THE MANOMETER

THE MANOMETER
MEASURES OF PRESSURE
The instrument used to measure pressure is the manometer.
The refrigeration technician has the pressure gauge available for their work
cooling. It has some features that make it easier to work with.
field to the operator.
It consists of two clocks inserted in a manifold, three hoses which
they can communicate with each other and a hook to hang it, which frees the hands of the
technical.
The compound or low-pressure manometer is used on the low-pressure side.
or suction pressures and normally has a vacuum range of 30 inches.
up to 120 psi; it can measure pressures above and below atmospheric pressure.
This manometer is calibrated in increments of 1 psi.
service.
The high-pressure manometer; which measures the high side or pressures of
condensation. It generally has a range 0 to 500 psi and has
5 psi graduations.
THE REFRIGERATION MANOMETER
THE REFRIGERATION MANOMETER
THE REFRIGERATION MANOMETER
THE MANOMETER
The refrigeration gauge serves the technician for a countless number of tasks in
the field.

To read or record the pressures of the cooling system.

To create a vacuum.
To charge refrigerant to the system.
To purge (bleed) the cooling system.
To empty the system.
To inject the refrigerant into the refrigeration compressor.
Others.

With this instrument, we analyze the conditions of the system and many others.
operations; but the main function of the refrigeration manometer is to read or
measure the system pressures.
 THE REFRIGERATION MANOMETER
We can identify the refrigeration manometer by some characteristics of
manufacturing

The casing and hose of the low-pressure gauge are blue.

The case and pressure gauge on the high side are red.
The center or common hose is white or yellow.

With this system, we avoid crossing the hoses and damaging the gauges.

• A hook is used to hang the set and free the technician from
hold it.
 THE VACUUM PUMP
Vacuum pump: A vacuum pump is something like a reverse compressor.

Most are powered by electric motors or with pulleys and belts, but
gasoline engine pumps are also available.

The pumps can be single or multi-stage depending on their design.

most field service pumps are portable, they have
handles to carry them or they are mounted on wheels.

The sizes of vacuum pumps are determined according to

free air displacement in cubic feet per minute or liters per minute.
The specifications must also include the level of vacuum that can be
reach the bomb, expressed in microns.
THE VACUUM PUMP
In the slots of the rotor (1), positioned
excentrically inside the cylinder of
the vacuum pump / compressor (2), it
the palettes are freely accommodated
When the rotor spins, the centrifugal force
stick the palettes against the wall of the cylinder
forming multiple chambers. The air that enters
due to the aspiration (4) it is compressed in these
cameras and is expelled by the thrust (5).
 THE VACUUM PUMP
What is a micron?

The micron is a linear measurement unit equal to 1/25,400 of an inch and is

based on the measurement of total pressure, unlike gauge pressure,
which can be affected by changes in atmospheric pressure.

When the vacuum pressure approaches 29.5 to 30 inches on the manometer

composed.
The manometer is operating within the last inch of pressure.
The reading beyond 29.5 inches cannot be measured with the manometer for the
deep vacuum method.
This is why the industry has adopted another measure called micron.
 THE VACUUM PUMP
What is the purpose of vacuum or evacuation?
The main purpose of evacuation is to reduce pressure or vacuum sufficiently.
to boil or vaporize the water and then pump it out of the system.
The compound manometer cannot be read at such minimal changes in
inches of mercury.
High vacuum indicators: To measure these high vacuums, the industry developed
electronic instruments, these devices are sensitive to heat, in which the
sensitive element that is mechanically connected to the evacuation system
generates heat.
The rat to which the heat is conducted changes when the gases and vapors of the
surroundings are removed.
The output of the sensing element (thermometer or thermistor) changes when the
heat dissipation rate changes and this change in output is indicated in a
calibrated microns of mercury gauge.
The degree of accuracy of these instruments is approximately 10.
microns, consequently reaching almost perfect vacuum.
THE VACUUM PUMP: HIGH VACUUM GAUGE
 THE FLARE GAME
Booster

