) I, II, IV
40. What does presence of homologous organs in
different animals indicate? 44. Which of the following is false in case of a
species?
(1) Different ancestry
(2) Common ancestry (1) Variation occur among members of a species

(3) Sometimes different ancestry (2) Gene flow does not occur between the
populations of a species
(4) Sometimes common but finally different
ancestry (3) Members of a species can interbreed
(4) Every species is reproductively isolated from
41. Natural selection where more individuals acquire every other species
specific character value other than the mean
character value, leads to: 45. The theory of spontaneous generation stated that
(1) Directional change (1) Life arose from living forms only
(2) Disruptive change (2) Life can arise from both living and non- living
(3) Random change (3) Life can arise from non-living things only
(4) Stabilising change (4) Life arises spontaneously, neither from living
nor from the non-living
42. Mesozoic era is called the age of
46. Which of the following is incorrect?
(1) Fishes
(2) Reptiles (1) Lobefin fish evolved into first amphibians.
(2) Ichthosaurus evolved about 200 mya.
(3) Amphibians
(4) Birds (3) Stegosaurus was 20 feet in height and had
huge fearsome dagger like teeth.
(4) Reptiles of different shapes and size
dominated on earth around 200 mya.
47. The pouched mammals of Australia survived from 53. 2 2
(p + q) =p +2pq+q = 1
2
represents an
other mammals because of ?
equation used in
(1) Continental collapse (1) Population genetics
(2) Continental variation
(2) Mendelian genetics
(3) Continental drift
(3) Biometrics
(4) Continental evolution (4) Molecular genetics
48. Millers experiment provided evidence for theory
54. Industrial melanism is an example for
of
(1) Mutation
(1) Biogenesis
(2) Natural selection
(2) Abiogenesis
(3) Artificial selection
(3) Special creation
(4) All the above
(4) Organic evolution
55. The brain capacity of Homo habilis is:
49. From the original seed-eating features, many
other forms with altered beaks arose, enabling (1) 1800cc

them to become (2) Between 650cc − 800cc

(1) Insectivorous
(3) 900cc
(2) Vegetarian finches
(3) Tortoise (4) 1400cc

(4) Both 1 and 2

56. A fossil is a
50. Theory of saltation was given by (1) Stuffed animal
(1) H.J. Miller (2) Remains of hard parts of life-forms found in
(2) Hugo de Vries rocks
(3) G Mendel (3) Inorganic relic of the past
(4) J.B.S. Haldane (4) Laboratory preserved animal

