ees ‘and TOXICOLOg |WOUND CERTIFICATE Requisition received from Magistrate/Investigation Officer of u/s Dated. ____ Police station with Crime No Name: Age: Sex: Address: Occupation: Requested by: Brought by: Examined in the presence of (in case of females): Consent for examination: Identification marks: 1) 2) Brief History: Examination time & date: start end Vital signs: BP - Pulse - Temperature - SET cr a STMT L aE een Con acces tte eC CMMEN CHIT ame nae or lar Petty Poca) -is/are simple/grievous, might have been ind. (Age of injury) Signature of the doctor Designation: Seal:- what are the methods of age estimation from teeth? Eruption of deciduous and permanent teeth Gustafson’s Technique (After 21 years of age & in dead) Boyde’s Methods (Incremental lines in infant), Stack's method (Weight & height of teeth in infant & adult) What is the age of eruption of different temporary teeth? eae Ye ek cat) Lower central incisor 6-8 ___ Upper central incisor 7-9 Upper lateral incisor 79 Lower lateral incisor 10-12 First molar | 12-14 | | Canine | 17:18 apes) | Second molar | 20-30 | What is the age of eruption of permanent teeth? nena cn ee) ____ First molar 6-7 : F 6-8 ie Eee | First premolar nd premolar Canine Second mola Thirdmolar What are the differences between Temporary teeth and Permanent teeth? reer Drtocinace [erased Size Smaller, lighter, narrower Heavier, stronger, broader Anterior teeth | Vertical inclination Inclined a litter forward China whit ___| Wwory white Thin Thick = More constricted Less constricted Present at the junction of crown and root __| Absent he ‘Smaller and more divergent _| Larger and less divergent dention?: Refer to Chapter 3, Short note Q. No. 5 fson’s method?: Refer to Chapter 3, Short note Q. No. 6 importance of Age: Refer to Chapter 3, Short note Q. No. 7 ntology: Refer to Chapter 3, Short note Q. No. 12,VISION - FORENSIC MEDICINE and TOXiCOLog What are the mehtods of Dental charting? Tooth of jaw is given number from 1 to 8. Each quadrant bears the number from 1 to 8. Central incisor the number is 1, for lateral incisor - 2, canine - 3, first premolar - 4, second premolar - 5, first molar - 6, second molar - 7, and third molar number 8 is given 87654321/12345678 Raght 87654321|12345678 Lower Deciduous teeth Tooth of jaw are named as ABCDE in each quadrant. Each quadrant bears the number from 1 to 8. Central incisor - A, lateral incisor - B, canine - C, first molar - D, second molar - E EDCBA] ABCDE Right Left EDCBA|ABCDE T _Permanent teeth FDI (Federation Dentaire Internationale) Deity Each quadrant bears a number and each tooth in that quadrant has its number The right upper quadrant - number 1, left upper quadrant - 2, left lower quadrant - 3 and right lower quadrant ~ 4 Central incisor of right upper quadrant - 1, canine of left upper quadrant - 23, 3" molar of right lower quadrant - 48 let The right upper quadrant - number 5, left upper quadrant - 6, left lower quadrant - 7 and right lower quadrant - 8 Central incisor of left upper quadrant - 61, 1* molar of right lower quadrant - 84 Uppe: 55 54 43 52 51} 6! 62 63 64 6S Raght ban 85 84 83 82 BI] 71.72 73 74 75|AGE ESTIMATION BY X-RAYS) Given x-ray: Plain x-ray of .... joint. X-ray view: AP view/Lateral/Others Side: Number: Bones visualized: PRRs ne see Age of | Appeared Py ee a or not m the Radiological Examination of the given X-ray bearing No. __, | am of the opinion that, the individual is above (more) __years and below (less) __ years. Signature of the Doctor (with name and designatioMODEL ANSWER Given x-ray: Plain x-ray of right shoulder joint X-ray view: AP view Side: Right Number: R7769 Bones visualized: upper end of scapula, upper end of humerus and outer end of clavicle The findings are: POTS Cs Try Inference 1. Upper end = of Unite to form a single Single No >5 years humerus lyear epiphysis by 5 years epiphysis <19 years a Head 3 years The epiphysis unites formed b Greater tuberosity 