FLUID STATICS

MEMBERS:
Marco Campomanes Carranza
Castillejo Egusquiza, María
Castromonte Mendoza, Cristhel
Rodríguez Paredes,Yadhyra
Sabastizagal Huerta, Luis
TEACHER:
Eng. Revelo Sánchez, Gerardo
OBJECTIVES

General objectives

understand the fundamentals and principles of fluid statics to determine the patterns in a
flow medium.

Specific objectives

Understand the concept of pressure associated with a point in a fluid according to its surface.

Knowing the appropriate formulas for solving problems related to fluid static.

Application of exercises on static fluids.

 BACKGROUND

INTERNATIONAL BACKGROUND NATIONAL BACKGROUND

Atencio Aponte, L. S., & Sandoval Torres,
In the investigation of Tiburcio Fernández P. F. (2019). Measurement of gas flow to
Roque, Miguel Toledo Velásquez, José low pressures with a gauge
aerodynamic in a duct in the
Félix Vásquez Flores: Pressure drop
laboratory of operations and processes
due to a whirlwind flow unitarians of the National University of
Central Peru.

LOCAL ANTECEDENT
Thesis on the hydrological and hydraulic modeling of the river
Santa, section human settlement Las Flores, district of
Carhuaz, Ancash from the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering.
Academic Department of Water Resources.
 Fluid statics

It consists of the study of the most general physical laws that

they describe a liquid fluid when it is in a state of
rest, given that for the purpose of simplifying the conditions
consider the fluid as an ideal substance (fluid
incomprehensible), so that its volume changes in a way
insignificant or very little when subjected to forces
external, and that it is non-viscous The equations that describe the
the physical properties of an ideal liquid at rest are based on
in the first and third laws of Newton.
Pressure in a fluid:

The pressure in a fluid at rest is independent of the

orientation of the surface on which it acts. When it
A body submerged in a fluid exerts a force.
perpendicular to the surface of the body at every point of the
surface, given by the following equation:

The relationship with other units of pressure

1 atm 760 mm Hg 760 torr 101325 Pa

1000
1 bar 100 KPa
milbares
Fundamental equation of fluid statics:
If a fluid is in equilibrium, each of its parts is also in equilibrium.
It will be. The pressure difference (dp) between two points of a
fluid separated by a height (dy) in the gravitational field, comes
given by the equation:

This principle states that for an incompressible fluid (density,

The pressure varies solely with the vertical position of the
form:

Pascal's Principle (1623-1662)

The pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished to
each point of the fluid and to each point of the walls of the container that holds it
contains
Variationofpressurewithdepth
Incompressible fluid
the pressure experiences variations in the vertical direction, it has also been shown that
pressure depends on density as well as on the acceleration of gravity and as the
gravity varies with height, then it will affect pressure. However, for purposes
In engineering, gravity can be considered a constant.
On the other hand, since it is treated as an incompressible fluid, the density is constant, then the
equation

the pressure at any depth h = z1 - z2 is

 Understandable fluid
In many liquids, the density depends very weakly on the
temperature. However, pressure and density are related
by Gas
the with
volumetric elasticity module:
height at temperature Gas with height at temperature
constant variable
THE PRINCIPLE OF
PASCAL
Since the pressure in a fluid only depends on the
depth, any increase in pressure in the
the surface must be transmitted to any point in the
fluid.
A change in the pressure applied to an enclosed fluid
in a deposit, it is fully transmitted to anyone
point of the fluid and to the walls of the container that it
content
Applications of Pascal's principle
HYDRAULIC PRESS COMICANT VASES

The system related to the naming of glasses

It consists of two cylinders of different diameters d1 and Communicating vessels consist of two or more connected containers.
d2 (d1 <<< d2) interconnected and filled with a between them and contain liquids. Within them, the level of
fluid those that have pistons of areas A1 and A2. If when fluid is located above the communication area
A force F1 is applied to piston A1, which will cause between the glasses and, due to atmospheric pressure that
an additional pressure in the fluid, pressure that is they support, reach the same height in any of them.
transmits according to Pascal's law up to the piston of seeks to establish the conditions of equilibrium that regulate it
area A2 producing a force F2 given by and from it various practices are achieved
applications of communicating vessels
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE AND
MANOMETRIC
The pressure values must be established with respect to a level of
reference. If this reference level is the vacuum, the pressures are
they are called absolute pressures, and when the origin is taken as
local atmospheric pressure, the pressure is referred to as pressure
manometric.
MEASUREMENT OF PRESSURES
Barometer Manometers

