ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS AND TRANSMISSION LINES DEPT.
ECE
(a) time changing flux linkage a stationary closed path.
(b) relative motion between a steady flux a closed path.
(c) a combination of the above two cases.
The negative sign in equation (7) was introduced by Lenz in order to comply with the polarity of
the induced emf. The negative sign implies that the induced emf will cause a current flow in the
closed loop in such a direction so as to oppose the change in the linking magnetic flux which
produces it. (It may be noted that as far as the induced emf is concerned, the closed path forming
a loop does not necessarily have to be conductive).
If the closed path is in the form of N tightly wound turns of a coil, the change in the magnetic
flux linking the coil induces an emf in each turn of the coil and total emf is the sum of the
induced emfs of the individual turns, i.e.,
Emf = Volts
By defining the total flux linkage as
The emf can be written as
Emf =
Continuing with equation (3), over a closed contour 'C' we can write
Emf =
where is the induced electric field on the conductor to sustain the current.
Further, total flux enclosed by the contour 'C ' is given by
Where S is the surface for which 'C' is the contour.
From (11) and using (12) in (3) we can write
By applying stokes theorem
Therefore, we can write
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which is the Faraday's law in the point form
We have said that non zero can be produced in a several ways. One particular case is when a
time varying flux linking a stationary closed path induces an emf. The emf induced in a
stationary closed path by a time varying magnetic field is called a transformer emf .
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MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS (Time varying Fields)
Introduction:
In our study of static fields so far, we have observed that static electric fields are produced by
electric charges, static magnetic fields are produced by charges in motion or by steady current.
Further, static electric field is a conservative field and has no curl, the static magnetic field is
continuous and its divergence is zero. The fundamental relationships for static electric fields
among the field quantities can be summarized as:
(1)
(2)
For a linear and isotropic medium,
(3)
Similarly for the magnetostatic case
(4)
(5)
(6)
It can be seen that for static case, the electric field vectors and and magnetic field vectors
and form separate pairs.
Maxwell's equations represent one of the most elegant and concise ways to state the
fundamentals of electricity and magnetism. From them one can develop most of the working
relationships in the field. Because of their concise statement, they embody a high level of
mathematical sophistication and are therefore not generally introduced in an introductory
treatment of the subject, except perhaps as summary relationships.
These basic equations of electricity and magnetism can be used as a starting point for advanced
courses, but are usually first encountered as unifying equations after the study of electrical and
magnetic phenomena.
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Symbols Used
E = Electric field ρ = charge density i = electric current
B = Magnetic field ε0 = permittivity J = current density
D = Electric displacement μ0 = permeability c = speed of light
H = Magnetic field strength M = Magnetization P = Polarization
Integral form in the absence of magnetic or polarizable media:
I. Gauss' law for electricity
Gauss' law for magnetism
III. Faraday's law of induction
IV. Ampere's law
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ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS AND TRANSMISSION LINES [Link]
Differential form in the absence of magnetic or polarizable media:
I. Gauss' law for electricity
Gauss' law for magnetism
III. Faraday's law of induction
IV. Ampere's law
Differential form with magnetic and/or polarizable media:
I. Gauss' law for electricity
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