5 years with the shaft at 18 - ¢ Lesser tuberosity 19 years “2. Tipofcoracoid 10-11 years 16 years Yes Yes __>16 years "X Tipofacromion 14-15 years 17-18 years Yes Yes | >17 years. OPINION: From the Radiological Examination of the given X-ray bearing No.R7799, | am of the opinion that the age of the individual is above (more) 17 years and below (less) 19 years. Dates. so Signature of the Doctor (with name and designation) Pelvis tl Ceiienk Wrens _ 6 years _ 13 - 15 years 14 years 16 years | Femur (one primary and four secondary ossification centers) _ 6 months - 1 year 17-18 years Ayears | 14-15 years ‘ 12-14years 15-17 years Qmonths IU 17-18 years Lower end of femur Upper| Lower end of tibia Lower end of fibula Head of the humerus | Calcaneum (secondary centre) [Lateral epicondyle Ankle joint | Lyear aa 6 ~ B years Shoulder _ | months to t year | | Body: 5-6 years | Tip: 10-11 years [14-15 years Elbow 14-16 years lyear e Medial epicondyle 6-7 years 16-17 years Radial head Syears __| 16-17 years sii) AN yon | 16-17 years "| 16-17 years | [14-16 years | 18 - 19 years Olecranon process Tey years 4 Humerus: One primary centre and 7 secondary centers (3 in the upper end and 4 in the lower end) Wrist: Ossification of carpal bones Pisiform Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate TRE RU CME Lit Coote eesWT fist Foren Wee at [EXAMINATION OF SKELETAL REMAINS/BONES 1. Bone or not Can be determined by a Gross anatomical structure b. Microscopic examination Chemical analysis. 2. Source: Human or Animal Can be determined by a. Gross anatomical characteristics b. Microscopic examination. © Chemical analysis of bone ash. d. Precipitin test. 3. Name of the bone/s 4. Belongs to one individual or more Can be determined by Number, side and size of the bones. Age and Sex. Morphological Similarities. Use of short wave UV light. X-ray comparison of trabecular pattern. Neutron activation analysis. mpppo oe ‘status if skull or mandible is available Ossification data:10. Time since death a. State of soft tissue if available b. Changes due to putrefaction: ¢. Stages of healing in case of fracture. 4. Biochemical tests: Nitrogen content, Amino acids 11. entification a. Congenital abnormalities or deformities Acquired peculiarities - Injuries, fractures ete. Determination of the blood group from the marrow/tooth pump Age. Sex/Race and stature of the individual Radiological examination. OPINION: * The given bones belong to one/more individual * The given bone(s) belongs to a male/female aged more than _ and less than _years * Antemortem/ postmortem injuries are present/absent in the given bone. Signature of the Doet pane (with name and designa MODEL ANSWER © The given bone is a human hip bone of right side The following features are noted to identify the si Mal Deep funnel Prominent Smooth Smooth Heart shaped Circular or elliptical, Circular or elliptical, | more spacious more spacious Hard and rough Smooth Smooth Not frequent, narrow, More frequent, broad More frequent, broad shallow and deep and deep Large, directed laterally Small, directed antero- Small, directed laterally antero-laterally | Large, oval with base | Small, triangular with Small, triangular with | upwards | apex forwards apex forwards Smaller, narrower, Large, wide, shallow Large, wide, shallow ) Round and smooth Round and smooth Everted Everted | Big rectangular Big rectangular U shaped, (obtuse) U shaped, (obtuse) angle 90-100 angle 90-100 funnel shaped Broad and round | Broad and round Larger Largermae A Dimension Narrow and long _ Broad and short Broad and short Sacral promontory Prominent Smooth Smooth Sacral curvature — Uniformly Upper part vertical, deep Upper part vertical, deep curved concavity in the middle with concavity in the middle y forward projection at the end forward projection at the Articular surface Long and wide Short and narrow Short and narrow Coccyx Less movable More movable More movable The following