FIRST PARTIAL I/2013 It says that a similar treatment will be given to the activities of legal entities.

1.- What was said in the Partidas about property? foreigners who transport hydrocarbons via pipelines,
It was said that property is the lordship or power that a man has in a pipelines and multi-product pipelines, or industrialize, process, and transform them within
What is hers to do with as she pleases, according to God and according to law. from the 50 km of the border.
2.- What are the three functions that oil serves? 3.- What is the technical argument for eliminating the exhaustion factor?
Oil serves a triple function in society: as a source of the national legislation?
energy, as raw material and source of income. This factor benefited the producer and not the owner of the subsoil.
Like: the Bolivian state.
Energy source oil participates along with coal, natural gas and the Due to claims for many years from public opinion and especially from
electricity, in the supply and in the global satisfaction of this need. the sectors defending natural resources.
Raw materials, oil and natural gas, their function so far is 4.- Which entity grants the concession for the transportation of HC and distribution?
indispensable for the petrochemical industry, an economic activity that is well natural gas through networks and under what procedure?
planned and executed can be very important in the industrial park of The concession is granted by the Hydrocarbons Superintendency.
our country. SIRESE under the public bidding mechanism.
Source of income, it is more than evident that entering the phase of 5.- Please indicate the limits established in the Petroleum Code for the
marketing, oil and natural gas represent a source of exploration and exploitation concessions?
first-order income in the international concert. The limits of the exploration and exploitation concessions were referred to
3.- On what basis does the SOC overcome the problem of its dissolution? to the areas or zones of location of the national territory, divided into 3 zones,
obtained on May 15, 1911? being 150,000 hectares for zone I, 400,000 hectares in zone II and
It was based on two historical facts of extraordinary significance, such as 750,000 hectares for zone III. If the concession is for direct exploitation,
they were the rapid growth of the automotive industry and the First its limit is half of the previous areas; that is, 75,000 hectares
World War that increased the demand for petroleum products. for zone I, 200,000 hectares for zone II and 375,000 hectares for
4.- What did the Law of the Government of Montes stipulate? zone III.
a) The reduction of the tax patent to two cents per hectare.
b) Prohibition of new awards of oil fields, FIRST PARTIAL I/2011
remaining the property of the 1.- Explain what was the investment imposed on Standard Oil.
State those that have fallen into expiration or eviction. Company in Bolivia?
c) It is declared the property of the State the "mineral oils" that are The investment imposed on the Company was given in that with the million
found in mining explorations. hectares granted, and to maintain such concession, he had to exploit and
It is established as a payment in favor of the State for the first time of 10% of to produce, by drilling one or more wells within a period of 10 months under penalty
gross product and a 3% tax on exploitation. a fine of 50,000 dollars. In that investment plan, it also had the
5.- What were YPFB's objectives at the time of its creation? obligation to drill within a period of 7 years, (including the two of
YPFB aimed at the exploration and exploitation of oil, within exploration) a well of 500 meters deep for every 50,000
from the area assigned to it, as well as marketing, transportation and hectares and produce 2 million barrels per year. The term of duration
export of oil and its derivatives throughout the territory, thus enjoying the contract was for 55 years, instead of the 50 established in the previous one
same of the ability to participate in mixed partnerships with contributions from contract with Richmond.
private capital and exempting it from all taxes and import duties. 2.- In which regions of the country were the awards granted to the
1.- What do inalienability and imprescriptibility mean? Germans Hokst and Harsen?
Inalienability means that it cannot be transferred, it cannot be sold, it cannot They were granted the entire Salinas province which is the current province.
it can allow to leave its domain and non-prescriptibility means that O'Connor from Tarija, for the extraction and purification of oil, with the
those deposits will always belong to the state for centuries to come object of promoting and protecting the chemical industry as much as possible.
centuries. 3.- Who is credited with the first attempt to obtain derivatives of
2.- Why was the law of February 24, 1920 criticized? oil?
