MCQ | Life and its Diversity (Chapter 1)

[Marks: 1 per question]

1. Which phylum does the animal Balanoglossus sp. belong to?

o (A) Hemichordata
o (B) Stomochordata
o (C) Chordata
o (D) A and B
o Ans: (A) Hemichordata
2. The term 'Biodiversity' was first used by—
o (A) Linnaeus
o (B) Haldane
o (C) Walter Rosen
o (D) Oparin
o Ans: (C) Walter Rosen
3. Which gas was absent in the atmosphere during the creation of Earth?
o (A) Oxygen
o (B) Hydrogen Cyanide
o (C) Ammonia
o (D) Methane
o Ans: (A) Oxygen
4. The ability of organisms to respond to various environmental stimuli is called—
o (A) Rhythmicity
o (B) Nutrition
o (C) Irritability
o (D) Metabolism
o Ans: (C) Irritability
5. Eyes, wings, feathers, and light bones are characteristics of which class of
vertebrates?
o (A) Reptilia
o (B) Aves
o (C) Mammalia
o (D) Pisces
o Ans: (B) Aves
6. Which of the following is an example of a jawless animal?
o (A) Lamprey
o (B) Hagfish
o (C) Both A and B
o (D) None of these
o Ans: (C) Both A and B
7. The function of Flame cells is—
o (A) To help in excretion
o (B) To help in digestion
o (C) To help in circulation
o (D) To help in respiration
o Ans: (A) To help in excretion
 8. In which phylum is a blood-filled body cavity or 'Haemocoel' found?
o (A) Arthropoda
o (B) Annelida
o (C) Cnidaria
o (D) Ctenophora
o Ans: (A) Arthropoda
9. Haemocoel (blood-filled body cavity) is seen in—
o (A) Phylum Arthropoda
o (B) Phylum Porifera
o (C) Phylum Platyhelminthes
o (D) Phylum Cnidaria
o Ans: (A) Phylum Arthropoda
10. Proboscis, collar, and trunk are present in—
o (A) Hemichordata
o (B) Chordata
o (C) Urochordata
o (D) None of these
o Ans: (A) Hemichordata

Very Short Answer Questions (VSAQ)

[Marks: 1 per question]

1. Who is the proponent of Binomial Nomenclature?

o Ans: Linnaeus
2. What is the total number of steps in the hierarchy introduced by scientist
Simpson?
o Ans: 21
3. Write the name of a taxonomic category or rank.
o Ans: Order (or Class/Genus etc.)
4. What is the scientific name of Mango?
o Ans: Mangifera indica
5. What is the lowest unit of hierarchical classification?
o Ans: Species (Note: The Bengali text said "Prajapati" (Butterfly), which is
likely a typo for "Prajati" (Species)).
6. What is the full form of ICBN?
o Ans: International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
7. Name any one book written by Linnaeus.
o Ans: Systema Naturae
8. What was the temperature of the Earth at the time of its creation?
o Ans: 5000–6000 degrees Celsius.
9. Who coined the term "Hot Dilute Soup"?
o Ans: Haldane
10. What is the property of responding to stimuli called?
o Ans: Irritability
11. What does Coacervate help to form?
o Ans: Colloids
 12. Mention one characteristic of life.
o Ans: Growth and repair
13. What is the structural component of a cell called?
o Ans: Protoplasm
14. Who was the proponent of the word "Biology"?
o Ans: Lamarck
15. The branch of biology that discusses the structural development of organisms is
called?
o Ans: Embryology (Note: Usually Morphology/Anatomy, but strictly
translating the provided answer).
16. Write one cause of biodiversity.
o Ans: Variation
17. What is the binomial name of Humans?
o Ans: Homo sapiens
18. Who was the proponent of the Five Kingdom classification system?
o Ans: Whittaker
19. In which group is prokaryotic cell organization found?
o Ans: Monera
20. Name a biological group where unicellular body organization is seen.
o Ans: Protista / Monera
21. Which branch of biology deals with metabolic functions and physical processes?
o Ans: Physiology
22. Name a group of organisms that acts as a decomposer.
o Ans: Monera / Fungi
23. Name the five groups of the Five Kingdom classification.
o Ans: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
24. Name a plant that has seeds but no fruit (Gymnosperm).
o Ans: Cycas
25. Give an example of an amphibian plant group.
o Ans: Moss (Bryophyta)