points are noted to determine age: ore aed 1. Triradiate cartilage - 13-15 years Fused > 13 years 2, Centre for iliac crest 14-16 years | 18-20 years Fused > 18 years 3. | Centre for ischial tuberosity 15-16 years 20-21 years Not fused <21 years OPINION: * The given bone belongs to a female aged more than 18 years and less than 21 years. * There are no antemortem/ postmortem injuries over the given bone. EXAMINATION OF BONES - VIVA Q: How will you determine race from skull? A: Cephalic Index: Refer to Chapter 3. Short Answer Q. No.2 _ Q: What is Krogman’s rule/ formula? A: Accuracy of sex determination from different bones is called Krogman’s rule. * Entire skeleton = 100% © Pelvisalone = 95% ‘Skull alone = 90% Skull and Pelvis = 98% bones alone = 80% of pelvic bone is most helpful in determining sex in fetus? ‘notch & sub pubic angleee mension Narrow and long — Broad and short Broad and short Sacral promontory Prominent Smooth Smooth Sacral curvature — Uniformly Upper part vertical, deep Upper part vertical, deep curved concavity in the middle with concavity in the middle with forward projection atthe end _ forward projection at the end Articular surface Long and wide Short and narrow Short and narrow Coccyx Less movable More movable More movable The following points are noted to determine age: Say Ossification centers EV teria i PST a aed 1. Triradiate cartilage : 13-15 years Fused >13 years 2. Centre for iliac crest 14-16 years 18-20years Fused > 18 years 3. Centre for ischial tuberosity 15-16 years 20-21 years Notfused <21 years OPINION: * The given bone belongs to a female aged more than 18 years and less than 21 years. e There are no antemortem/ postmortem injuries over the given bone. EXAMINATION OF BONES - VIVA Q: How will you determine race from skull? A: Cephalic Index: Refer to Chapter 3. Short Answer Q. No.2 Q: What is Krogman’s rule/ formula? A: Accuracy of sex determination from different bones is called Krogman’s rule. Entire skeleton = 100% Pelvis alone 95% ‘Skull alone = 90% ‘Skull and Pelvis = 98% _ Long bones alone = 80% eevee it is the ideal bone for Sex determination? e of pelvic bone is most helpful in determining sex in fetus? notch & sub pubic angle- Q: What ir icd EER nc General Large, thick Height and symphysis menti Greater Chin Square ‘ascending ramus Broad Angle of mandible Less obtuse Condyles Larger Q: What are the Differences between Male and Fema rer Large, heavy, Rough General Forehead Sloping upwards & backwards Glabella More prominent Supra-orbital ridge More prominent Orbit shape Square superolateral orbital rim —_ Rounded | Fronto-nasal junction Distinct angulation | Nasal opening High and narrow Zygomatic arch More prominent Frontal eminence Less prominent Parietal eminence Less prominent _ i Mastoid process Medium to large, broad, blunt Supramastoid crest Prominent Bite, Occipital protuberance Prominent ‘Digastric groove Deep ‘Occipital condyles Large ni Large & long Large, broad, usually ‘u’ shape General are the Differences between Male and female Mandible? What are the Differences between Male and female femuw Yody owt ‘Small, Lesser. Rounded Narrow Smaller Rounded _ Sharp Small, short &} “Smooth Smooth Shallow > 48mm Vertical diameter ofhead | >48mm > 2/3 of a sphere lar surface of head More obtuse Neck-Shaft angle . = More (74-89 mm) ndylar width Less obtuse } ‘Less (67-76 mm) Which bones are used for stature estimation? bones - femur, tibia, fibula, humerus etc. Osteometric board is the equipment used to measure length of long bones?lik é@@=™mim~u~m wuz = — Q: What are the Formulas for stature estimation? A: Trotter & Glaeser formula, Karl Pearson Formula, Dupertius & Hadden Formula. Indian formula- N formula, Pan formula, Siddique formula, Mehta formula. = Q: What method is used for stature estimation from fragmented bones? A: Steele Method. Deduce ratio of various segments of long bones in relation to their entire length. Th use