51. Darwin differed from Lamarck in his proposal that 57. Survival of the fittest is possible due to the
(1) Evolution leads to adaptation (1) Production of the best species
(2) Species are not fixed (2) Adaptive ability which is genetic in origin
(3) Life on earth has a long evolutionary history (3) Adaptive ability which is non- genetic in origin
(4) Inherent variations in the population are (4) Inheritance of acquired characters
more important in evolution than variation
58. Hugo de Vries is known for_____
acquired during individual lifetimes
(1) Mutation alone
52. The correct sequence of evolution of man: (2) Saltation theory alone
I. Homo habilis
(3) Independently studying Mendels law
II. Java Man
(4) All of them
III. Modern Man
IV. Dryopithecus 59. Which was the first human being like creature?
(1) II, I, III, IV (1) Ramapithecus
(2) IV, I, II, III (2) Dryopithecus
(3) I, II, III, IV (3) Homo habilis
(4) I, II, IV, III (4) Australopithecines
60. Australopithecus lives in 65. Vivaparity is considered to be more evolved
(1) Central African grasslands, 2 mya because
(2) East African grasslands, 2 mya (1) The young ones are left on their own
(3) West African grasslands, 15 mya (2) The young ones are protected
(4) South African grasslands, 15 mya (3) The young ones are protected inside the
mother's body and are looked after they are
61. Higher frequency of melanin British moths and born leading to more chances of survival
DDT resistance in mosquitoes are cited as (4) The embryo takes a long time to develop
examples for:
(1) Arrival of the fittest 66. Which statement is not true about
Australopithecines?
(2) Genetic drift
(1) They lived approx 2 million years ago
(3) Natural selection
(2) They hunted with stones
(4) Point mutation
(3) They probably lived in West African grasslands
62. Identify the correct statement (4) They ate fruit
(1) Genetic variability is produced by gene
mutations 67. Gene flow by chance results in
(2) Accumulation of useful mutations through (1) Genetic drift
ages has led to the creation of new species of (2) Variation
living beings (3) Gene migration
(3) Genetic variability provides raw materials for (4) Mutation
the operation of natural selection and
reproductive isolation 68. Read the following sentences related to evolution
(4) All the above and select the correct option:
(I) Natural selection and genetic variation are two
63. Read the following three statements (I to III ) and main key points of Darwin's theory of evolution.
mark the most appropriate option (II) Fitness is the end result of the ability to adapt
I. The fitness in the 'survival of the fittest' is and get selected by nature.
based upon the characteristics that are inherited (III) If loss of a gene from a population occurs by
II. Darwin's variations were small and directional chance, it is called genetic drift.
III. The fitness is the end result of ability to adapt (IV) About 2000 million years ago, the first cellular
(1) Only II and III correct form of life appeared on Earth.
(V) If gene migration happens multiple times,
(2) Only I and II correct
there would be a gene flow.
(3) Only I and III correct
(1) I, II, III
(4) All I, II, and III correct
(2) I, III, IV, V
64. In which respect does Darwin's theory is wrong? (3) I, II, IV
(1) Survival of the fittest (4) II, III, IV, V
(2) Arrival of the fittest
(3) High efficiency of reproduction
(4) Origin of species
69. Age of fossils in the past was generally 72. Identify the missing ancestors.
determined by radio-carbon method and other
methods involving radioactive elements found in
the rocks. More precise methods, which were
used recently and led to the revision of the
evolutionary period for different groups of
organisms, includes
(1) Study of carbohydrates / proteins in fossils
(2) Study of the conditions of fossilization
(3) Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) and fossil DNA
(4) Study of carbohydrates / proteins in rocks.

70. Swan necked flask experiment was performed by (1) A - Chlorophyte ancestor,B - Rhynia type,C -
(1) Robert Koch Tracheophyte
(2) Louis Pasteur (2) A - Psilophyton,B - Rhynia type,C -
Tracheophyte
(3) Francisco Redi
(3) A - Psilophyton,B - Tracheophyte,C -
(4) Aristotle
Chlorophyte
71. Which man fossil is correctly matched with its (4) A - Psilophyton,B - Rhynia,C - Chlorophyte
cranial capacity?
(I) Neanderthal man - 1400 cc 73. Read the following sentences related to human
(II) Homo erectus - 900 cc evolution and select the correct option:
(III) Homo habilis - 1400 cc (I) Mutation theory of evolution was given by
(IV) Homo habilis - 650-800 cc Hugo de Vries.
(II) The original drifted population becomes
founders, and the effect is called the founder
(1) II, III, IV effect.
(2) I, II, IV (III) Placental mammals and marsupial mammals
(3) III show divergent evolution.
(4) I, III, IV (IV) Natural selection is a process in which
heritable variations enabling better survival allow
organisms to produce a greater number of
progeny.
(V) Brain capacity of Homo erectus is around 900
cc .
(1) I, II, IV
(2) I, III, V
(3) I, II, IV, V
(4) III, IV, V

74. Whose theory of evolution believes that every

organism has an internal vital force?
(1) De Vries theory
(2) Lamarckism
(3) Darwinism
(4) Weismann theory
75. The preserved fossil remains of Archaeopteryx 80. Darwin's and Lamarck's theories of evolution
show that both suggest that
(1) Reptiles gave rise to birds during Permian (1) Earth is 6000 years old
periods (2) The main mechanism of evolution is the
(2) It was flying reptile in the Triassic period inheritance of acquired character
(3) Reptiles gave rise to birds during Jurassic (3) The interaction of organisms with their
period environment is important in the evolutionary
(4) It was a flying reptile in the Permian period process
(4) Species are fixed
76. Some of the evidences of organic evolution are
(1) Occurrence of analogous and vestigial organs 81. Variations during mutations of meiotic
recombinations are
(2) Occurrence of homologous and analogous
organs in different animals (1) Random and directionless
(3) Occurrence of only analogous organs in (2) Random and directional
different animals (3) Small and directional
(4) Occurrence of homologous and vestigial (4) Random, small and directional
organs in different animals
82. The gene pool represents_____ in a population and
77. Who was not able to answer how the first life it remains a constant.
form came on earth? (1) Total genes only
(1) Louis Pasteur (2) Dominant alleles only
(2) Charles Pasteur (3) Recessive alleles only
(3) Charles Darwin (4) Total genes and their alleles
(4) Louis Darwin
83. Change in peppered moths support
78. Evolution by natural selection, in a true sense (1) Natural selection acts on favourable variations
would have started when cellular forms of life which appear among individuals.
with differences in_______ originated on earth.
(2) Environment has a role in evolution
(1) Chemical capability
(3) Heritable variations arise due to the changes
(2) Metabolic capability in the gene complex
(3) Physical capability (4) Acquired characters during life of an
(4) None of these individual are inherited.

79. Adaptive radiation refers to 84. Galapagos finches are associated with
(1) Power of adaptation in an individual to a (1) Lamarck
variety of environment (2) Darwin
(2) Migration of members of a species to (3) Miller
different geographical areas
(4) Hardy-Weinberg
(3) Evolution of different species from a common
ancestor
(4) Adaptation due to geographical non- isolation
85. Match the column I with Column II 89. The diversity in the type of beaks of finches
adapted to different feeding habits on Galapagos
A. Mesozoic P. First amphibians islands as observed by Darwin, provides evidence
B. Devonian Q. 300-250 mya for
C. Palacocene R. 160 million years
(1) Interspecific competition
D. Permian S. Radiation of
primitive mammals (2) Origin of species by natural selection
(3) Origin of species by mutation
(1) A − R, B − P, C − R, D − Q (4) Intraspecific competition
(2) A − R, B − P, C − S, D − Q
90. When two species of different genealogy come to
(3) A − P, B − R, C − Q, D − S resemble each other as a result of adaptation the
phenomenon is termed as
(4) A − Q, B − P, C − R, D − S
(1) Divergent evolution
86. Randomly mating population has an established (2) Co- evolution
frequency of 36% for organisms that are (3) Micro evolution
homozygous recessive for a given trait. The (4) Convergent evolution
frequency of this recessive allele in the gene pool
is
(1) 6
(2) 36
(3) 0.6
(4) 16

87. Why did the white winged moth survived

compared to dark-coloured moth before
industrial revolution?
(1) Thin growth of almost white-coloured lichen
covered the trees
(2) Thick growth of almost white-coloured lichen
covered the trees
(3) Thick growth of almost white-coloured
mycorrhizae covered the trees
(4) Thin growth of almost white-coloured
mycorrhizae covered the trees

88. Darwin could not explain the:

(1) Arrival of fittest
(2) Inheritance of variations
(3) Origin of variations
(4) 1 and 3
 Answer Key

Biology
1) 1 2) 3 3) 4 4) 3 5) 1 6) 1 7) 1 8) 2 9) 4 10) 2

11) 2 12) 1 13) 4 14) 3 15) 1 16) 1 17) 1 18) 2 19) 2 20) 4

21) 2 22) 4 23) 2 24) 1 25) 3 26) 4 27) 1 28) 3 29) 4 30) 2

31) 2 32) 4 33) 3 34) 1 35) 2 36) 2 37) 2 38) 4 39) 3 40) 2

41) 1 42) 2 43) 2 44) 2 45) 3 46) 3 47) 3 48) 4 49) 4 50) 2

51) 4 52) 2 53) 1 54) 2 55) 2 56) 2 57) 2 58) 4 59) 3 60) 2

61) 3 62) 4 63) 4 64) 2 65) 3 66) 3 67) 1 68) 4 69) 3 70) 2

71) 2 72) 2 73) 3 74) 2 75) 3 76) 2 77) 1 78) 2 79) 3 80) 3

81) 1 82) 4 83) 1 84) 2 85) 2 86) 3 87) 2 88) 4 89) 2 90) 4

EXPLANATIONS

Q1.
In Convergent evolution, structures are not similar but perform similar functions resulting in analogous organs.
In divergent evolution, origin of structures is same but it performs different functions which results in
homologous organs.

Q2.
Neanderthal man had brain size of (13001600) avg of 1400cc. It lived in East and central Asia, Europe and Africa.
1,00,000 to 4,00,000 years ago. They used hides to protect their body and buried their dead, they are cannibals &
cave dwellers.

Q3.
Wings of honey bee and wings of crow Analogous organs
Thorn of Bougainvillea and tendrils of cucurbita - Homologous organs
Nictitating membrane and blind spot in human eye - Both are not vestigial organs

Q4.
In On the Origin of Species, Charles Darwin accepted the principle of the inheritance of acquired characteristics
as one of the factors contributory to evolution.
Q5.
Adaptive radiation - Darwin's finches
Convergent evolution - Wings of butterfly and bird
Divergent evolution - Bones of forelimbs in man and whale
Evolution by anthropogenic action - Selection of resistant varieties due to excessive use of herbicides and
pesticides.

Q6.
I, IV are correct. The incorrect statements can be corrected as In 1938, a fish caught in South Africa happened to
be a Coelacanth which was thought to be [Link] weeds and few plants existed probably around 320 mya. By
the time of 500 mya, invertebrates were formed and active.

Q7.
The analogous organs are different in origin or basic plan, but have similar functions or adaptations. Wings of
butterfly and wings of bird and fins of fishes and flippers of whale are some of the examples of analogous organs.

Q8.
Directional selection is one type of natural selection in which the phenotype (the observable characteristics) of
the species tends toward one extreme rather the mean phenotype or the opposite extreme phenotype.'shifts allele
frequency in a steady, consistent direction'

Q9.
According to De Vries theory of evolution: Mutation or discontinuous variation is the raw material of evolution.
The mutation appears suddenly and produced their effect immediately. Mutants are different from the parents
and there is no intermediate stage between the two.

Q10.
Earth was supposed to be formed around 4.5 billion years ago. There was no atmosphere in the early earth. Water
vapour, methane, carbon dioxide and ammonia released from molten mass covered the surface.

Q11.
Jurassic period is known as "Age of Dinosaurs".

Q12.
Origin of species by natural selection.

Q13.
Lamarckian theory suggested that Short necked giraffe started stretching their neck to eat the leaves on the tree
and as a result of this, after generations long necked giraffe evolved.

Q14.
V is incorrect. The incorrect statements can be corrected as five factors are known to affect Hardy-Weinberg
equilibrium.
Q15.
fossil evidence The age of Earth is about 4.54 billion years; the earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates
from at least 3.5 billion years ago.

Q16.
The expected frequency of M N blood group bearings organisms is likely to be 42%.
According to Haedy-Weinberg equation,p 2
+ 2pq + q
2
= 1

where p = Frequency of M alleles.

p Frequency of homozygous
2
=

dominant individuals.
q = frequency of N alleles
q
2
Frequency of homozygous recessive individuals.
=

Frequency of heterozygous individuals.

So, (0.7) 2 2
+ (0.3) + 2pq = 1

0.49 + 0.09 + 2pq = 1

∴ 2pq = 0.42 =

Frequency of heterozygous individuals.i.e., 42%.

Q17.
The diagram depicts Adaptive Radiation of marsupials of Australia

Q18.
The essence of Darwinian theory about evolution is natural selection. Fitness is the end result of the ability to
adapt and get selected by nature Example. A colony of bacteria growing on a given medium has built in variation
in terms of ability to utilise a feed component.

Q19.
Appearance of antibodies resistant bacteria is example of pre-existing variation.

Q20.
The correct Answer is 20 Billion years ago

Q21.
According to Urey-millers experiment, the gases present in atmosphere were methane, ammonia and hydrogen.

Q22.
Two examples of evolution by anthropogenic action are industrial melanism, overuse of weedicides and
pesticides.

Q23.
With the emergence of the running prey population, thecodonts were unable to meet their food requirements.
They could not escape direct interactions with the dinosaurs during the condition of extreme stress. They began
to decline and soon became extinct at the end of the Triassic
Q24.
I, II, III is correct. Conventional religious literature tells us about the theory of special creation. This theory has
three connotations. They are
(I) All living organisms that we see today are created as such
(II) The diversity was always the same since creation and will be the same in future also.
(III) The earth is only 4000 years old.