Short Questions and Answers

[Marks: 2 per question]

1. What is Hot Dilute Soup? Ans: Scientist Haldane used the term 'Hot Dilute Soup' to
describe the mixture of hot seawater containing various dissolved minerals and
organic compounds.
2. What is a Microsphere? Ans: A microsphere is a self-dividing unit of proteinoid
structures surrounded by a semi-permeable membrane.
3. Who first spoke about Microspheres? Ans: Sidney Fox first spoke about
microspheres.
4. What is a Protocell? Ans: The first primitive cell that was formed when nucleic
acids combined with coacervates or microspheres is called a protocell.
5. What are two characteristics of life? Ans: Two characteristics of life are growth
and reproduction.
6. What is the physical basis of life? Ans: According to Huxley, the physical basis of
life is protoplasm.
 7. The leaves of a Mimosa (Lajjabati) plant close when touched—which property of
living beings does this indicate? Ans: This indicates the property of responding to
stimuli, known as irritability.
8. When was the Earth created? Ans: The Earth was created approximately 4 to 4.5
billion (400–450 crore) years ago.
9. What gases were present in the atmosphere during the creation of Earth? Ans:
Methane, ammonia, carbon dioxide, and water vapor were present in the atmosphere
at the time of Earth's creation.
10. What is the name of the book written by Oparin? Ans: The name of Oparin's book
is 'The Origin of Life on Earth'.
11. In which journal was Haldane's theory on the origin of life published? Ans:
Haldane's theory on the origin of life was published in a journal named 'The
Rationalist Annual'.
12. What is the Oparin Hypothesis? Ans: The hypothesis formulated by Oparin
regarding the origin of life is known as the Oparin Hypothesis. He published this
hypothesis in his book 'The Origin of Life on Earth'.
13. What does the word 'Coacervate' mean? Ans: The word 'Coacervate' (from Latin
coacervatus) means 'clustered' or 'heaped together'.
14. Which cell is called the primitive cell of Earth? Ans: Anaerobic bacteria containing
naked genes are considered the primitive cells of Earth.
15. What is Chemogeny? Ans: Under the influence of high heat and UV rays in the
warm seawater, simple chemical compounds like methane, carbon monoxide,
ammonia, and cyanide created simple sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, nucleic acids,
and other organic compounds. Oparin termed this origin of organic compounds from
simple inorganic compounds as chemical evolution or Chemogeny.

Short Explanatory Questions and Answers

[Marks: 3 per question]

