Chapter 2 Homework

Section 2.1 Sample Spaces, Outcomes and Events

1. A coin is tossed (H or T) and then a die is rolled (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6). Write out the sample space for this
experiment and draw a tree diagram that shows the 12 outcomes.
2. A die is rolled (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6) and then a coin is tossed (H or T). Write out the sample space for this
experiment and draw a tree diagram that shows the 12 outcomes.
3. Four cards labeled A, B, C and D are lying face down on a desk. A card will be chosen and then, without replacing
the first card, a second card will be chosen. Write out the sample space and draw a tree diagram that shows the
outcomes.
4. Four cards labeled A, B, C and D are lying face down on a desk. A card will be chosen and then replaced on the
table. A second card will be chosen. Write out the sample space and draw a tree diagram that shows the
outcomes.
5a. A die is rolled. If the number on the die is odd, the experiment ends there. If the number on the die is even, we
then toss a coin twice (H or T). Write out the sample space and draw the tree diagram for this experiment.
5b. A coin is tossed. If the coin lands on Head, the experiment ends. Otherwise, we roll a die. Write out the sample
space and draw the tree diagram for this experiment.

Cardinality, Unions, Intersections and Compliments

6. Suppose that we have two events with . If , determine the

cardinalities:

a) b) c) d) e)

7. Suppose that we have two events with . If (disjoint) and ,

determine:

a) b) c) d) e)

8. Suppose that we have two events with . If are not disjoint, and

, determine the maximum value of the cardinality and also minimum value of the
cardinality for each of the following:

a) b) c) d) e)

9. A single die is rolled. Consider the events and . Determine , ,

, , and .
10. A sample space for some experiment consists of 8 cards, each with a letter on it, .

Consider the events and . Determine , , , ,

and .

11. Create a sample space and two events and such that is non-empty, is non-empty, and

Definition of a Probability Function

12. Suppose that we have a probability space, that is a sample space along with a probability function .
Answer each of the following True/False questions.

a) It is possible for b) It is possible for

c) It is possible for d) It is possible for

e) If and , it is possible for to be a subset of .

f) If and , it is possible for to be a subset of .

g) If and , it is possible for and to be disjoint.

h) If and , it is possible for and to be disjoint.

13. For each functions P below. Determine the value of c that makes the column a probability function.

s P1(s) P2(s) P3(s) P4(s) P5(s) P6(s) P7(s)

1 .2 .1 .2 c 1/8 .1 .15
2 .2 .1 .1 .1 1/7 .1 .1
3 c c -.1 .2 1/6 .2 .1
4 .2 .1 .2 .1 1/5 .2 .1
5 .2 .1 c .2 1/4 .25 c
6 .2 .1 .3 .5 c 4c .85 - 2c

14. Suppose that our sample space for our experiment is .

a) Is a plausible probability function for our sample space?

b) Determine the value of , so that is a legal probability function on our sample space.
Section 2.4 Rules of Probability
15. Use the accompanying diagram to determine the probabilities:

a) b) c)
d) e) f)

g) h) i)

j) k) l)
m) n)
16. Two events, A and B, are such that

, determine .

17. Two events, A and B, are such that , determine .

18. Two events, A and B, are such that , determine .

19. Two events, A and B, are such that , determine .

2.5 Probability as Relative Frequency
20. Suppose that we asked 2000 people what their blood type is (O, A, B or AB) and what ethnic group they belong
to (G1, G2 or G3). The results of the survey are listed in the table below.

Blood Type Total

Ethnic Group O A B AB
G1 300 150 175 25 650
G2 125 650 15 10 800
G3 165 145 175 65 550
Total 590 945 365 100 2000

The numbers in the center of the table are the number of the people in the survey that answered the ethnic
question as stated in that row and answered the blood type question as stated in that column. For example, 300
people have type O blood and are in group G1. The totals are in the outer row and column of the table. The total of
2000 can be determined by summing up the row totals or summing up the column totals. Determine the following
probabilities.
a) b) c)
d) e) f)
g) h) i)

j) k) l)

21. A deck of cards is shuffled and a card is drawn. Determine each of the following probabilities.
a) The probability that a face card is selected. b) The probability that the card is not a 7.
c) The probability that the card is a Club. d) The probability that a Red face is selected.
e) The probability that the card is Red or a King. f) The card is red or a Club.
22. Two dice (one red and one green) are to be rolled. The sample space consists of the 36 outcomes listed below.
The first number is what is rolled on the Red die and the second number is what is rolled on the Green. Determine:

a) P(At least one of the dice is a 5)

b) P(Sum of the dice is equal to 7)
c) P(Sum of the dice is 11 or more)
d) P(Both are less than 3)
e) P(Red is larger than Green)
f) P(Sum is greater than 9)
g) P(Red = 6)
h) P(Largest number is a 5)
i) P(Smallest number is a 5)

Section 2.6 Counting Techniques

23. Five coins are to be tossed. Determine the cardinality of the sample space.
24. A coin is to be tossed followed by rolling two dice. Determine the cardinality of the sample space.
25. Two dice are to be rolled and the total number of spots viewed are our outcomes. Determine the cardinality of
the sample space. Are these outcomes equally likely?
26. Three dice are to be rolled. Determine the cardinality of the sample space.
27. How many ways can we arrange 7 red chips and 4 blue chips in 11 slots?
28. How many ways can we arrange 5 white chips, 4 blue chips and 3 red chips in 12 slots?

