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INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK LAYER

 Network layer
• Layer-3 in the OSI model is called Network layer.

• Network layer manages options pertaining to host and

network addressing, managing sub-networks, and
internetworking.
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Dept. Edit

• Network layer takes the responsibility for routing packets

from source to destination within or outside a subnet.
 Network layer services
• The main responsibility of the Network layer is to carry the data packets from the source to

the destination without changing or using them.

• If the packets are too large for delivery, they are fragmented i.e., broken down into smaller

packets.

• It decides the route to be taken by the packets to travel from the source to the destination

ClickoftoBCA
Dept. Edit among the multiple routes available in a network (also called routing).

• The source and destination addresses are added to the data packets inside the network layer.

• The services which are offered by the network layer protocol are as follows:

➢ Packetizing

➢ Routing

➢ Forwarding
 1. Packetizing
• The process of encapsulating the data received from the upper layers
of the network (also called payload) in a network layer packet at the

source and decapsulating the payload from the network layer packet at

the destination is known as packetizing.

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 2. Routing
• Routing is the process of moving data from one device to another
device.
• In a network, there are a number of routes available from the source to
the destination.
• The network layer specifies some strategies which find out the best
possible route. This process is referred to as routing.

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 3. Forwarding
• Forwarding is simply defined as the action applied by each router
when a packet arrives at one of its interfaces.

• When a router receives a packet from one of its attached networks, it

needs to forward the packet to another attached network (unicast
routing) or to some attached networks (in the case of multicast
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routing).
 Routing Forwarding
• Routing is the process of moving • Forwarding is simply defined as the
data from one device to another action applied by each router when

device. a packet arrives at one of its

interfaces.
• Operates on the Network Layer.
• Operates on the Network Layer.

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• Work is based on Forwarding
• Checks the forwarding table and
Table.
work according to that.
• Works on protocols like Routing
• Works on protocols like UDP
Information Protocol (RIP) for
Encapsulating Security Payloads
Routing.
 • Switching
➢ The switching technique is a temporary connection that is used to forward
packets coming in from one port to a port leading toward the destination.

• Packet Switching
➢ Packet switching is a switching technique in which the message is sent in
one go, but it is divided into smaller pieces, and they are sent individually.
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➢ The message splits into smaller pieces known as packets and packets are
given a unique number to identify their order at the receiving end.

➢ Every packet contains some information in its headers such as the source
address, a destination address
 Packet Switching
• Packet Switching in computer networks is a method of
transferring data to a network in the form of packets.

• In order to transfer the file fast and efficiently over the

network and minimize the transmission latency, the data is
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broken into small pieces of variable length, called Packet.

• At the destination, all these small parts (packets) have to

be reassembled, belonging to the same file.
 Packet Switching
• Packet Switching uses the Store and Forward technique
while switching the packets; while forwarding the packet
each hop first stores that packet then forwards.

• This technique is very beneficial because packets may get

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Dept. Edit discarded at any hop for some reason.

• More than one path is possible between a pair of sources

and destinations. Each packet contains the Source and
destination address using which they independently travel
through the network
 • When the Internet started, the network layer was designed to provide a
connectionless service.

• The network layer protocol treats each packet independently.

• The packets in a message may or may not travel the same path to their
destination.

ClickoftoBCA
Dept. Edit • The switches in this type of network are called routers.
• Each packet is routed based on the information contained in its header.
• In a connectionless packet-switched network, the forwarding decision
is based on the destination address of the packet.
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 Approaches of Packet Switching
• There are two approaches to Packet Switching:

Datagram Packet switching

Virtual Circuit Switching

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 Datagram Approach
• In packet switching the data is divided into small packets which allow faster
movement of data. Each packet contains two parts that is Header and Payload, the
header on each packet conation SOURCE AND DESTINATION ADDRESS
AND PAYLOAD CONTAIN ACTUAL DATA

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 • It is a packet switching technology in which packet is known as a
datagram, is considered as an independent entity.
• Each packet contains the information about the destination and switch
uses this information to forward the packet to the correct destination.
• The packets are reassembled at the receiving end in correct order.
• In Datagram Packet Switching technique, the path is not fixed.
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• Intermediate nodes take the routing decisions to forward the packets.
• Datagram Packet Switching is also known as connectionless switching.
 Virtual Circuit Switching

Virtual Circuit Switching is also known as connection-oriented

switching.
a. The route is established for the entire conversation.
b. It is suitable for longer data transmission. Connection is
established.
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c. It provides a dependable communication function to provide that
each group appears correctly and the sets remain in the original
order in which they were transmitted.
d. The packets continually reach their destined destination in the
similar order in which they were transmitted.
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 Parameters for Measuring Network
Performance

• Bandwidth

• Throughput
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• Latency

• Packet Loss

• Jitter
 Parameters for Measuring Network
Performance
• Bandwidth -The amount of data or information that can be
transmitted in a given amount of time is referred to as
bandwidth.

Click to Edit • Throughput -The number of messages successfully

delivered per unit time is referred to as throughput.
 • Latency -Latency is simply the time it takes for data to travel
from one designated location to another regarding network
performance evaluation.

• Packet Loss -Packet loss refers to the number of packets that

fail to transfer from one destination to another regarding
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network performance measurement.

• Jitter -The variance in time delay for data packets carried

over a network is known as jitter.
 Internet protocol
• Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol by which data is sent
from one computer to another on the internet.

• Each computer -- known as a host -- on the internet has at least one IP

address that uniquely identifies it from all other computers on the
internet.
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• Two type Internet Protocol

• IPV4
• IPV6
 IPv4
• IPv4 address consists of two things that are the network address and
the host address.
• It stands for Internet Protocol version four.
• IPv4 addresses are 32-bit integers that have to be expressed in Decimal
Notation.
• It is represented by 4 numbers separated by dots in the range of 0-255,
Click to Edit which have to be converted to 0 and 1, to be understood by Computers.
 IPv6
• IPv6 is based on IPv4 and stands for Internet Protocol version 6.
• IP version 6 is the new version of Internet Protocol, which is way
better than IP version 4 in terms of complexity and efficiency.
• IPv6 is written as a group of 8 hexadecimal numbers separated by
colon (:). It can be written as 128 bits of 0s and 1s.

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 ICMPV4
• ICMP defines a collection of error message that are sent back
to the source host whenever a router or host is unable to
process an IP datagram successfully.

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 • In the ICMP packet format, the first 32 bits of the packet contain three fields:

• Type (8-bit): The initial 8-bit of the packet is for message type, it provides a brief
description of the message so that receiving network would know what kind of
message it is receiving and how to respond to it

• Code (8-bit): Code is the next 8 bits of the ICMP packet format, this field carries
some additional information about the error message and type.

• Checksum (16-bit): Last 16 bits are for the checksum field in the ICMP packet
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header. The checksum is used to check the number of bits of the complete message

• The next 32 bits of the ICMP Header are Extended Header which has the work of
pointing out the problem in IP Message.

• The last part of the ICMP packet is Data or Payload of variable length. The bytes
included in IPv4 are 576 bytes and in IPv6, 1280 bytes.