After its enactment, it was heavily criticized as it was argued that It is attributed to the French scholar Selligne who tried to obtain from oil.
I dictate it expressly to help the Richmond Levering Company, I some products like gas and lubricants.
que fue corroborado y demostrado, pues a los 4 días de dictada esta ley, o 4.- What work did I undertake with the recommendations of the Bohan Mission?
On February 28, 1920, the government issues a Supreme Resolution for YPFB?
the one who approves a contract with Richmond Levering Incorporated. YPFB plans and executes the following tasks: drilling of 45 wells in
3.- During which government was the Standard Oil Company nationalized? Camiri, Sanandita and Bermejo; construction of an oil pipeline Camiri - Santa
During the presidency of David Toro Cruz and the installation of a refinery in Santa Cruz.
4.- ¿Cuáles son las 7 hermanas y cuál era su capital? 5.- Did the Standard Oil Company drill?
Son: Exxon, Standard Of California, Socony Vacuum Oil Company, The Texas 30 wells
Oil Co., Gulf Oil Co., the
Royal Dutch Shell and British Petroleum Co.; the top 5 American companies and the 2 SECOND PARTIAL I/2011
latest capital English - Dutch. 1.- What is guaranteed by article 14 of the general law of
5.- What is the geopolitics of oil? hydrocarbons?
It is the way to develop and expand to other places or countries. The inalienable and imprescriptible direct ownership of the
nation on hydrocarbons.
SECOND PARTIAL I/2013 2.- What is hydrocarbon production subject to according to article 73?
1.- What was the function of the Contract Control Directorate? of the hydrocarbon law?
Operation? The production of hydrocarbons is subject to a departmental royalty of
It is the one that groups and centralizes the Control Boards of each contract. Inside 11%, a national compensatory royalty of 1% and a national tax of
From their powers, each Control Board approves the budgets and 19%. The 1% corresponds to the Departments of Beni and Pando that are
work programs, agree on the methods and procedures to be They are distributed 2/3 to Beni and 1/3 to Pando.
employees by the contractor, make recommendations regarding the 3.- Who grants the concession for the transportation and distribution of
economic and financial management of operations, obtains the reports and hydrocarbons in law 1689?
documents that it deems necessary to know and provides technical audits and The concession is granted by the Hydrocarbons Superintendency of
accounting for the contractor's operations. SIRESE under the public bidding mechanism.
2.- What was the peculiarity introduced in the Hydrocarbons Law? 4.- What reasons were argued for the repeal of the oil code?
Article 4 declares the activity of individuals to be a national necessity. The oil code was repealed because it had not been drafted by
legal entities, national or foreign, that explore, exploit, refine, and Bolivians and in the service of Bolivia, but by foreign lawyers and in
industrialize hydrocarbons or install industrial processing plants benefit from foreign private consortia and why also, Bolivia in
and transformation of hydrocarbons. This same article, in its second part
1955 lacked technical capacity and sufficient experience for the species, the loss of arable land, deforestation, growth
precise drafting of a legal provision for the oil industry. population and the pollution of air, water, and soils.
5.- Who was the administrator of the shared risk contracts? 5.- What is the environmental impact declaration?
The administrator of the shared risk contracts is YPFB, who It is the document issued by the Competent Environmental Authority that
will be subscribed in the name of the State. determine regarding the foreseeable environmental effects, the appropriateness or
These contracts will be signed only for exploration, exploitation and not to carry out the projected activity, and if so, the conditions
marketing of hydrocarbons, which must be carried out before that must be established to protect the environment and natural resources.
Notary Public. This declaration will include studies, technical recommendations, standards and
limits, within which the works must be developed.
FINAL I/2011
1.- In the hydrocarbons law, what activities are contemplated for? Table III/2012
mixed companies? 1.- Why is it said that property is the work of civil law?