The flaring tool or 'flare' is a tool used to work with flexible tubing;
it is the one that expands or flares in conical formation (45º) the ends of the tube
that must rest on the chamfers of the connection.
There are various models and all are based on the same principle:
They consist of two parts, one fixed and the other movable, the fixed part is a metal block.
divided into two equal halves that rotate on a hinge, they also have a series of
graduated openings exactly to the outer diameter of the pipes to be expanded;
the moving part consists of a conical mandrel at 45º that moves by means of
a handle and it is used to center the tube to be expanded.
 THE FLARE GAME
Expanders: There are two types of tools for expanding and they are used
indifferently for both flexible and rigid piping; one of these
tools is almost similar to that of flaring, differing only in the
mandrel, which is not conical but cylindrical, said mandrel exists in different
measures in which its outer diameter is calibrated exactly to the
outer diameter of the pipe to be widened.

The other type of tool is impact and consists of a series of

impact wrenches, ranging in sizes from 1/4" to 5/8".
 THE PIPE CUTTER
Handling of the pipe cutter: The handling of this tool is simple and safe.
first, the tube is placed on the guide rollers, then it is done
move the disc or blade that will perform the cut; for this, it is rotated
Cut the tubes outward to allow the displacement of the disk by means of
the handle every time it is rotated. In cases where this type is not available
for tools and to make cuts in pipes with diameters greater than 4"
(5"y 6") these cuts can be made with a fine-toothed saw (32
teeth per inch) being careful to use a guide to make the cuts.

cutting the pipe with a hacksaw

RIMADORES OR SCRAPERS
Rimadores: To remove the burr that results from the cut, one can
make with the triangular blade that comes with the pipe cutter or
with the barrel-shaped rhyme makers that inside carry a cone
formed by three blades. The inner part of the cone is used to eliminate
the external burr of the tube; and the outer part to remove the burr
interior of the tube, this is achieved only by resting the tube on the
cone and spinning it.
RATCHET WRENCH

Ratchet wrench: It is specially adapted for use in

small refrigerant cylinders and valves or stems in the components
like compressors, accumulators, condensers, etc. The blower allows
quick change of direction so that the operator can adjust the
movement to open or close a valve. The holes in the key vary from
1/2 inch to 1/16 inch. Some have a hexagonal cavity of ½ inch.
fused at one end.

Ratchet wrench
HAND TOOLS
Tool: An object used to work in various trades or to perform a task.
manual work.
Hand tools: they are the working utensils generally used for
individual mode, which only requires force for its operation
human motor. Electric, pneumatic, or other tools are not included.
impact
One of the first tools used by man is the mallet, based on striking.
vertical, letting it fall. It is called the tool of the first family. Based on
several similar utensils were used in it.
Hand tools
Hand tools and accessories for refrigeration technicians:

Regardless of the job requirements, the careful selection,

care and knowledge of the use of its tools are considerations
important for the technician.
The improper use of tools is the cause of defective work or a
accident
The term toolkit implies a toolbox of some sort.
class, and of course this will be true for small hand tools;
In reality, the technician will work more willingly with an adequate supply of
hand tools, power tools, welding equipment, material
of piping, refrigerant cylinders, etc.
The toolbox
The following list enumerates the common hand tools needed for a technician.
refrigeration
Keys of different classes.
Pliers of various kinds.
Bubble level.
Metal scissors.
Screwdrivers of various kinds.
Ball and carpenter hammers.
Saw.
Wire brush.
Limes.
Tape measure
Chisel.
Brushes.
Flare game.
Pipe cutter
Adjustable wrenches.
Ratchet wrench.
Allen keys.
Manometers
Hand tools
Cup keys: Cup keys are used to be placed on the heads of
the screws. They are made of steel and the arrangement of the holes varies from
square to hexagonal, and those in the shape of a double hexagon with 12 points.
Common points range from 5/32 to 2 inches in English measurements.
We also find them in metric measurements.
They are practices to reach difficult-to-grasp nuts and bolts.
Hand tools
Spline keys: Spline keys are useful in certain medium situations.
closed. The ends are usually in the form of a double hexagon of
12 points. The ends can be the same size or different. The handle
it can be straight or crooked.
Wrench for bell-shaped nut: The wrench for bell-shaped nut is a variation
special spline key in which the head is slotted to allow for
the key slides over the tube and then over the flared nut. After
to adjust, the key is removed in a reversible manner.
Fixed jaw wrenches: Fixed jaw wrenches are needed where it is impossible
to fit a socket or a spline wrench onto a nut, bolt, or accessory
from the top. The fixed open-end wrench allows access to the object through the
side. By necessity, the key has only two planes. The distance between
these plans determine the size that typically varies from ¼ inch to 1 5/8
slug.
KEYS
There are two types of wrenches: open-ended and adjustable.
Fixed Mouth
The fixed jaw wrenches are manual tools designed to apply force.
twist when tightening or loosening bolts, nuts, and screws that have heads that
correspond to the mouths of the tool. They are designed to hold
generally the opposite faces of these heads when mounted or
they dismantle parts.
They have various forms but consist at least of one or two heads, one or
two mouths and one mango or arm.
KEYS
Adjustable Mouth
Adjustable wrenches are hand tools designed to exert
torsion efforts, with the particularity that they can vary the opening of
its jaws depending on the size of the nut to be tightened or loosened. The
different types and their main parts are: handle, fixing nut, jaw
mobile, fixed jaw and adjusting screw.
APPROPRIATE USE OF TOOLS
Make the twist by turning towards the operator, never pushing.
Correct use of the key by turning towards the operator
• When turning, make sure that your knuckles do not hit any object.
PROPER USE OF TOOLS
Use a wrench of suitable size for the bolt or nut.
tighten or loosen.
Use the wrench in such a way that it is completely embraced and
seated on the nut and forming a right angle with the axis of the screw
what tightens.
USE OF TOOLS
Use of inappropriate keys

It is safer to use a heavier key or one with grooves.