1. What is a Microsphere? Ans: Microspheres are formed by the aggregation of

proteinoid molecules. They are composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates and
have a double-layered covering similar to a cell membrane. Scientist Sidney Fox
named them microspheres. Draw diagram
2. What do you mean by Biodiversity? Ans: In short, the variety of life forms found in
different ecosystems, environments, or habitats is called biodiversity.
3. Why is the unicellular algae Chlorella kept in spacecraft? Ans: Based on
biological knowledge, astronauts keep unicellular algae like Chlorella in spacecraft.
During photosynthesis, this algae absorbs carbon dioxide from the spacecraft and
releases oxygen, thereby maintaining the oxygen supply.
4. Write three differences between Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. Ans: Three
main differences are:
o Nature: Gymnosperms are usually tall, woody, perennial, evergreen trees;
Angiosperms can be herbs, shrubs, or trees.
o Fruit: Gymnosperms do not form fruits (seeds are naked); Angiosperms
produce fruits.
o Cotyledons: Gymnosperm seeds may have multiple cotyledons; Angiosperm
seeds have either one (monocot) or two (dicot) cotyledons.
5. Write three main differences between Monocotyledonous (Monocot) and
Dicotyledonous (Dicot) plants. Ans: Three main differences are:
o Life Cycle/Form: Monocots are mainly herbs and annuals; Dicots are usually
trees and perennials.
o Stem: Monocot stems are unbranched; Dicot stems are branched.
o Example: Examples of Monocots are Rice, Wheat, and Maize; examples of
Dicots are Mango and Jamun.
6. Give two characteristics and one example of the group Cnidaria. Ans:
o Characteristics: 1. Presence of Cnidoblast cells in the body wall. 2. The
mouth is surrounded by tentacles.
o Example: Hydra.
7. Give two characteristics and one example of the phylum Arthropoda. Ans:
o Characteristics: 1. The body is covered by a chitinous exoskeleton. 2.
Presence of jointed appendages.
o Example: Cockroach.
8. Give two characteristics and an example of the group Amphibia. Ans:
o Characteristics: 1. Skin is moist and naked (no scales). 2. Four clawless
digits on the forelimbs and five on the hindlimbs.
o Example: Frog.
9. Give two characteristics and one example of the phylum Chordata. Ans:
o Characteristics: 1. Presence of a notochord during the embryonic stage or
throughout life. 2. Presence of pharyngeal gill slits on both sides of the
pharynx at some stage of life.
o Example: Rohu fish (Labeo rohita).
10. Give two characteristics and one example of the phylum Echinodermata. Ans:
o Characteristics: 1. The body is covered with spiny skin. 2. Presence of a
water vascular system.
o Example: Starfish.
11. What do you mean by Life Cycle? Ans: After birth, an organism grows into an adult
and reproduces to continue its lineage. This is followed by aging and eventually
death. This cyclical sequence of events—birth, growth, reproduction, aging, and
death—is called the life cycle.
12. What do you mean by Coacervate? Ans: In the primitive Earth, amino acids,
sugars, lipids, and proteins were abundant in the seawater. Proteins separated from the
'hot dilute soup' and aggregated to form colloidal particles, which are called
coacervates. Draw diagram
Descriptive and Analytical Long Questions
[Marks: 5 per question]

1. Which scientist formulated the Five Kingdom classification of organisms?

Write the names of each kingdom along with their characteristics.

Ans: Scientist Whittaker (1969) formulated the Five Kingdom classification of organisms.

The Five Kingdoms and their characteristics:

(1) Monera:

• Characteristics:
o They are unicellular and prokaryotic. Cells are microscopic; the cell wall
contains peptidoglycan.
o Their mode of nutrition is autotrophic or heterotrophic. Heterotrophic nutrition
can be saprophytic, parasitic, or symbiotic.
• Examples: Bacteria, Mycoplasma, Blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria).

(2) Protista:

• Characteristics:
o They are unicellular and colony-forming eukaryotic organisms.
o Most are aquatic and form plankton.
• Examples: Euglena, Amoeba, Paramecium.

(3) Fungi:

• Characteristics:
o They can be unicellular, multicellular, or filamentous (hyphae).
o Their stored food is glycogen.
• Examples: Yeast, Mucor, Penicillium.

(4) Plantae:

• Characteristics:
o Multicellular and eukaryotic in nature.
o The cell wall is made of cellulose.
• Examples: Spirogyra, Pogonatum, Dryopteris.

(5) Animalia:

• Characteristics:
o Multicellular and eukaryotic in nature.
o Cells lack a cell wall and do not have large vacuoles.
• Examples: Phylum Porifera, Annelida, Arthropoda.
2. Define Taxonomy. What are the components of Taxonomy? Write the
importance of Taxonomy.

Ans: Definition of Taxonomy: The branch of science that deals with the identification,
nomenclature (naming), and classification of organisms is called Taxonomy.

Components of Taxonomy: The main components of taxonomy can generally be divided

into three categories:

1. Identification
2. Nomenclature
3. Classification

Importance of Taxonomy: The main significance of taxonomy includes:

• It helps determine the interrelationships between various groups of organisms in a

diverse biological world.
• Knowledge of taxonomy provides information about the primitive ancestors of
organisms and helps us understand the path of evolution.

3. What do you mean by Binomial Nomenclature? Who first introduced

Binomial Nomenclature? Write three rules of Binomial Nomenclature.

Ans: Binomial Nomenclature: The scientific naming of organisms using two parts—the
Genus and the Species—is called Binomial Nomenclature.

Proponent of Binomial Nomenclature: The famous Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus

is the proponent of binomial nomenclature. He wrote 'Species Plantarum' (1753) for plants
and 'Systema Naturae' (1758) for animals.