Article 13 allows YPFB to establish joint ventures for the purpose Because before the establishment of laws, man did not have control over the
to execute industrial projects or refining products intended for things that required more right than the strength with which they were defended and the
the export. was preserved; in such a way that things were acquired by force and were
2.- What amount of kilocalories does the richest coal have and what is its they were preserved for the possession.
denomination? 2.- What were the powers of the control boards?
Anthracite is the richest in carbon, in the range of 90 to 100% and with Within their responsibilities, each Control Board approves the budgets and
greater energy capacity; The calorific power of coal fluctuates between the work programs, agree on the methods and procedures to be
7500 and 8500; lignite ranges between 4000 and 6000, being the lowest one. employees by the contractor, make recommendations regarding the
crowd. economic and financial management of operations, obtains reports and
3.- How is the OPEC secretariat constituted? documents that you deem necessary to know and has technical audits and
It is made up of 5 departments: Economic, Legal, Administrative, accountable for the contractor's operations.
Technical and Information. 3.- Through what mechanisms were transport concessions granted?
4.- How did the concession regime end in Bolivia? hydrocarbons and gas distribution in law 1689?
The concession regime ended with the repeal of the Code. The transport of hydrocarbons and the distribution of natural gas through networks is
of Oil (Davenport code) decreed by the Government of Ovando debe hacer mediante concesión administrativa y por tiempo limitado. Quien
Candía on September 26, 1969. the concession is granted by the Hydrocarbons Superintendency of SIRESE under
5.- What elements make up an Ecosystem? the public bidding mechanism.
The elements that constitute an ecosystem are abiotic substances, such as 4.- What was the main cause of the oil crisis?
minerals; producers like green plants, consumers like the The triggering event was the Arab-Israeli conflict of October 1973, which has
animals that ingest other organisms, including microbes its genesis in 1948, later aggravated by the war of 1956, and,
consumers also called soprotitos like bacteria and fungi later in the so-called Six-Day War of 1967.
dead ones that unfold the complex compounds of dead protoplasm. 5.- What were the characteristics of the recognition permit?
superficial?
Table V/2012 Regarding the surface exploration permit, its characteristics
1.- In which law or regulation are inorganic hydrocarbons mentioned? the main ones are the following:
metallic? Ability to conduct topographic, geological, geophysical studies and
This regulation dates back to December 1, 1872, during the first government of geochemists including drilling of a small diameter well that does not
Tomas Frías and establishes involves production.
fundamentally the following: 2. Automatic cancellation when the areas in question are
a) Differentiation of oil from minerals. granted for exploration and exploitation or for direct exploitation.
b) That these substances are the property of the State. 3. Faculty of the DGP to cancel permits, prior notification of
c) Start work within 6 months, under penalty of expiration. interested with 60 days' notice or for serious misconduct.
d) Limit the grant to 4 stakes per person and 12 per society (the
a post corresponds to 800m of latitude by 800m of longitude and depth FIRST PARTIAL II/2008
without limits). 2.- In which towns was mineral oil collected with cotton?
e) The obligation of the concessionaire to pay fees to the State, according to type of In Tomina, as well as in the Missions of Camatindi, Tigüipa and Machareti.
concession and extension. 3.- ¿Fecha de la ley orgánica YPFB y 3 aspectos?
f) Search warrants are obtained from the prefectures and subprefectures. The Organic Law of YPFB was enacted on May 6, 1937, and its main
The one who makes the report has priority right. provisions are:
h) The Mining Code governs everything not covered. a) The oil interests of the State will be managed by YPFB, which
2.- What was the purpose of the Bohan mission? will depend directly on the
The objective of this mission was to conduct a fairly comprehensive diagnosis of the Executive Power through the Ministry of Mines and Petroleum.
economic situation of the country, giving special attention to the oil sector b) Assignment of all oil deposits in the republic,
and in its final report regarding oil recommends adopting the steps declared as fiscal reserves.
following: c) Inalienability and imprescriptibility of the deposits that belong to it
a) A development of the proven oil fields that allows awarded or acquired.
increase production. d) It is established as an advisory body on all petroleum matters; whether between
b) Intensify exploration work in new areas in order to the distributions of the
increase bookings. State or between these and individuals, as well as in tax, industrial entity and
c) The construction of transportation means, so that both the crude, commercial, in charge of organizing and directing the oil industry.
as refined products decrease their costs in the markets of e) Autonomy of its budget, with respect to the general budget of the
consumption and in points of future export. nation.
d) With the implementation of the three previous measures, after fulfilling the f) Authorization to carry out imports of oil and its derivatives,
internal demand, the oil policy should be directed towards export. when required by internal consumption.
for which it is necessary to develop foreign markets. g) Authorization for the exploitation and commercialization of oil and its
3.- Name the names and characteristics of carbon-rich minerals and derivatives, directly or in consortium.
their amounts in kilocalories? h) Division of liquid profits with the Government, with YPFB having to receive
4.- What are the environmental problems that affect the Biosphere? no less than 20% as an increase and reserve fund.
The main environmental problems affecting the biosphere are: i) Managed by a Board composed of five members: one President and
global warming, the destruction of the ozone layer, the extinction of four vowels, elected for five years with the right to re-election. In this
The directory had as native members the
Director of Mines and Petroleum and the Comptroller General. Discovered the Bermejo fields in 1924, Sanandita in 1928, Camiri in
j) Periodic review of your accounting by the General Comptroller's Office, 1927 and Camatindi in 1931; Then to drill 21 exploratory wells and 10 of
with the commitment to annually submit the report to the Executive Power development with a total of 27,171 meters.
balance. 5.- Which blocks were awarded to the Western company?
k) Assignment of an initial capital of 10 million bolivianos. The IV Blocks of Robore and XIX of Chaco, signed in September 1975 and
4.- Ages and eras of oil? October 1977 and continued with the exploitation of the tita fields
Harvey O`Connor talks to us about the 4 ages of oil, namely: 1) the era (Robore) and the future (Chaco); treasure has the
of Kerosene dominated by Rockefeller and in which the obtaining of that Blocks XVIII of the watershed and XX of Tarija, from March 1977 and April of
product was the basic objective of oil exploitation, discarded, 1978 respectively, having entered production only the
almost in its entirety, the other derivatives; 2) the era of oil whose slope. The contract for block XXI was signed with the company Bolivia
the initiation occurs with the discovery of the Spindletop well that leads to andina, subsidiary of Anschtz Corporation on June 29, 1982 and that with
excessive fluctuations in the price until it dropped to 5 cents. the consent of YPFB and authorization from the Government.
the barrel also brings the end of the Standard's dominance in the U.S. by the
appearance of two other big ones: the Texas and the Gulf; 3) the era of gasoline that CHAPTER V
coincides with the perfection of the Ford automobile back in the year 1911 and What happened after the revolution of '52?
4) the era of authorized production that begins in 1930 with the There have been many advances in self-sufficiency in oil production,
discovery of new fields to the East of Texas that determines the Thus, in accordance with the BOHAN report, YPFB intensifies its plan of
proliferation of urban lots that were drilled indiscriminately, drilling, for which it acquires two million dollars from the bank
flooding the market with cheap oil with great waste of it central with which it purchases 4 drilling rigs, drilled in Camiri,
product. achieving in 1954 the long-desired self-sufficiency.
Those who divide into eras are based solely on the use in each one of them. 2. WHAT WAS THE INVESTMENT FOR EXPLORATION? I-2012.
it is made from the derivatives of that product and they point out three main ones; the The investment for exploration was annual and depended on the area,
the first from 1859 to 1874 is known as the Kerosene stage; the second of For example: in ZONE I it was $0.8/Ha, in ZONE II it was $0.5/Ha. And
1874 to 1911 which identify it as the stage of lubricants and the third of in ZONE III it was 0.2 $us/Ha.
1911 forward which is marked as the gasoline stage, without reaching the stage. 3. WHAT DID THE FATIGUE FACTOR CONSIST OF? II-2012.
of the gas that emerged after World War II. It consisted of a compensation that the owner of the subsoil received for
the gradual decrease of the wealth he possessed, due to the exploitation of the
FINALS that was submitted.
1.- According to the oil code, which phases of the industry 4. WHY WAS THE EXHAUSTION FACTOR ELIMINATED?
oil companies were subsidiary rights (autonomous concession) of the Because of this factor o legal figure harmed the economy e
exploration, exploitation, or direct exploitation concessions? Bolivian interests favored the producer with 24.03% and not the owner.
The refining and transport concessions were subsidiary rights of the of the subsoil; which is the Bolivian state.
dealer of exploration and exploitation or of direct exploitation, but 5. WHY WAS THE OIL CODE ELIMINATED?
they could also be granted in the form of an autonomous concession. Why wasn't this code written by Bolivians and in service of
2.- What were the powers of the control boards? Bolivia, but it was drafted by foreign lawyers and for their benefit.
3.- What was the taxation like for oil service contractors? of foreign private consortiums and why Bolivia in 1955
Oil service contractors are required to pay lacked technical ability y of sufficient experience for the
taxes on profits and a special regime is established for them precise drafting of a legal provision for the Oil Industry.
deductions that include, in addition to the usual ones, the expenses that the 6. HOW DID THE REGIME OF CONCESSIONS END IN BOLIVIA?
contractor would have carried out abroad and that is related FINAL 29/07/2011.
directly with their operations in Bolivia. Salaries are included. The concession regime ended with the repeal of the Davenport code.
personal, costs of research work, technical analysis, expenses
administration and all disbursements made in relation to the operations CHAPTER VI
executed by the contractor in the country. 7. WHAT WAS THE GENERAL DISPOSITION OF THE HYDROCARBON LAW?
4.- In the hydrocarbons law, how was the payment of royalties and He had the virtue to eliminate the concession regime o
taxes? awards, introduce gas as an object for the first time
The contractor's production, with the exception of what is used in its obtaining, national legislation. And instead of concessions, it introduces the system of
is delivered to YPFB. The state company retains prices at the wellhead. operation contracts.
the volumes necessary for the payment of the 19% tax to the State and 11 8. IN THE GENERAL HYDROCARBON LAW. FOR WHAT ACTIVITIES
% for departmental royalty. DOES IT INCLUDE MIXED SOCIETIES? FINAL 07/29/2011
To execute industrial projects or refining of products intended for
I don't know which partial it is to export.
1.- What was property according to Roman law? 9. WHAT DOES ARTICLE 13 OF THE LAW TALK ABOUT
Property was considered as the right constituted over a thing GENERAL OF HYDROCARBONS?
corporal from which the ability to dispose of it freely arises, to receive its Allows YPFB to establish mixed companies with the purpose of executing
fruits and reclaim it, unless otherwise determined by law, industrial projects or product refining for export. Without
convention or the will of the testator; it is also considered as the this law does not provide for the proportion in which the deposits will participate
right to use (jus utendi), right to receive the fruits (jus fruendi), in the mixed economy society.
{"derecho de abusar":"right to abuse (jus abutendi)","derecho de poseer":"right to possess (jus posidendi)"} 10. WHAT DOES ARTICLE 14 OF THE GENERAL HYDROCARBONS LAW SAY?
right of alienation (jus alienandi), right to dispose (jus disponendi) and The right of dominion that the state imposes is guaranteed over
right of reclamation (jus vindicandi) the hydrocarbons, and YPFB is prevented from transferring or carrying out the
2.- What were the conditions that companies had to meet for the transfer of ownership of that right over hydrocarbons.
operation and service contracts according to the general hydrocarbons law 11. WHAT DOES ARTICLE 15 OF THE GENERAL HYDROCARBONS LAW DEAL WITH?