regression formula. os Q: What is the Rule of thumb for approximate estimation of stature? © Femur: 27% of total height * Tibia: 22% of total height © Humerus: 20% of total height * Vertebral column: 35% of total height © Stature by skull; total height of individual is 1/7* of height of skull from bregma to chin. If skull without mandible, it is 1/8 from top to maxilla Q: What are the methods used to estimate age from Skull A: 1. If mandible is available - Dentition 2. Fusion of skull sutures Q: Age of obliteration of Fontanelle Metopic suture & Anterior fontanelle- 2-2.5 yrs. * Mastoid & Sphenoidal fontanelle obliterate by 2-3 mts Posterior fontanelle obliterate by 6-8 mts. Q: Age of fusion of skull sutures at base ‘* Occipital squama fuses with condylar part - 3 years Condylar part with Basi occiput- 5 years © Basi occiput with basisphenoid- 18-20 yrs. Q: Age of fusion of vault sutures. « Sagittal suture: > Post 1/3; 30-40 yrs. > Ant 1/34: 40-50 yrs. > Middle 1/3: 50-60 yrs © Coronal suture: > Lower half: 40-50 yrs > Upper half: 50-60 yrs. Lambdoid suture: 45-50 yrs. Squamous part of temporal with parietal bone: 60-70 yrs. ‘is lapsed union? Sutures start to fuse after 25 years endocranially first and later ectocranially (5-15 y') Union means non-union of sutures ectocranially common in sagittal suture, seen in sacrum, non-union of 1* and 2 sacral vertebrae even after 32 yrs.WOUND CERTIFICATE - VIVA (Read Chapters 8, 9, 10, 11) 1, Define Injury. Mention se atrsscitlly 2, What are the Blunt force injuries? 4 What are the Sharp force injuries? 4 What are the types of Abrasions? 5, Whatare the types of Contusions? 6, Whats Ectopic bruise? 7, Whatis artificial bruise? 8, Differences between true bruise and artificial bruise? ‘9, Whatare the types of Lacerations? 10, What is meant by incised looking lacerations? In which part of the body, they are commonly s 11. What is tailing of wound? 12. What is beveled cut? 13. What are Hesitation cuts? 14. What is the difference between penetrating and perforating wound? 15. Differences between incised wound and lacerated wound. 16. What are chop wounds? 17. What are concealed stab wounds? 18. What are defence wounds? 19. What are fabricated wounds? Cleavage lines of Langer. What are the types of Skull fractures? What is signature fracture? What is pond fracture? re coup injury? linterval? injury? impact injury/secondary impact injury/ secondary injury?—_// Ido here by certify that | have examined Mr./Miss/Mrs [PHYSICAL FITNESS CERTIFICATE, a candidate for employment in the department and that | cannot discover that he/she has any disease, constitutional affection or bodily infirmity except Ido not consider this a disqualification the post of ___ His/Her age is according to his/her own statement is years and by appearance ____ years, Height........Weight..sies: PUISC sess BP sisson Systemic Examination Eyesight: LEFT RIGHT Hearing Identification Marks: 1. 2s Place: Date: DOCTOR'S SIGNATURE Reg. No SIGNATURE OF PATIENT/LTP Name & DesignationSICKNESS CERTIFICATE To whomsoever it may concern 1Dr. after, careful personal examination of the that Mr./ Mrs./ Ms. aged____ residing at 1 2 bearing the identification marks And whose signature is given below is/was suffering from and I consider that a period of absence from duty of days with effect from to is absolutely necessary for restoration of his/her health. Signature of the patient: Signature of the doctor Place: Date Name: Registration number: Designation: Address: Seal: IFITNESS CERTIFICATE AFTER SICK LEAVE, To whomsoever it may concern IDr. after, careful personal examination of the case hereby certify that Mr./ Mrs./ Ms. aged residing at__bearing the identification marks iT 2 _ And whose signature is given below has recovered from his/her illness and is now fit to resume his/her ities with effect from of the patient: Signature of the doctor Name: Registration number: Designation: Address: Seal: