UNIT – I (Qualitative Only)

1. Electric Current (AC/DC), Voltage, Resistance & Electric Power

Electric current is the flow of electrons through a conductor.

- DC (Direct Current): Flows in only one direction. Sources: batteries, power banks.

- AC (Alternating Current): Changes direction many times per second (in India 50 Hz). It is used in
household supply.

Voltage: The electrical pressure that pushes current in a circuit.

Resistance: The opposition offered to the flow of current by a material.

Electric Power: The rate at which electrical energy is consumed. Formula: P = V × I.

2. Measuring Instruments – Voltmeter, Ammeter, Multimeter

- Voltmeter: Measures voltage. Always connected in parallel with the component.

- Ammeter: Measures current. Always connected in series.

- Multimeter: A combined device used to measure current, voltage, resistance, and continuity.

3. Safety Rules in Electrical Work & Safety Signs

Electrical work must always follow basic safety guidelines:

- Switch off the main supply before touching any wire.

- Never handle appliances with wet hands.

- Use proper insulation tools and rubber gloves.

- Use correct rating fuses and MCBs to avoid overload.

Safety signs: High voltage sign, danger sign, earth terminal, fire safety signs, etc.

4. Fire Extinguishers – Types & Working

- Water-type: Used for wood, paper, cloth fires.

- CO■ extinguisher: Used for electrical fires as it does not conduct electricity.

- Dry Chemical Powder: Multipurpose extinguisher used for most types of fires.

Never use water on electrical fires.

Common conductors: Copper, Aluminium.

- Copper: Best conductor, high cost, heavy.

- Aluminium: Cheaper, lighter, used in transmission lines.

6. Electrical Tools & Safety Precautions

Important tools: Screwdrivers, pliers, testers, cutters, insulation tape.

Precautions: Proper insulation, correct tool selection, keep hands dry, avoid loose wiring.

7. Electrical Wire Joints

Types of joints: Straight joint, Tee (T) joint, and Britannia joint.

Preparation includes cleaning the wire, twisting it properly, and ensuring firm mechanical strength
before soldering.

8. Soldering – Techniques, Types of Solder, Flux

Soldering is the process of joining metals using a low-melting alloy.

- Techniques: Heat the joint with soldering iron → apply solder → allow to cool.

- Types of solder: Soft solder (lead-tin), hard solder.

- Flux: Chemical that removes oxide and helps solder to flow smoothly.

9. Ohm’s Law, Ohmic & Non-Ohmic Contacts

Ohm’s Law: At constant temperature, V = IR.

- Ohmic devices: Follow Ohm’s law (resistors, metallic conductors).

- Non-Ohmic devices: Do not follow Ohm’s law (diodes, filament lamps).

10. Electrical Circuits – Series & Parallel

- Series: Only one path for current; same current flows through all components.

- Parallel: Multiple paths; same voltage appears across each branch.

Open circuit: Current path is broken.

Short circuit: Positive and negative connected directly → high current → dangerous.
11. Effect of Temperature on Resistance

- Metals: Resistance increases with rise in temperature.

- Semiconductors: Resistance decreases with temperature.

12. Capacitors – Types & Uses

Types: Ceramic, electrolytic, mica capacitors.

Uses: Energy storage, filtering noise in circuits, timing circuits, smoothing DC supply.

13. Single-Phase & Three-Phase Supply

- Single-phase: One live + one neutral wire. Used in houses.

- Three-phase: Three live wires + neutral. Used in industries and heavy motors.

14. Basics of Diodes & Applications

A diode allows current to flow in only one direction.

Applications: Rectifiers (AC to DC conversion), voltage protection, signal clipping.

UNIT – II (Qualitative Only)

1. Batteries – Types & Working

Batteries convert chemical energy into electrical energy.

- Primary batteries: Non-rechargeable (dry cells).

- Secondary batteries: Rechargeable (lead-acid, lithium-ion).

2. Solar Cells – Principle & Operation

Work on photovoltaic effect, where light energy produces electric current.

Used in solar panels, calculators, street lights.

3. Switches – One-Way & Two-Way

- One-way switch: Controls one circuit from one place.

4. Fuses & MCB – Applications

- Fuse: Thin wire melts when current exceeds safe limit → circuit protection.

- MCB: Automatic device that trips during overload or short circuit.

Used in homes, schools, industries for safety.

5. Estimation of Electrical Load

Total load = sum of wattages of all appliances used.

Example: Tube light 40W + Fan 80W = 120 W total.

6. Importance of Earthing

Earthing gives a safe path for leakage current to go into ground.

Prevents electric shocks and protects appliances from damage.

7. Working of Household Energy Meter

Energy meter measures power consumption in kWh (units).

Digital meters display units directly. Bills are calculated using these readings.

8. Domestic Wiring for Appliances

- Geysers & Ovens: High power devices; need thick wires and proper earthing.

- Fans: Controlled using a regulator.

- Lights: Wired mostly in parallel for equal brightness.

9. LED Lamp – Working

Uses Light Emitting Diode which emits light when current flows through it.

LEDs consume less electricity and have very long life.

10. Neutral, Live & Earth Wires

- Live (Phase): Supplies current.

- Earth: Safety wire connected to ground to prevent electric shock.

11. Logic Gates & Applications

Basic logic gates: AND, OR, NOT.

Used in computers, calculators, digital circuits, automatic systems.

12. Extension Boards – Use & Wiring

Extension boards allow multiple devices to be connected.

They contain switches, sockets, fuses/MCBs for safety.

Wiring connections depend on required combination (series/parallel).

13. Replacement Techniques – Switch, Fuse, MCB

- Switch: Turn off main supply → remove faceplate → change switch → tighten connections.

- Fuse: Replace with same rating wire/cartridge.

- MCB: Remove faulty MCB and replace with same type and rating for proper protection.