Q25.
The Miller's experiment is chemical evolution of life used water (H20), methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), and
hydrogen (H2). So, the theory of chemical evolution was based on the experiment of Miller and Urey at 800
degree Celsius

Q26.
Charles Darwin was the first to propose that giraffes evolved into the elegantly longnecked creatures they are
because successive generations realized that extra vertebrae helped them get access to tender leaves on top of
trees.

Q27.
A − P, B − S, C − Q, D − R

Q28.
Cro-Magnon man is closest ancestor of modern man. It lived in france and spain. It made paintings inside cave
and ornaments of ivory. It had aesthetic sense.

Q29.
Fossils are the preserved remains of previously living organisms or their traces, dating from the distant past. The
fossil record is not, alas, complete or unbroken: most organisms never fossilize, and even the organisms that do
fossilize are rarely found by humans. Nonetheless, the fossils that humans have collected offer unique insights
into evolution over long timescales. Fossils document the existence of now-extinct species, showing that different
organisms have lived on Earth during different periods of the planet's history. They can also help scientists
reconstruct the evolutionary histories of present-day species.

Q30.
Lamarck use or disuse theory states that change in the environment causes changes in the needs of organisms
living in that environment, which in turn causes changes in their behavior. Altered behavior leads to lesser or
greater use of structures leads to enlarge or shrink. He explained it with the example of giraffe. Giraffee which
were having scarcity of short plants, started stretching its necks and legs for eating the leaves on the tall trees
which made its neck and legs to stretch which lead to change its neck and leg into a long neck and tall legs
respectively.

Q31.
Bobcat is a placental mammal.
Q32.
The factor that leads to founder effect and bottle neck effect in a population is Genetic drift.

Q33.
The Devonian, part of the Paleozoic era, is otherwise known as the Age of Fishes, as it spawned a remarkable
variety of fish. The most formidable of them were the armored placoderms, a group that first appeared during
the Silurian with powerful jaws lined with bladelike plates that acted as teeth.

Q34.
Marsupials in Australia and placental mammals in North America show convergent evolution. These two
subclasses of mammals have adapted in similar ways to a particular food supply, locomotor skill or climate.

Q35.
The experiment used water (H O), methane (CH ), ammonia (NH ), and hydrogen (H ). So, the theory of
2 4 3 2

chemical evolution was based on the experiment of Miller and Urey at 800 degree Celsius)The experiment used
water (H O), methane (CH ), ammonia (NH ), and hydrogen (H ). So, the theory of chemical evolution was
2 4 3 2

based on the experiment of Miller and Urey at 800 degree Celsius. 35) They observed the formation of amino
acids and ultimately proteins. This proved that life originated from non-living components.

Q36.
Anaerobes were the first organism that appeared on earth and first autotrophic organisms were the chemo
autotrophs. They never release oxygen.

Q37.
The further subdivision of the eras into 12 "periods" is based on identifiable but less profound changes in life-
forms. In the most recent era, the Cenozoic, there is a further subdivision of time into epochs.

Q38.
The chemical origin of life refers to the conditions that might have existed and therefore promoted the first
replicating life forms. It considers the physical and chemical reactions that could have led to early replicator
molecules. It is the most accepted theory.

Q39.
Monotremes are mammals but they lay eggs instead of giving birth to live young, like marsupials and placental
mammals. Monotremes are similar to reptilia in having shoulder girdle and egg. Although they share some
reptilian features, Monotremes possess all the major mammalian characteristics, like air breathing, endothermy
(i.e., they are warmblooded), mammary glands, a furred body, a single bone in the lower jaw and three bones in
the middle ear.

Q40.
The presence of homologous organs in different groups of animals indicates their common origin or ancestry and
degree of closeness to the difference among various groups.
Q41.
In directional natural selection, more individuals acquire value other than the mean character value. It involves
elimination of individuals at one extreme of the phenotypic distribution and the mean value gradually shifts in
the othr direction. For example the evolution of long - necked giraffes from short - necked ancestors involved
directional selection.

Q42.
During the Mesozoic, or "Middle Life" era, life diversified rapidly and giant reptiles, dinosaurs and other
monstrous beasts roamed the Earth. The period, which spans from about 252 million years ago to about 66
million years ago, was also known as the age of reptiles or the age of dinosaurs.