It is a U-tube that contains mercury.

it is a device that allows us to measure pressure
inside it, one of its ends is
atmospheric, consists of a glass tube closed by
open to the atmosphere and the other connects
one end closed and the other open, to this tube to the container where you want to measure the
it is filled with mercury and then the end is sealed
pressure.
open is invested in a bucket of mercury The
empty space that forms at the top of the
the tube contains only mercury vapor, which
pressure at ordinary temperatures is very small
so that it can be despised.
ARCHIMEDES' PRINCIPLE
A BODY SUBMERGED IN • TODO BODY SUBMERGED IN A FLUID
A FLUID (LIQUID OR GAS) EXPERIENCE AN UPWARD PUSH.
SEEMS TO LOSE WEIGHT • THE PUSH THAT THE BODY RECEIVES IS EQUAL TO
(APPARENT WEIGHT) WEIGHT WEIGHT OF THE VOLUME OF THE LIQUID DISPLACED.
Weight, in physics, is the measure of the
• THE THRUST DOES NOT DEPEND ON THE MATERIAL FROM WHICH
force exerted by gravity IT IS MADE OF THE BODY, BUT OF THE VOLUME
about the mass of a body. OF THE SAME THAT IS INTRODUCED INTO THE FLUID.
It is usually considered Every body submerged in a fluid experiences an upward thrust.
regarding the force of gravity vertical upward equal to the weight of the displaced fluid
terrestrial.
 APPLICATION OF ARCHIMEDES
SUBMERGED BODIES THRUST CENTER It is the point through which
What do the thrust forces act on?
It is located at the center of gravity of
volume of displaced liquid.
If the body is homogeneous and is completely
submerged, its center of gravity coincides with the
thrust center.
Flotabilidad –Fb:
PROCEDURE TO SOLVE BUOYANCY PROBLEMS

it is a fluid, whether it floats or

this submerged, experiences a
upward force equal to weight
of the fluid that moves
STABILITY OF FLOATING AND SUBMERGED BODIES
The stability of a body partially or totally submerged is vertical and obeys the
existing balance between body weight () and buoyant force () where both
forces are vertical and act along the same line. The buoyant force will be
applied at the center of buoyancy (CB) and the weight will be applied at the center of gravity
(CG).

LINEAR STABILITY: It is evident when we vertically displace the body.

upwards. This displacement causes a decrease in the volume of displaced fluid.
changing the magnitude of the corresponding buoyant force. How equilibrium is broken.
existing between the buoyant force and the weight of the body ( ), a restoring force appears
vertical direction and downward force that makes the body return to its original position,
thus restoring balance

ROTATIONAL STABILITY: This type of stability is evident when the body

experiences an angular displacement. In this case, the center of buoyancy and the center of gravity do not
they remain on the same vertical line, so the buoyant force and the weight are not
collinear causing the appearance of a pair of restoring forces.
Development of the relationship between pressure and elevation

The pressure of a fluid at rest increases with the

depth (as a result of the added weight).

Assuming that the density of the fluidit is

constant, a balance of forces in the direction
vertical Z from:=m=0: =0 = h (kg/)

Where
it is the weight of the fluid

Dividing by

specific weight of the fluid

 Force on submerged surfaces

Submerged surfaces must be considered

both flat and curved.

 Submerged vertical flat area

whose upper end coincides with the surface

free of the liquid. The pressure will vary from zero in M,
up to NK in N. Thus, the total force on one side is the
summation of the products of the area elements
due to the pressure on them.

where P is the average pressure and A is the total wall area

1 2
=
2
 PROCEDURE TO CALCULATE THE FORCE ON A RECTANGULAR WALL

A valve of a dam gate is subjected to distributed pressures as follows

shown in the figure:
 LOCATION OF THE CENTER OF PRESSURES

The center of pressure is the point on the area where it is assumed

that the resultant force acts in such a way that it has the same
effect that the force distributed over the entire area due to the
fluid pressure. This effect is expressed in terms of the
moment of a force with respect to an axis, through S
perpendicular to the page.