For both contracts, common conditions are established that are inserted For both contracts, contracts for operation and/or oil services
in article 15, among which there is an obligation to establish they establish common conditions such as:
domicile in Bolivia or appoint their legal representation and provide guarantees Obligation to establish a domicile in Bolivia or
compliance with the contract; provide YPFB with all the information designate your legal representation.
technical and economic that they may possess; prohibition of facilitating to third parties Provide guarantees of contract fulfillment.
any person claims through diplomatic channels. Provide YPFB with all technical and economic information.
3.- What were the powers of the control board? que llegaren a poseer.
4.- What fields did Standard discover? Prohibition of providing any claim to third parties for the
diplomatic route.
[Link] IS THE CONTRACTOR PAID?
They are paid in kind the volumes agreed upon contractually, the A departmental royalty of 11%
who can export or sell them to YPFB at prices established by the A national compensatory royalty of 1%. (2/3 to Beni
Ministry of Energy and Hydrocarbons. and 1/3 a Pando).
13. WHAT ARE OPERATION CONTRACTS? A national tax of 19%.
It is that contract where the contractor executes with their own CHAPTER VIII
it mediates exploration and exploitation operations under its own 18. WHAT DOES ARTICLE 1 OF LAW 1689 TALK ABOUT?
accounts and risks, but in the name of YPFB. It tells us that hydrocarbon deposits are dominion.
14. WHAT ARE PETROLEUM SERVICE CONTRACTS? inalienable and imprescriptible direct right of the state and that no concession
They are contracts that establish the provision of certain o contract may confer ownership of the deposits of
services or the execution of specific technical works hydrocarbons. It also establishes that the phases (exploration, exploitation,
specialized, agreed between a third party with YPFB or the marketing, transport
heads of the operation contracts. and refining) of the oil industry is carried out by the state through
15. WHAT IS THE TAXATION FOR SERVICE CONTRACTORS YPFB, emphasizing that the tax entity will only enter into contracts
OIL WORKERS? I-2012 LINE 2. of shared risk, for a limited time, with individual people,
Contractors are required to pay taxes on profits. or collectives, national or foreign.
and they are given a special regime of deductions that [Link] IS THE RISK CONTRACTS ADMINISTRATOR
understand the expenses that the contractor would have incurred in the SHARED?
outside the country and that has a direct relationship with its operations in The administrator of shared contracts is YPFB, who will sign it.
Bolivia. to the name of the State
20. WHAT DOES ARTICLE 31 TALK ABOUT?
CHAPTER VII It speaks to us of two deadlines: one of six months to start operations of
16. WHAT ARE THE GENERAL AND COMMON CONDITIONS OF THE LAW exploitation from the notification to YPFB about a commercial discovery. And
1194 OF SAID CONTRACTS. I-2012 ROW 1. the other deadline is between 3 to 5 years to start hydrocarbon production,
They are the following: depending on whether they are traditional or non-traditional areas.
Provide performance guarantees. 21. WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF ESTABLISHING CONCESSIONS IN LAW 1689?
Provide YPFB with all the technical and economic information. For the transportation of hydrocarbons by pipelines and distribution of gas
Do not provide any information or documents to third parties. natural by networks, and that is allowed by any individual or
Waive all claims through diplomatic means. collective, that I can build and operate them, obtaining from the
EMPLOY BOLIVIAN STAFF. superintendency of hydrocarbons (SIRESE) the administrative concession
17. This is subject to hydrocarbon production, according to the
ART. 73? I-2012 FILE 2. EXAM II-2011 ROW 1/FINAL II/2012
It is subject to: IN THE GENERAL LAW

OF HYDROCARBONS, FOR WHAT ACTIVITIES ARE THEY CONTEMPLATED issued by the competent environmental authority that
MIXED COMPANIES? determines based on environmental effects
To execute industrial or refining projects predictable, the convenience or not of carrying out the activity
intended for export. projected. This declaration will include the studies,
2. HOW MANY KILOCALORIES DOES CARBON HAVE recommendations, techniques, standards y limits within the
MORE RICH AND WHAT IS ITS DENOMINATION? which should develop the works. It consists along with
The richest coal has a calorific value of 8500. the EIA the
y PASA a technical legal reference for the
kcal/kg is referred to as Anthracite. application of quality control procedures
3. HOW IS THE OPEC SECRETARIAT CONSTITUTED? environmental.
It is composed of 5 departments, which are: 2. WHAT DOES THE BOHAN PLAN RECOMMEND?