Q43.
I, II, IV, V, VI are correct. The incorrect statement can be corrected as the original drifted population becomes
founders and the effect is called founder effect.

Q44.
Gene flow is the transfer of alleles from one population to another population through immigration of
individuals.

Q45.
As per the theory of spontaneous generation or Abiogenesis theory, life can arise from nonliving things only.
stated that life can arise from non-living things only.

Q46.
Tyrannosaurus rex was 20 feet in height and had huge fearsome dagger like teeth. Lobefin fish evolved into first
amphibians. Theses fish had thick and stout fins, and could move on land move back to water. Around 200 mya,
some reptiles went back to water and developed fish like characters, to form ichthyosaur. Reptiles of different
shapes and sizes dominated on earth around 200 mya. Mesozoic era is called age of reptiles.

Q47.
During evolution pouched mammals of Australia survived. Due to lack of competition from any other mammal
due to continental drift.

Q48.
Miller's experiment provided evidence for theory of organic evolution.

Q49.
From the original seed-eating features, many other forms with altered beaks arose, enabling them to become
insectivorous and vegetarian finches.

Q50.
Saltation is a sudden change from one generation to the next .
Q51.
Unlike Lamarck, who said that traits could develop and change during an animal's lifetime, Darwin believed that
individuals were simply born with different traits and that these differences were mostly random.

Q52.
Australopithecus, Neanderthal Man, CroMagnon Man, Modern Man'

Q53.
is a mathematical representation of 'Hardy-Weinberg principle' used in population
2 2 2
(p + q) =p +2pq+q = 1

genetics. It states that the allelic and genotypic frequencies of a population are stable and is constant over
generations.

Q54.
The selection of dark coloured peppered moth in industrial area than pale forms is natural selection.

Q55.
Homo habilis (Skillful humans) was the first human-like organism among all the hominid fossils discovered so far
and its fossils were found in Africa about 1.5-2 mya. Their brain was large and was about 650 − 800cc.

Q56.
Fossils is the remains or traces of any organism that lived in the geological past.

Q57.
When favorable variations came in the environment and one species is more fitted to that change then that &
species will be more fitted to environment and in successive generation that character transfers and it became
main character of the species.

Q58.
Hugo de Vries, in full Hugo Marie de Vries, (born February 16, 1848, Haarlem, Netherlands - died May 21, 1935,
near Amsterdam), Dutch botanist and geneticist who introduced the experimental study of organic evolution.

Q59.
Homo habilis.

Q60.
Australopithecus africanus is an extinct species of australopithecine which lived between about 3.3 and 2.1
million years ago in the Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene of South Africa. The species has been rec overed from
Taung, Sterkfontein, Makapansgat, and Gladysvale.
Q61.
These are examples of natural selection. During industrialization, the tree trunks had become dark due to the soot
and the smoke coming out of the chimneys. Thus, the survival of dark-wing moths (Biston carbonaria) enhanced
as the predators could not spot them on the dark tree trunks.
As a result, the dark-winged moths were naturally selected over the white-winged moths and have almost
replaced white winged moths. This is called industrial melanism.
After a few years of extensive use, DDT lost its effectiveness on insects. This is because resistance to DDT is a
genetic trait, and presence of DDT in the environment changed it into a favoured trait. Hence, only those insects
resistant to DDT survived, leading to populations largely resistant to DDT

Q62.
Genetic variability is the change in the sequence of the gens due to mutations. These mutations has led to new
species generation. The so evolved species are selected in the environment based on natural selection.

Q63.
All are correct

Q64.
Darwin failed to explain arrival of fittest. But explained survival of fittest.

Q65.
As the young progenies are protected inside the body of the mother as well as they are looked after they are born,
leads to more chances of survival, viviparity is considered to be more evolved.

Q66.
They probably lived in east African grassland.

Q67.
The effect of gene flow is to reduce genetic differences between populations, thereby preventing or delaying the
evolution of the populations in different geographical areas into separate species of the pathogen.

Q68.
II, III, IV, V are correct. The incorrect statements can be corrected as Branching descent and natural selection are
the two key concepts of Darwinian Theory of Evolution.