VERTICAL COMPONENT

COMPONENT
HORIZONTAL
ABS LUTE PRESSURE AND
MAN METRIC
 PROCEDURE FOR
4 The total area over which is calculated
CALCULATE THE FORCE ON determine the force
An inclined flat area
SUBMERGED 5 The resultant force is calculated based on:

7
Finally:
A diagram of the force FR, which acts on the ...
pressure center perpendicular to the area.
The dimension lines for Lc and Lp are drawn from
a reference line that passes through point S and additionally
be perpendicular to the angle of inclination of the surface.
 SUBMERGED CURVE AREA

The resultant force of the pressure on

curved submerged surfaces cannot
calculate with the developed equations for
the force of pressure on flat surfaces
submerged, due to variations in
direction of the force of pressure. Without
embargo, the resulting force of the pressure
certain components can be calculated
horizontally and combining them vertically.
 FORCE COMPONENTS ON THE
CURVED SURFACE

HORIZONTAL COMPONENT
FH)
The magnitude of is under the same
procedure developed for flat surfaces.

The horizontal component it is the depth of the centroid of the projected area,
it is equal to the normal force for our analysis, the projected area is a rectangle.
that the fluid exerts on the
Where:
vertical projection of the
Distance "CD".
surface and its line of
action goes through the center of Distance "BC".

pressure of said So:

projection.
 Vertical component

The vertical component is equal to = ( ) =

weight of the liquid situated above the
surface area plus the force
of the fluid block" exerted
about her; in this case the force
FAC.
The weight of the fluid is only the
product of its specific weight by
the volume of the isolated body of
fluid
 = √+
2 2

The resultant force acts

at an angle in relation
with the horizontal in
address such that its line of
action goes through the center of
=
( )
−1

curvature of the surface

FORCE ON CURVED SURFACE WITH FLUIDS

ABOVE HER
BENEATH HER

The force exerted on the top of the

It consists of the type of surface that is the actuator gate downwards and would be equal to
shown in the figure, in which the fluid weight of the fluid that is located above
this content below the she. However, as can be seen in the
surface, this fluid pressure causes figure, there is also a force that acts
that those forces tend to push the upward on the surface of the bottom of the
surface up and down gate, and this is equal to the total weight of the
right. fluid in study, both the real and the
imaginary, which is above the surface
 PROCEDURE AND RESULTS

EXERCISE: A plastic ball has a radius of 25cm and floats in water with 25% of its volume submerged.
P
What force do we need to apply to the ball to keep it at rest completely submerged in the water?

b) If the ball is released. What acceleration will it have at the moment it is released?

Using the first equation of fluid mechanics, we have

what: E
Thrust force:
Weight:

a) Total rest submerged in water: b) Acceleration at the moment it is released:

For the body to remain submerged at rest F

and balance is:

E
 A rectangular gate 3m high and 6m wide is hinged at the edge.
superior of A and is restricted by a border at B. Determine the hydrostatic force
exerted on the gate by the water with a height of 5m and the location of the center of
pressure.

= , =9.81, 3
(= 2+1.5
)
Solution
Height=3m
Ancho=6m
H=5m
A triangular area with a base of 2m and a height of 1.5m has its base horizontal and lies on an inclined plane.
at 45°, with its apex below the base and 2.75m below the free surface of the water. Determine the
magnitude, direction, and the location of the resultant force of the water on the triangular area.

Solution:

The figure shows the location of the gate:

b=2m; a=1.5m; θ=45°, FR=?

Firstly, the height of the
center of gravity of the triangular plate. From the
it is observed that:

hCG= 2,04m…(2)
The resultant force on the triangular surface will be:

The location of the point of application of the force

resultant is determined by the equation:
The two prismatic blocks A and B in the figure are made of wood (ρm= 600 kg/m3). The areas of the sections
transverse areas are 0.045 m2 for A and 0.108 m2 for B. The bar CD was built with the same wood and the area
its cross-sectional area is 0.018 m2. Calculate the distance that block B must rise or sink for
the system recovers its equilibrium configuration.

Data and unknowns.

AA = 0,045 m2 ; AB= 0,108 m2 ;
ρA = ρB= 600kg/m3 ACD= 0,018
m2 , h = ??
the DCL of block A when has
sunk, on which they act
forces
CONCLUSIONS
It was concluded that fluid statics studies the equilibrium of gases and liquids through the application of

Archimedes' principle and Pascal's principle can understand the buoyancy of boats, the rising of boats.

hydraulic pressure and communicating vessels.

It was concluded that fluid statics posits two fundamental principles that describe the characteristics of the

fluids subjected to various phenomena due to the atmospheric pressure that occurs in those fluids and the effects that will

produce on different surfaces by the action of pressure

In order to solve an exercise on fluid statics, the first thing we must take into account are the formulas that

We must apply it, since without that no exercise could be solved. Taking into account what has been mentioned before, we must

to learn the concepts and likewise which laws to apply to reach a correct result rather than an erroneous one.

The exercises were solved without any difficulty as we took into account all the knowledge already provided earlier.