Rules of Binomial Nomenclature: While there are many rules, three primary ones are
mentioned below:

• Multiple genera within a family or multiple species within a genus must have distinct
names.
• Binomial names must be formulated exclusively in the Latin language.
• The name of a species consists of two parts (Genus and Species); if a subspecies is
added, it becomes a trinomial name.
• When printed, the scientific name should be in italics; when handwritten, the genus
and species must be underlined separately.
 পরমাণুর গঠন (Structure of Atom)

পরমাণুর গঠন অধ্যায়ের বহু ববকল্প বিবিক প্রশ্ন উির:

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ):

1. In the case of isobars, which statement is correct?

(a) Mass is equal

(b) Proton number is equal

(c) Neutron number is equal

(d) Mass number is equal

Ans: (d) Mass number is equal.

2. If the 89U238 atom had three fewer neutrons, its formula would be—

(a) 89U238

(b) 89U235

(c) 92U235

(d) 90U237

Ans: (b) 89U235

3. The two atoms 6C13 and 7N14 are each other's—

(a) Isotopes

(b) Isobars

(c) Isotones

(d) Isomers

Ans: (c) Isotones.

4. Which is the heaviest particle of an atom?

(a) Proton

(b) Neutron
 (c) Electron

(d) Meson

Ans: (b) Neutron.

5. An isotope of Hydrogen is—

(a) Lithium

(b) Helium

(c) Deuterium

(d) Beryllium

Ans: (c) Deuterium.

6. Through the alpha-particle scattering experiment, what was discovered?

(a) Electron

(b) Proton

(c) Neutron

(d) Nucleus

Ans: (d) Nucleus.

7. The circular path in which electrons revolve around the nucleus is called—

(a) Charged orbit

(b) Stable orbit

(c) Excited level

(d) Stationary state

Ans: (b) Stable orbit.

8. Protons were discovered by—

(a) Rutherford

(b) Thomson

(c) Goldstein
 (d) Chadwick

Ans: (c) Goldstein.

9. In the experiment to discover neutrons, which rays were used?

(a) Cathode rays

(b) X-rays

(c) Alpha rays

(d) Gamma rays

Ans: (c) Alpha rays.

10. In which atom are 6 electrons present in the M shell?

(a) S (Sulphur)

(b) O (Oxygen)

(c) N (Nitrogen)

(d) Ar (Argon)

Ans: (a) S.

11. The relationship between 15P31 and 16S31 is—

(a) Isotopes

(b) Isobars

(c) Isotones

(d) None of these

Ans: (b) Isobars.

12. If an electron jumps from the second Bohr orbit to the third Bohr orbit—

(a) Energy will be radiated

(b) Energy will be absorbed

(c) Energy will remain unchanged

(d) Such a jump is not possible

 Ans: (b) Energy will be absorbed.

13. In which case is the electron configuration the same?

(a) Na, K

(b) Li+, He+

(c) F– , Na+

(d) Ne, Ar

Ans: (c) F– , Na+

Very Short Answer Questions:

1. A neutron is a neutral particle whose mass is equal to the mass of an electron. [True /
False]

Ans: False.

2. Name a radioactive element.

Ans: Uranium.

3. Cathode rays are composed of __________ charged particles.

Ans: Negatively.

4. Why are the chemical properties of isotopes identical?

Ans: Because isotopes are atoms of the same element (having the same number of
protons/electrons).

5. Write two differences between mass number and atomic number.

Ans: * Mass Number: The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an
atom.

o Atomic Number: The total number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

6. Electron configuration of Aluminum is __________.

Ans: 2, 8, 3.

7. What are the three isotopes of Oxygen?

Ans: 8O16 , 8O17, 8O18

8. Which noble gas has the same number of electrons as Mg2+ ?

Ans: Neon.
14
9. 6C is a radioactive isotope. [True / False]

Ans: True.

10. Which scientist corrected the flaws in Rutherford's atomic model?

Ans: Scientist Niels Bohr.

11. Name an atom without a neutron.

Ans: Ordinary Hydrogen or Protium.

12. The chemical properties of an element depend on its atomic number. [True / False]

Ans: True.