29. Determine the value of , , , , and .

30. Suppose that we have 9 distinct objects to put in 9 slots and that the 9 slots are partitioned into 3 groups. The
first group has 3 slots, the second has 2 slots and the third has 4 slots. How many ways can we put the objects in
the slots if we do not care about the order in which they got into the groups?

31. Three cards are selected from a deck of 52 cards. Determine the probability that they are all face cards.
32. A bin contains 10 red chips, 8 white chips and 2 blue chips. Three chips are selected without replacement.
Determine:
a) The probability that all three chips are white.
b) The probability that all three chips are red.
c) The probability that all three chips are blue.
33. Four cards are selected from a deck of cards. Determine the probability that all four of them are hearts.
34. Four cards are selected from a deck of cards. Determine the probability that all four of them are red.
35. Four cards are selected from a deck of cards. Determine the probability that all four of them are Jacks.

Section 2.7 Conditional Probability

36. Use the Venn diagram to answer the probability questions.

a) b)
c) d)
e) f)
g) h)

i) j)

k) l)
37. Use the table to determine: Blood Type Total
Ethnic Group O A B AB
a)
G1 300 150 175 25 650
b) G2 125 650 15 10 800
G3 165 145 175 65 550
c)
Total 590 945 365 100 2000
d)

e) f)

38. Given , determine .

39. Given , determine .

40. An urn contains 6 white, 8 red and 3 blue chips. A person selects 4 chips without replacement. Determine the
following probabilities:
a) P(Exactly 2 chips are white) b) P(All of the chips are blue)
c) P(The third chip is red) d) P(The fourth chip is blue | The first 3 were white)

41. The first choice that a person makes is between M and N. The probabilities are
given in the tree diagram below. The second choice a person makes is between R
and S. Determine the following probabilities. Write in your final decimal answer.
a) b)
c) d)

e) f) g)

42. Seven cards are selected from a standard deck of cards.

a) Determine the probability that exactly 5 of them are hearts.
b) Determine the probability that there are 3 hearts and 3 diamonds.
c) Determine the probability that there are 3 hearts, 3 diamonds and 1 spade.
d) Determine the probability that there are 2 Aces and 2 Kings.
e) Determine the probability that there are 2 Aces and 3 Kings.
43. Five cards are selected from a deck of cards. Determine the following (not so easy) probabilities:
a) We have a full house. b) We have two-pair. c) We have 3 of a kind.
d) We have a straight. e) We have a flush. f) We do not have a pair.
Section 2.8 Law of Total Probability and Bayes’ Theorem
45. Four identical bowls are labeled 1, 2, 3, and 4. Bowl 1 has 5 white chips. Bowl 2 has 3 white chips and 2 black
chips. Bowl 3 has 1 white chip and 3 black chips. Bowl 4 has 2 white chips and 3 black chips.
Bowl 1: WWWWW Bowl 2: WWWBB Bowl 3: WBBB Bowl 4: WWBBB
a) A bowl is randomly selected (equally likely) and then 2 chips are simultaneously selected. Determine the
probability that both chips are white.
b) A bowl is randomly selected (equally likely) and then 2 chips are simultaneously selected. Determine the
probability that Bowl 3 was chosen given that both chips are white.
c) A bowl is randomly selected (equally likely) and then 2 chips are simultaneously selected. Determine the
probability that Bowl 2 was chosen given that both chips are white.
46. Three cards are selected from a deck of cards.
a) Determine the probability that the first card is a Heart, the second is a Diamond and the third is an Ace.
b) Determine the probability that the first card was a Heart and the second was a Diamond given that the third
card was an Ace.

47. A card is selected from a deck. If it is an Ace, the experiment ends. If the first card was not an Ace, then a
second card is selected from the deck. If that card is an Ace, the experiment ends. If the second card is not an Ace,
then a third card is selected and the experiment ends no matter what that card is. Determine the probability that
the last card selected in the experiment is an Ace.

Section 2.9 Independent Events

48. Suppose that A and B are independent events, and . Determine .

49. Suppose that A and B are independent events, and . Determine .

Each component in each circuit works with probability .9. That is, .

i) ii) ii)

iii) I iv)
50a. Determine the probability that each circuit (system) works.
i) ii) iii) iv)

50b. Determine . i) ii)

51. We are going to be doing Batch Testing using batches of size 10. Suppose that the current positivity rate is 2%.
a) What is the probability that a batch of 10 independent individuals will produce a negative test?
b) You were in a batch that tested positive. Determine the probability that you tested positive.

52. We are going to be doing Batch Testing using batches of size 10. Suppose that the current positivity rate is 5%.
a) What is the probability that a batch of 10 independent individuals will produce a negative test?
b) You were in a batch that tested positive. Determine the probability that you tested positive.

53. We are going to be doing Batch Testing using batches of size 10. Suppose that the current positivity rate is
10%.
a) What is the probability that a batch of 10 independent individuals will produce a negative test?
b) You were in a batch that tested positive. Determine the probability that you tested positive.