Economic, legal, administrative, technical, and informational. The BOHAN plan recommends the following:
4. HOW DID THE CONCESSION REGIME END IN BOLIVIA? 1. A development of the oil fields
The concession regime ended with the repeal of the code. tested methods that allow for increased production.
Davenport. 2. Intensify exploration work in areas
5. WHAT ELEMENTS CONSTITUTE AN ECOSYSTEM? new measures aimed at increasing reserves. 3. The
The elements that make up a system are: Abiotic substances such as construction of means of transport, for the purpose of
minerals, producers like green plants, consumers like both crude oil and refined products
the animals that ingest other organisms; these organisms can be reduce their costs in the markets of
micro consumers or saprophytes like dead bacteria and fungi. consumptions and points of future export.
With the application of the three previous measures,
EXAM II/2011 ROW 2 after satisfying domestic demand, it must
WHAT IS THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT DECLARATION? to direct the oil policy to the
DIA: (Environmental Impact Declaration). It is a document
export, for which it is necessary coal, lignite, peat, anthracite.
develop foreign markets. And they can be classified according to their power.
3. INDICATE THE HYDROCARBON STANDARD caloric measured in kilocalories, per
NON-METALLIFEROUS INORGANICS. Example: Anthracite > or = to 8500 kcal. (is)
1. Diferenciación del petróleo de los minerales. 2. Que The richest coal The Bituminous = 7500–8500
These substances are the property of the state. 3. Start kcal. Lignite = 4000–6000 kcal. Peat
I work within 6 months, under penalty of expiration. 4. < 4000 kcal.
Limit the granting to 4 stakes per person and 12 per 5. WHY WAS OPEC CREATED?
society (stake corresponds to 800 meters of latitude and 800 Se crea la OPEP por que los países
meters of length and depth without limits). 5. The producers of oil they wanted
obligation of the concessionaire to pay fees to the state, to safeguard their own interests, since
according to the type of concessions and extension 6. The licenses of it was becoming increasingly evident the voracity
Cates are obtained from the prefectures and sub-prefectures. from the great consortium cartel
The one who makes the complaint has priority right. oil men, who plundered their resources
mining code applies to everything not contemplated. natural. Additionally due to the annoyance of
4. VARIETY OF COAL AND HEAT CLASSIFICATION. the producing countries produced by
There are different types of coal such as: the oil consortia, due to
the oil consortiums established work of OPEC under the leadership
for the second time the price reduction of the Secretary General, who is the
from the crude over a period of 15 months. legal representative of the organization.
6. WHAT ARE THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS THAT 9. HOW IS THE SECRETARIAT CONSTITUTED
DO THEY AFFECT THE BIOSPHERE? OPEC? (II- 2011/II2012)
The environmental problems that affect the biosphere are: It is made up of 5
1. Calentamiento de la tierra. 2. Destrucción de la capa departments that are:
of ozone. 3. The extinction of species. 4. Loss of Economic, legal,
arable lands. 5. Deforestation. 6. The growth administrative, technical and of
population. 7. Pollution of air, water, and soil. information.
7. WHY WAS THE EXHAUSTION FACTOR ELIMINATED? 10. WHY WAS OPEC CREATED? (II-2011)
It was removed because this factor benefited. OPEC is created because the producing countries
to the producer and not to the owner of the subsoil they wanted to safeguard their own oil
What is the Bolivian state, this factor is interests, as it was becoming increasingly evident the
feasible in the Anglo-Saxon system where the voracity of the great cartel of the consortia
the owner is the owner of the land y of oil workers, who looted their resources
subsoil. Additionally, for several years natural. Additionally, due to the annoyance of the
there were claims from public opinion and in producing countries produced by the
special of the sectors defending the oil consortia, due to the
natural resources. petroleum consortia established by
M second time the price of crude oil decrease
CAPITULO IX: GAS. in a period of 15 months.