Hand tools
Open-end and box wrenches: Some refrigeration technicians prefer
the combination wrenches with both a fixed end and a socket to have the advantage of each
type. The ends are made to fit the same size of nut or screw
so the best selection can be used.
Adjustable wrenches: The adjustable wrench allows you to adjust the plane to any size.
within a maximum or minimum opening. The size of the handle indicates the
general capacity. For example, a size of 4 inches will take up to a
half-inch nut. A 16-inch handle will take up to a 1 nut.
7/8 inch. Always use this type of wrench in such a way that the force is
Make a downward adjustment in the clockwise direction when adjusting the bolt. This
it keeps the force against the head. If the lock were used in the manner
the opposite can unexpectedly loosen and the worker can have an accident
Hand tools
Socket wrench: The socket wrench is a commonly used tool
used in refrigeration installations to connect and disconnect pipes
rocked. It is strong and can withstand a large amount of abuse. At least
two sizes are recommended - a size of 8 inches - which can
handle up to 3-inch diameter pipe and a size of 14 inches for
pipe diameter up to 8 inches.
Another type of adjustable pipe wrench is called a chain wrench. This wrench
it can make the work easier in a confined area or on round shapes,
square or irregular.
USE OF TOOLS
Hand tools
Nut screwdrivers: Nut screwdrivers are really a type of
cup key. Many equipment producers have started using screws of
metal that has both a slot and a nut head. Some have eliminated the
slot. The nut screwdriver consists of a plastic handle that has cups
of different sizes that fit the screw or the nut head. It is
useful for removing sheet screws that hold the equipment panels in place
place or adjust the box cover of the control, they are also used for
ensure the control mechanisms in them.
Hand tools
Screwdrivers: The most common screwdriver is the flat-head screwdriver.
flat screwdriver and they come in various sizes (length and width of the
tip). The size of the cable varies with the size of the tip. It should be used the
suitable to avoid damaging the head of the screw.
The star screwdriver (Phillips) (b) is necessary where screws are used.
with star head. They are more common in the electrical work phase during the
cooling assembly. It is also available in different sizes for
apply them to the size of the screw.
There are screwdrivers with magnetic tips to make the work easier.
Screwdrivers, in addition to their usual use, can be used (with discretion) for
a light prying, like a wedge or to scrape.
Never hit a screwdriver with a hammer.
SCREWDRIVERS
The main parts of a screwdriver are the handle, the wedge or shaft and the
leaf or mouth. The handle is made from various types of materials.
soft as wood, plastic resins etc. that facilitate their handling and
they prevent slipping when performing the rotating movement of tightening or loosening,
in addition to serving to achieve insulation from electric current
 SCREWDRIVERS
The screwdriver must be the right size for the screw to be manipulated.
Final portion of the sheet with parallel flanks without embossing.
Dispose of screwdrivers with a broken handle, bent blade, or broken tip
or twisted as it may cause it to come out of the slot causing injuries.
in hands.
Thickness, width, and shape adjusted to the head of the screw.
• Use only to tighten or loosen screws.
Hand tools
Pliers: Pliers are also one of the most frequently used tools.
used and are available in many types. The family joint pliers
Sliding (a) is available for general use. The curved joint pliers and joint
of bow (b) is necessary to work with large objects and to hold the
Pipe. The locking or locking pliers (c) are often needed for
holding objects during welding, for example freeing the hand from the
technical.
For electrical work, different styles of pliers are needed. The pliers of
diagonal cutter (d), reuse to cut wires. The needle-nose pliers
(needle-nose pliers) (e) are used to splice wires and hold small pieces
firmly. Some have built-in cutters. The pliers in general
they are not made to secure or unscrew heavy bolts or nuts, but they are
Useful tools to grab or hold until other tools do.
take out
PLIERS
Pliers
Pliers are hand tools designed for gripping, bending, or cutting.
The main parts that compose them are the jaws, cutters of
wire, fastening screw and the handle with insulation. They are manufactured from different
shapes, weights, and sizes.
Pliers
The most commonly used types of pliers are:
· Round tip.
· The pliers.
· Of cut.
· From mechanic.
· Of semi-flat or fine (flat) tip.
· From the electrician.
Hand tools
Limes: Limes come in various shapes; flat or rectangular, round, semi-round,
triangular, square, etc. In refrigeration work, the common flat file and the semi-
round ones are used to prepare for welding (remove the burrs and correct
imperfections).
The ability of a file to cut metal or another surface depends on the size of the tooth, the
shape and the number of cuts and cutting directions.
A single-cut file is used for finishing surfaces, for example in the preparation of a
copper pipe for welding. A double-cut file is stronger and will be used where it is needed.
requires deeper and faster metal removal. A scraper is a file.
extremely strong double-cut file used for heavy work. The selection of the file
varies with the need.
When working with files, it is normal for the teeth to become saturated with the small particles.
metal particles detached, in these cases there is a brush with metal bristles that
It is used for cleaning and extracting these particles. The files should be protected from impacts.
and misuse of them because they deteriorate easily.
Hand tools
Allen wrenches: Allen wrenches are necessary for removing or adjusting pulleys.
fan, fan blades, and other components that are
held in place or secured by Allen-type screws. The keys are of
tough steel alloy with flat faces and six points. The key goes inside the
screw and can be used on either end. The size varies from 1/16
inch up to about ½ inch.
HAND TOOLS
CINCELES
Chisels are hand tools designed for cutting, gouging, or shaping.
cold material, through the transmission of an impact. They are made of steel in shape
of bars, with rectangular, hexagonal, square or round section, with a blade on one
extreme and beveled at the opposite end.
The main parts are the cutting edge, wedge, body, head, and end of
beating.
Cincles
The different types of chisels are classified based on the cutting edge angle and this
it changes according to the material that is desired to be worked on, taking as a general rule
the following:

Materials
30 degrees
very soft
Copper y
40º
bronze
Brass 50º
Steel 60º
Cast iron 70º

The wedge angle should be between 8º and 10º for cutting or roughing chisels and for the
grooving chisel the angle will be 35º, as it is suitable for making grooves,
deep or notched cuts.
CINCELES
The chisels must be thick enough so that they do not bend or
they must be discarded more or less
fungiform using only the one with a curvature of 3 cm in radius.
For normal use, the placement of a rubber sponge annular protection,
it can be a useful solution to avoid hits on hands with the hammer
to hit.
HAND TOOLS
HAMMERS AND MALLETS
The hammer is a hand tool designed for striking; it basically consists of
with a heavy head and a handle that is used to direct the movement of
that one.
The top of the head is called the mouth and can have different shapes.
the bottom is called face and is used to make the strike.
The heads of the hammers, according to their use, are made in different
shapes, dimensions, weights, and materials.
USE OF TOOLS
USE OF TOOLS
• Select a hammer of appropriate size and hardness for each of the
surface to hit.
USE OF TOOLS
Hold the handle by the end.
One should aim to strike the impact surface with the entire face of the hammer.
THE SAW
SIERRAS
Saws are hand tools designed to cut surfaces of
various materials.
They consist of a frame or support in the form of an arch, fixed or adjustable; a leaf,
a straight handle or gun type and a wing nut to fix it.
The saw blade is a high-quality steel strip, hardened and tempered; it has
a hole at each end to attach it to the frame's pin; furthermore,
one of its edges is serrated.
PROPER USE OF THE SAW
The saw blades must have sharp teeth with the same inclination to avoid
alternative bends and being well fitted.
Mangos well secured and in perfect condition.
Stretched sheet.
Before sawing, firmly secure the piece to be sawn.
PROPER USE OF THE SAW
Use tungsten carbide saws, hardened or semi-flexible, for soft metals
or semi-hard with the following number of teeth:
Cast iron, mild steel, and brass: 14 teeth every 25 cm.
Structural and tool steel: 18 teeth every 25 cm.
Bronze or iron tubes, metal conductors: 24 teeth every 25 cm.
Sheets, strips, thin-walled tubes, sheets: 32 teeth every 25 cm.
· Use high-speed steel alloy sheets for materials
hard and special with the following number of teeth:
Hard and tempered steels: 14 teeth every 25 cm.
Special and alloy steels: 24 teeth every 25 cm.
Fast and stainless steels: 32 teeth every 25 cm.
· Install the blade on the saw taking into account that the teeth must be
aligned towards the opposite side of the handle.
TEST AND MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT FOR REFRIGERATION

Temperature Measurement: When analyzing a refrigeration system, it is

important accurate temperature readings. The device used to measure
the temperature is the thermometer.
The glass thermometer is one of the most used. The head of the thermometer has
a ring to place a rope to suspend it, its range varies from -30 °F to
+ 120 °F.

Some have mercury but others use a red liquid that is easier to read.
The dial thermometer also has its case and a pocket holder.
The dial thermometer is more convenient or more practical for measuring.
air temperature in ducts. The stem is inserted into the duct but the dial
remains visible, the most common range in these is from –40 °F a + 160 °F.
These thermometers are practical for carrying in your pocket.
TEST AND MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT FOR REFRIGERATION

The expansion bulb thermometer; highly accurate, is used for temperatures.

on the suction line, to calculate, verify, and adjust overheating. A
common range is -40 °F to +65 °F. The sensing bulb is secured to the line
of refrigerant and then it is covered with insulating material to prevent circulation of
air over the bulb while taking the reading. It can be used to measure
also air and water temperatures.
The described thermometers have been the basic tools for measurement of
temperatures for many years.
But these have certain limitations.
The physical presence of the operator is required.
Thanks to the development of technology, we have electric thermometers and
electronic devices, which provide us with many advantages;

Longer sensors that allow us to reach more remote points. Including

allow adding extensions.
TEST AND MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT FOR REFRIGERATION