Q69.
Electron spin resonance (ESR) has been used for absolute dating of archaeological materials such as quartz, and
fossil remains. The dating range is dependent on the nature and state of conservation of the sample and the
surrounding environment but is between a few thousands and a couple of million years. This method is very
definite one.

Q70.
Louis Pasteur conducted a swan necked flask experiment and disproved the abiogenesis theory.
Q71.
I, II, IV are correct. The incorrect statement can be corrected as Homo habilis −650 − 800cc.

Q72.
A-Psilophyton B-Rhynia type C-Tracheophyte

Q73.
I, II, IV, V are correct. The incorrect statements can be corrected as placental mammals and marsupial mammals
show convergent evolution.

Q74.
According to Lamarckism, living organisms and their parts tend to increase in size continuously due to internal
forces of life.

Q75.
Archaeopteryx is an earliest bird which is extinct now. It is considered to be missing link between reptiles and
birds because it has the characters of both reptile and bird.

Q76.
Evidences are only way which can prove all proposed theories of evolution so [Link] are fossils,
comparative anatomy and embryo development pattern. Comparative anatomy explains about the organisms
evolved as a result of natural selection or genetic drift and organisms having same ancestors. Two types of
comparative ancestors are homologous and analogous organs.

Q77.
Louis Pasteur first demonstrated that life comes only from pre-existing life. He showed that in pre-sterilized
flasks, life did not come from killed yeast while in another flask open to air, new living organisms arose from
'killed yeast'.

Q78.
Evolution by natural selection, in a true sense would have started when cellular forms of life with differences in
metabolic capability originated on earth. The essence of Darwinian theory about evolution is natural selection.
The rate of appearance of new forms is linked to the life cycle or the life span

Q79.
Adaptive radiation is a process in which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species into a multitude of
new forms, particularly when a change in the environment makes new resources available, creates new
challenge
Q80.
Both Lamarck and Darwin believed that living things had hereditary traits, traits they could pass on to their
offspring. They believed that some traits were more useful than others, and that over time the more useful trait
would become more common.
The difference is that Lamarck believed that the changes an organism experienced during its life could be passed
on. So for instance if a giraffe stretched its neck its entire life, it would have longer necked children.

Q81.
Hugo de Vries (1901) put forward a theory of evolution, called mutation theory. The theory states that evolution is
a jerky process where new varieties and species are formed by mutations (discontinuous variations) that function
as raw material of [Link] appear all of a sudden. They become operational immediately. Mutations
appear in all conceivable directions.

Q82.
Gene pool refers to the combination of all the genes (including alleles) present in a reproducing population or
species. A large gene pool has extensive genomic diversity and is better able to withstand environmental
challenges.

Q83.
Organism provided with favourable variations will succeed in struggle for existence and fitness of organism for
survival is decidedby Natural selection. Here the Selected organism with favourable variations survives. Variation
in peppered moth turned to be an useful variation as it helped the moth to camouflage on tree bark.

Q84.
Darwin's finches (also known as the Galapagos finches) are a group of about fifteen species of passerine birds.

Q85.
Mesozoic-160 million years
Devonian-first amphibians
Palacocene-radiation of primitive mammals
Permian-300-250mya

Q86.
We know that the frequency of the recessive homozygote genotype is q .q2 2
= 36% = 0.36

q = 0.6

Q87.
As the trees darkened with soot, the lightcoloured moths were easier to see. They were eaten by birds more and
more, while the rare dark coloured moths blended in better on the darker [Link] made the dark coloured
moths have a higher survival rate.

Q88.
Darwin had no knowledge of genetics and principles of inheritance. Hence, he could not explain the origin of
variations in animals and plants.
Q89.
When Charles Darwin went on a voyage towards the Galapagos Island he saw variations in the kind of bird called
as Finches. Their beak was of different size and shape according to its different food habit. He concluded that the
ancestral finches on reaching the different islands occupied empty ecological niches and in the absence of
competition they evolved into different species. This provided evidences for the origin of species by natural
selection.

Q90.
Convergent evolution is the process whereby organisms not closely related, independently evolve similar traits as
a result of having to similar environmental or ecological niches. Convergent evolution creates analogous
structures that have similar form or function but were not present in the last common ancestors of those groups.

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