1. HOW MANY CALORIES DOES CHARCOAL HAVE
RICH AND WHICHYOURIS IT DENOMINATION? (II-2011/II-2012) CHAPTER XI: OIL INDUSTRY AND ENVIRONMENT
The richest coal has a ENVIRONMENT.
calorific power of 8500 11. WHAT ELEMENTS CONSTITUTE
kcal/kg. And it is referred to as the AN ECOSYSTEM? (II-2011/II-2012) The
Anthracite. elements that constitute a
2. VARIETY OF COAL AND CLASSIFICATION ecosystem are:
HEATING.(II-2011) 1. Abiotic substances such as minerals.
There are types of coal such as: Anthracite, Lignite, The Producers like green plants. 3. Consumers
Turba, The Anthracite. And they can be classified according to their power. like animals that ingest other organisms. 4.
caloric measured in kilocalories, for example: The Microorganisms also called saprophytes such as the
anthracite > o = @ 8500 Kcal. (It is the richest coal). bacteria and fungi.
Hulla = 7500 @ 8500 kcal. El Lignito = 4000 @ 6000 Kcal. 12. DESCRIBE 'ECOLOGISM'. (Ex. Table).
The Turba < @ 4000 Kcal. It is the awareness of society about the
3. WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES AND limitation of the natural resources. It is that taking of
DISADVANTAGES OF GAS? (EX. BOOK) consciousness that drives the defense of nature from the
Advantages: it is one of the energy sources aggressions of the human gender and involves rationalizing the
cleaner, that is, from the use of natural resources.
fossil fuels, is the least 13. WHAT IS THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT DECLARATION?
pollutes the Environment. DIA (Environmental Impact Statement) is
Disadvantages: It is not easily transportable a document issued by the authority
or storable, the costs are higher competent environmental that determines in
for the development of its infrastructure. function of environmental effects
predictable the convenience or not of carrying out
CHAPTER X: INTERNATIONAL ORGANISMS. the projected activity. This declaration
4. WHICH COUNTRY TOOK THE INITIATIVE TO will include the studies, recommendations,
CREATE OPEC? (TABLE) It was Venezuela. techniques, standards, and limits within the
5. On what date, where, and with which works must be developed.
Which countries were OPEC created in? 14. WHAT ARE THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS THAT
(Ex. Book). It was created the DO THEY AFFECT THE BIOSPHERE? (II-2011).
14/09/1960 en Bagdad con The environmental problems that affect the Biosphere are:
the countries of Iraq, Venezuela, 1. El calentamiento de la Tierra.2. La destrucción de la
Kuwait, Iran, and Saudi Arabia. ozone layer. 3. The extinction of species. 4. The loss
6. WHY BASIC ORGANS of arable land. 5. Deforestation. 6. The
WAS OPEC FORMED? (table) Population growth. 7. Air pollution,
It was composed of: The conference, water and soils.
The board of governors, the [Link] IS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT?
secretariat and the commission It is the process by which one
economic. satisfy the needs of the present
7. WHAT IS THE CONFERENCE? (Ex. Table) generation, without putting at risk the
It is the supreme authority of OPEC and is satisfaction of needs of the
composed of the oil ministers of future generations, implying this
each Country, who attend as heads of the a permanent global task.
delegation. They meet with a minimum of 2
times a year, its function is to formulate the
general policy of OPEC. A quorum is met
conference with the attendance of 75% of its
members and their decisions are adopted by
unanimity.
8. WHAT IS THE SECRETARIAT? (Ex. Book)
It is the body responsible for administering the