Short Answer Questions:

1. Describe the conclusions of Rutherford's experiment.

Ans: Based on the α-particle scattering experiment on gold foil, scientist Rutherford gave the
following conclusions:

1. Most of the space inside the atom is empty, as most 𝛼 − particles passed straight
through the foil.
2. Positively charged α-particles are repelled by a positive charge. Since some particles
were deflected, he concluded that all the positive charge and mass of the atom are
concentrated in a very small space called the Nucleus.
3. A few α-particles that hit near the edge of the nucleus were deflected at angles of 90
or more.
4. A very tiny fraction of α-particles that hit the nucleus directly were deflected at an
angle of 180.
5. Negatively charged electrons stay outside the nucleus. Since an α-particle is about
7500 times heavier than an electron, the electron's negligible mass does not affect the
speed of the α-particle.
2. Write the postulates of Rutherford's atomic model.

Ans:

1. An atom has two parts: the Nucleus and the extra-nuclear electronic region.
2. The heaviest, positively charged part at the center of every atom is the nucleus.
Almost the entire mass of the atom is concentrated here.
3. Electrons revolve around the nucleus in specific circular orbits at high speeds.
4. The centrifugal force of the revolving electrons and the electrostatic force of attraction
between the nucleus and electrons are equal and opposite, keeping the electrons in
orbit.
5. Most of the atom is empty space. The nucleus is responsible for the mass, and the
electronic region is responsible for the volume.
6. The diameter of the nucleus is very small compared to the diameter of the entire atom.

3. Write the postulates of Bohr's atomic model.

Ans:

1. Electrons cannot revolve in any random circular orbit; they can only revolve in certain
permissible orbits of fixed radii. These are called stable or stationary orbits.
2. As long as an electron revolves in a stable orbit, it neither radiates nor absorbs energy.
3. When an electron jumps from a higher energy orbit to a lower one, energy is radiated
in the form of waves. Conversely, when it jumps from a lower to a higher orbit,
energy is absorbed.
4. Write the defects of Rutherford's atomic model.

Ans:

1. Instability: According to electromagnetic theory, an accelerating charged electron

should continuously radiate energy. This would cause its velocity and orbital radius to
decrease, eventually causing it to spiral into and crash into the nucleus. Thus, the
atom would be unstable.
2. Spectrum: Continuous radiation should produce a continuous spectrum, but
observation shows line spectra instead.

5. Define Isotopes with an example.

Ans: Atoms of the same element having the same atomic number but different mass numbers
are called isotopes.

Example: 1H1 1H2 1H3 , 6C12 6C13 6C14 , 17Cl35 17Cl37

6. Define Isobars with an example.

Ans: Atoms of different elements having different atomic numbers but the same mass number
are called isobars.

Example: 18Ar40 20Ca40, 6C14 7N14

7. Define Isotones with an example.

Ans: Atoms of different elements having different atomic numbers but the same number of
neutrons are called isotones.

Example: 6C14 7N15 8O16 , 17Cl37 19K39 20Ca40 (All have 8 neutrons).

8. The mass numbers of three atoms X, Y, and Z are 31, 32, and 34 respectively. Their atomic numbers
are 15, 16, and 16 respectively. Which two are isotopes and which two are isotones?

Ans:

• Isotopes: Y and Z (Both have the same atomic number 16).

• Isotones: X and Y (Both have 16 neutrons: 31-15 = 16 and 32-16 = 16).
9. Write two differences between a Proton and a Neutron.

Ans:

Proton Neutron

A positively charged particle located in the A neutral (charge-less) particle located in the
nucleus of an atom. nucleus of an atom.

The atomic number depends on the number The atomic number does not depend on the
of protons. number of neutrons.

10. An M^{3+} ion has 10 electrons and 14 neutrons. Write the electron configuration of
element M and determine its mass number.

Ans: The total number of electrons in the neutral atom M = 10 + 3 = 13

The electron configuration will be: 2, 8, 3

The mass number of element M will be = (Protons + Neutrons) = 13 + 14 = 27

11. What is meant by Nuclear Force? Write one characteristic of nuclear force.

Ans: The force that acts between the nuclear particles or nucleons (i.e., protons and neutrons)
located in the nucleus of an atom and provides stability to the nucleus is called Nuclear
Force.

Characteristic: Nuclear force is an extremely strong attractive force that operates over a very
short range.