The electronic thermometers consist of a tester that allows for the insertion of
one or several wires. The tip of the wire is really an element
thermistor, which, when exposed to heat or cold, will vary the electric current in
the test circuit because its resistance changes with the changes in
temperature.
The tester converts electrical current changes into temperature readings. The
Sensor wires vary in length, depending on the brand of the unit.
The final selection of temperature measuring instruments will depend on the
work with which the technician has to deal, refrigeration or air conditioning.
. It is important to remember that these are sensitive devices that require care and
calibration to provide precision and reliability.
NEEDLE THERMOMETER
Thermometer
AMMETER
An ammeter is an instrument used to measure thecurrent intensity
that is circulating through acircuitElectric. A microammeter is calibrated.
in millionths of an ampere and a milliammeter in thousandths of an ampere. It was
invented by Calvin & Joule.
Clamp ammeter:
This clamp ammeter has been developed to indirectly detect
AC/DC current and frequency. The clamp ammeter integrates a flashlight for
illuminate the measurement point, and the non-contact verification function of
tension. The small dimensions of the clamp ammeter allow for work
in hard-to-reach places. The illuminated screen of the clamp ammeter
ensures good reading even in dark places, like closets
electric and cable conduits. The non-contact voltage checking
it helps not only to detect potential dangers, but it is also a
useful tool for detecting the approximate location of the cable cut.
MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS
Ammeter
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
Ammeter
THE REFRIGERATION PIPE
Cutting the copper pipe: It can be done with a manual cutter (pipe cutter) or with
saw. It should be ensured that the cutting chips enter the tube that is going to
use; the tubes can be filed down to facilitate the entry of the accessories. It
clean the inside of the tube with a clean cloth. The use of is also common
scrapers and blades for the operation of removing chips and burrs
Tube bending: It can be done by hand without the use of special tools.
When it is necessary to bend the tubes with more precision, there are benders of
lever and spring that facilitate the work.
Bowed connections: Bowed connections have been one of the
most commonly used techniques for joining soft copper tubes. A flaring
appropriately done, it is the most important thing if you want to have test meetings
of leaks. This requires appropriate tools and practices.
The welding of pipes and fittings: The joint under heat of the refrigerant pipes
it's called welding (false welding), and it consists of joining two pieces of metal
with a third metal or solder, which melts at a lower temperature than
the pieces that join together. When the solder melts, it flows between the two pieces.
The molten metal adheres to the surface of the two metals and forms a good
joint between them. The weld has lower strength than the metal that is
joint. For greater strength of the welded joint, the weld layer must be very
thin
THE REFRIGERATION PIPE
PRECAUTIONS IN THE PIPES.
Un técnico de refrigeración debe aprender este tema tan bien, que puede evitar
costly mistakes.
There are four basic rules to keep in mind when connecting pipes.
in a system:
Keep it clean: Cleanliness is a key factor in the installation. Dirt mud and
humidity will cause system failures and must be avoided. A clean job
it will save many service difficulties. A cloth along the pipe
it will remove the foreign particles.
Use the minimum number of accessories possible: Fewer accessories means less possibility
of leaks and fewer pressure drops. The refrigerant is expensive and can leak out
through extremely small openings.
Take special care when making soldered connections: Use the correct solder
for each application and follow recommended welding techniques by the
equipment manufacturer.
Tilt the horizontal lines in the direction of the refrigerant flow: Because of the
oil can adhere to the inner walls of the pipe, the lines
Horizontals must be inclined in the direction of the refrigerant flow. this
inclination, which allows the oil to flow in the correct direction must be set to
minus ½ inch per 10 feet of length. The slope also prevents the flow towards
back during the stops.
THE REFRIGERATION PIPE
SAFETY SUGGESTIONS FOR WELDING.
. Never attempt to weld while the system is under pressure or vacuum.
. Muchos fundentes contienen cloruros o fluoruros y deben manejarse con cuidado
to avoid excessive contact with the skin or inhalation of fumes.
. Many silver solders contain cadmium in various degrees. The fumes from
cadmium is very poisonous, so you must ensure good ventilation on site
of work.
. Use safety glasses.
THE REFRIGERATION PIPE
Voice actors
The simplest and most economical pipe bender that performs safe bends is the
manual, which consists of a steel wire spring in the shape of a spiral.
commonly known as worm bender (Fig. 4.11.); this is sold
in games that range from 1/4" to 5/8" in outer diameter. They are marked on the tube the
signals between which the bend will occur, the tube is inserted into the bender
from the dock, centering the marks made, and the curve is gradually given
that is desired. If the curve is not very tight, the spring comes out easily; by the
On the contrary, if the curve is as tight as, for example, 90º, the "worm" is lubricated.
and it is removed by turning in the direction of the wire winding of the spring.
THE REFRIGERATION PIPE
Other voice actors who have certain principles of mechanics that are also manual are
very useful when it is necessary to systematize the work of folding, either by number
of folds that need to be made or for the accuracy of their angle,
are based on the following: a clamp that holds the tube and secures it; a
disc or semi-disc whose perimeter has the outer shape of the tube to be bent; a
swivel lever from the center of the disk with the end shaped like a half
cane and that fits into the tube that bends throughout the entire course of the turn
(Fig. 4.12.)