12. Why does the nucleus remain stable despite the repulsive force between protons in the
atomic nucleus?

Ans: A special type of force called nuclear force is responsible for the stability of the nucleus.
Due to this nuclear force, protons remain in a stable state in the nucleus despite their mutual
repulsion. This force is generated by the extremely rapid mutual transformation of protons
and neutrons with the help of a sub-atomic particle called a Meson present in the nucleus.

13. Which scientist discovered radioactivity and how?

Ans: While experimenting with a uranium salt, Potassium Uranyl Sulfate, scientist Henri
Becquerel observed that uranium compounds spontaneously and continuously emit a type of
radiation with significant penetrating power, and this radiation does not depend on its
phosphorescent properties. Initially, this radiation was named 'Becquerel rays'. Later, scientist
Madame Curie named these rays 'Radioactive rays' and termed the phenomenon
'Radioactivity'.
14. Which is more stable between an atom and an ion? Explain.

Ans: An ion is more stable than its parent atom. An ion is formed when an atom gains or
loses electrons to achieve the electronic configuration of its nearest noble gas. Since this
configuration represents a state of minimum energy, ions are more stable than atoms.

15. If the electron configuration of an element is 2, 8, 6, what is its atomic number? A certain
atom has 3 electrons in its M shell. If its mass number is 27, calculate the number of
electrons, protons, and neutrons present in the atom.

Ans: * For the first part: The atomic number of the element will be 16.

• For the second part: If the M shell has 3 electrons, the configuration is (2, 8, 3).
Therefore, the atomic number is 13.
o Number of electrons = 13
o Number of protons = 13
o Number of neutrons = (27 - 13) = 14

16. Why are a proton particle and an H+ ion considered identical?

Ans: A Hydrogen (H) atom contains one proton and one electron. When it loses its single
electron, it becomes an H+ ion. Consequently, the H+ ion consists only of a single proton.
Therefore, both the mass and the charge of an H+ ion are equal to the mass and charge of a
proton. This is why a proton and an H+ ion are considered identical.

17. Establish the relationship between the mass number and the atomic number of an element.

Ans: Mass Number = Atomic Number (or Proton Number) + Neutron Number

18. Show the electron configuration of the Chlorine element with a diagram.

Ans: For a Chlorine atom 17Cl35 :

• Number of electrons = 17
• Number of protons = 17
• Number of neutrons = (35 - 17) = 18
•

•
19. Write two dissimilarities between Rutherford's atomic model and Bohr's atomic model.

Ans:

Rutherford's Atomic Model Bohr's Atomic Model

It gave no idea about the size and shape of It provided the concept of specific circular
energy levels. energy levels (orbits).

Spectra cannot be explained using this This model provides an explanation for atomic
model. spectra.

It gives no concept regarding the angular It introduced the concept of quantized angular
momentum of electrons. momentum for electrons.

20. What are the mass number and atomic number of the 92X235 atom? If the atom had 3 more
neutrons, what would its formula be?

Ans: * Mass Number = 235, Atomic Number = 92

• If the atom had 3 more neutrons, its mass number would be 235 + 3 = 238. The
formula would be: 92X238 .

21. What is a Cathode Ray? Write two characteristics of it.

Ans: When an electric current is passed through a discharge tube at low pressure, a type of
invisible ray is emitted from the cathode towards the anode. This ray originating from the
cathode is called a Cathode Ray.

Characteristics: 1) Cathode rays are composed of tiny particles possessing mass and
momentum. 2) Cathode rays are composed of negatively charged particles.

22. Why was it necessary to consider the existence of neutrons in the atomic nucleus?

Ans: The mass of a proton is considered one unit, and the mass of an electron is negligible.
Therefore, if an atom were composed only of protons and electrons, the mass of the atom
should be nearly equal to the total mass of its protons.

In 1913, scientist Moseley discovered a method to determine the number of protons in an

atom using X-ray spectra experiments. It was found that a Carbon atom has 6 protons. The
mass of 6 protons is 6 units, and the mass of 6 electrons is negligible. Thus, the mass of a
Carbon atom should have been 6 units. However, in reality, the mass of a Carbon atom is 12
units. To account for the remaining 6 units of mass, Rutherford hypothesized the existence of
a particle within the atom that has unit mass but no charge, and named it the Neutron.